psyc 2350 test 2

What is visually based retrieval?

Ability to recognize the word, just based on what it look like. Could be similar to a previously learned word.

What are some factors related to poverty that might have a negative impact on IQ scores?

- Low on nutritional food resources, over-stress, less attn given to them in low SES homes causing a scaffolding of things. There is no specific risk factor more like a combo of risk factors in detrimental.

What is holophrastic speech?

-1 word means an entire phrase. 1+yr. Ex) "Juice": I want juice, I like OJ now, Im thirsty. -Mistake they make: Overextension/ every animal is a....bird (not T) -Fast mapping: learning through contrast ("not...."). Ex) Gimme periwinkle blanket there Anna(OKAY NOEMI!!). U only know red--> so "not red" helps build vocabulary

Is there any relationship between how quickly infants habituate to stimuli and their performance on other test later in life, such as IQ?

-According to Binet's theory, children who are more adept than their peers such imple skills learn more quickly and this become more intelligent...but this is WRONG!! *Skills are only modestly related to broader, everyday indicators of intelligence, such as school performance

What is crystallized intelligence? Give at least two examples of crystallized intelligence.

-It's based on facts, increases with experience, whole life Ex: better in trivia Ex: book smarts

Perceptual narrowing is a theme we learned about in Ch 5 & Ch 6, explain perceptual narrowing using examples from both language and music.

-Basically we lose the ability 2 tell the difference to tell the difference between SM changes -Language: Wide: early infants can decipher the subtle diffs between a multitude of languages, as they increase in age (adults) their phonemes become narrowed to the only the ones in their languages -Music: could tell that one note difference (was in same key), adults could only decipher the difference when the note change was in a different key

Are pretend play, sociodramatic play, and imaginary play, and imaginary friends good for children or bad for them? Give specific examples to support your answer.

-Children having imaginary friends is entirely normal/ children who invent imaginary playmates are no different from children who do not. *However, there are differences: 1)More likely to be first born 2)Watch relatively little television 3)Verbally skillful 4)Have advanced theories of mind

Re-read the section about the sugs and gilles. What most helped children classify the wugs and gillies? Similarly when children are learning to mimic a series of actions (such as making a rattle), what information is most helpful?

-Children who were told why wugs and gillies have the physical features they have: Better at classifying the pictures into the appropriate categories *When tested the next day these children also remembered the categories better than did the children who were given the physical descriptions w/o explanations

Is there a difference between the babbling of a hearing baby and a deaf baby? Explain.

-Congenitally deaf infants produce vocalizations similar to those of hearing babies until around 5/6 months of age, then their vocal babbling becomes late and is limited *If exposed to ASL they babble manually and produce repetitive hand movements that are components of full ASL signs

Is there a differences between the babbling of a baby in a French-speaking household and an english-speaking household?

-Experiment: French adults listened to babbling of French 8-month-old and 8-month-old from Arabic or Cantonese-speaking family. When asked which baby was the French one in each pair, adults chose correctly 70% of the time...So, YES! There are differences

What is fluid intelligence? Give at least 2 examples of skills that involve fluid intelligence.

-Fluid intelligence: ability 2 pick ^ new things. Involves faster processing, ability to "update", response to something new Ex: riding a bike Ex: street smarts, thinking outside the box

What is the most important perceptual cue that helps infants figure out object segregation(Where objects take place in the environment)?

-Infants can tell by MOVEMENT where objects are in the environment

What aspects of a human face attract very young infants attention?

-Infants tend to have a very general bias toward configurations with more elements in the upper half than in the lower half of the face

What is the other race effect? What causes it?

-It is the finding that individuals find it easier to distinguish between faces of individuals from their own racial group than between faces from other racial groups *What causes it: The features of individuals in the infant's immediate environment ex)3 month old African emigrants to Israel exposed to both African and White caregivers, so showed equal interest in African and white faces

There are some cultural differences between the first words children learn in the US compared to some Asian countries. Describe these differences.

-Japanese mothers label objects far less often than do American mothers -Korean mothers use more verbs than nouns(very diff. From English speaking mothers) *Korea learns nouns and verbs at the same rate, unlike English speaking infants

Explain statistical learning.

-Kids can do this early on being able 2 understand the p of an event after an exp/basically like learning patterns "Oh! Every time this happens, that happens!" *Ex: matching game *Ex: traffic laws *Ex: kind of like social cues if cry-->comforted w/ :) --->leads 2 playing w/child

What are morphemes?

-Morphemes: smallest units of meaning in a language, composed of one or more phonemes Ex) "dog"/1 morpheme "dogs"/2 morphemes "boyishness"/3 morphemes Ex: water ed/2 morphemes, dancer s/2 morphemes, danc ing/2 morphemes

What is perceptual constancy? Give at least 2 example.

-Perceiving things as unchanging, even when changing. Ex: face size in the mirror, C'ms normal but once u steam the glass and outline it u realize the size is super SM, thus a size in perception Ex 2: Photos(Our retina makes us think things are bigger/smaller than they are) -Like m&m's candy wrapper picture

What is telegraphic speech?

-Second stage of the Production 4 language development. Usually 2-3 words being said(these are their first sentences). ex)"More juice", "Mommy tea", "Key door", "Andrew sleep"

Define semantic.

-Semantic: The study of meaning -Semantic Development(second component of language acquisition): Learning the system for expression meaning in in a language, including word learning.

Where is language primarily processes in the brain. Is this true for everyone?

-Specific: temporal lobe. General: left hemisphere , True for most ppl(right-handed ppl) -She said in class she prefers we know the General info

Describe how children pre-writing shows they are trying to map the written symbols to concepts. Give at least two examples.

-The child's symbols although unconventional shows the understand the concept. It is horizontally -They have an understanding of symbols and spaces ex) "Draw sun": Draws sun, "Write sun": Little circle scribble

Re-read the section in the book about language and gestures. Do childrens gestures tell us anything about their language abilities? Describe the gestures of deaf children whose parents aren't very fluent at signing.

-The more children gestures at 14 months, the larger their spoken vocabulary was a 42 months -The gestures of deaf children whose parents aren't fluent at signing quickly outstripped that of their parents...they then developed a spontaneously imposed structure(rudimentary grammar) on their gestures, children's signs later became more complicated than their parent's US-->UR v. basic idea, reflexes, startle response, smile How do you do conditioning? Precise type of training that must occur, a paired viewing of your US and CS Ex: white rabbits + loud sound Usu bunny: "aww so cute" If u always pair it with a loud noise Then later just a rabbit will make them cry Operant conditioning: any kind of beh can be done to stabilize or de-learn is through rewards and punishments.

Are infants under the age of about 6 months better or worse than adults at telling the difference between individual monkey faces? How do we know?

-They are better at telling diff. between monkey faces bc they have not yet developed a TIGHTLY ORGANIZED prototype for human face

Are infants under the age of about 6 month better or worse than adults at telling the difference between individual people's faces? How do we know?

-They are just as good, if not better than adults at discriminating faces bc of the formation of a GENERAL face prototype(not a tightly organized prototype) that develops in the first year← it gives them the ability of discriminate between human faces and individual monkey faces

What do infants do if they see two videos side-by-side and hear sounds that only match one of the videos?

-They look longer @ the one that matches up visually & with its appropriate audio, preference for the 1 that makes sense

Does IQ predict success on anything else? If so, what?

-Though IQ is a key contributor to educational, occupational, and economic success, numerous social and motivational factors are also crucial *IQ's are positively related to grades in school and achievement test performance, both at the time of the test and the future. Also positively related to occupational success in adulthood. BUT intellectual curiosity, creativity, self-discipline, social skills, practical intelligence and a variety of other factors contribute

What is the critical period in language? (hint:Ted Talk about bilingual babies by Patrick -Kuh covers this topic) related to perceptual narrowing.

. A point after that you can't learn a language to a native pt of proficiency. *From 5yrs old through puberty/need to learn b4 that to have a native form of speech

What are the 5 counting principles?

1) 1-1 correspondence. 2) Stable order: 5,6,7,8,9 3) Cardinality: # of objs you counted is the last # stated 4) Order irrelevance: the # you count them in. 5) Abstraction: you can count anything or any event

What is naive psychology?

Children's common sense level of their understanding of people.

What is it called when children have a conversation in which each child only talks about himself or herself and does not directly respond to other children's comments?

Collective monologue

Name and describe several strategies children could use to solve arithmetic problems.

Counting from the larger addend, change their strategies depending on the difficulty level of problem level, counting from 1 with their fingers and on, decomposition

In the studies with a scale model of a room what do children have to learn?

Dual representation: that the scale represents the real thing. Symbol itself represents a real actual thing. What happens in one is most likely what's happening in the other model. * ex) If there is box w/class model and the computer is in the back of the room...but the computer is actually in the front...then 2 yr olds don't know that(fail to understand that there is a symbolic relation between the model and the room)

Define theory of mind. Give both the general definition and then describe a typical theory of mind task. What would a child who passes the task say? What would a child who does not pass the task say? Occurs between ages 2-5 years of age. It's the basic understanding of how the mind works & influences beh.

Ex: Bob & francesca are both playing. Both know where they left one of the toys previously played with. Francesca leaves momentarily. During that time she's gone Bob has moved the toy to a new spot. How do you think Francesca will act once she finds it gone(Where is the toy?)She will look for it in the previous spot it was before she left. (She will say its in the new spot)--if they fail , if they pass:look at previous

What are three major deficits of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder? Stereotypical, repetitive beh's-wide range of beh's. (flapping arms, bangning head, etc.)

Fixations- Obs 4 long time, hard to break their concentration on obj(s). Social difficulties: avoid looking at others in eye, lil joint attn, difficulty w/T.O.M tasks, lang impairments Video note: triad of symptoms: lack of social engagements, problem of lang, lack of imagination

What is generativity in language?

Generativity: ability to generate thousands of combinations

Explain both the nativist and empiricist views of language development. Provide evidence supporting both sides.

Nativist: Chomsky/"Language is innate!", something in brain that causes development of language *He countered Skinner by pointing out that we can understand and produce sentences that we have never heard before(generatibility) *Chomsky proposed that humans are born with Universal Grammar/hard-wired set of principles and rules that govern grammar in all languages *Also provides explanation why most children learn language with exceptional rapidity, while nonhumans do not Empiricist: Behaviorist/Skinner argued that parents teach their children to speak by means of the same kinds of reinforcement techniques that are used to train animals to perform novel behaviors

Describe how infants develop a sense of space?

Nativist: innate Empiricists: we use diff mech 2 learn about it.(we need more experience for sense of space to develop) Early spatial representation- relative 2 self: landmarks help, developing mov't help develop kids rep of space. Ex: baby who always has toy to their right will always look that way for the toy even if their position on the bed is changed and the toy is now on the left side. Still they will look to their right for it. Spatial concepts in the blind/visually impaired Vision is important Born w/severely impaired vision, surgery at about age 4 months, most of them "could not use visual info 2 rep space as well other ppl can."/nor could they identify faces as good as normal vision people But blind do have good spatial sense as good as sighted ppl in daily lives

Why did more infants skip crawling and go straight from sitting to walking in the 1990's?

Parents began putting infants to sleep on their back to prevent infant death syndrome, but regularly lying infants on their backs makes infants less likely to turn over on schedule. *Better view of the environment when lying on backs, so lessens infants motivation to roll over onto their stomachs(where view is restricted)...spending less time on tummies, babies have less opportunity to discover that they can propel themselves up from lying on stomachs(also, arm strength may develop somewhat more slowly)

What is scale error?

Particularly dramatic example of failure in the integration of perception and action is provided by scale error ex) Baby walking/crawling down ramp...more experience? More hesitant, less experience? More willing!

What is perceptual categorization?

Perceptual categorization: The grouping together of objects that have similar appearances

What are phonemes?

Phonemes: units of sound in speech ex) "rake" vs "lake" differ by one phoneme but have very different meanings -Smallest unit of sound

What can parents do to help their children improve their phonemic awareness?

Phonemic Awareness: ability to id and manipulate phonemes(unit of sound in speech[they create morphemes]). -Help study with children to go over this. Slowly sound out words. Go over individual sounds each letter makes

Explain the preferential looking technique?

Presenting two objs and measuring which -Object they view the most/for longer, that's their preference . They prefer one over the other. Example used: Stripe thingy! How long children look @ their 2 options They would rather look at something (most new/interesting) than nothing at all

What is the primary reason for the difference between how quickly Chinese children learn to count to 100 compared to US children?

The difference in learning how to count. US does it 1 by 1. CH has a set of 10. Thus slower learning by US kids, more simple # system and more focus on #'s by teachers in CH.

Do infants respond differently to attractive and unattractive faces? Explain the study that supports your answer.

They look more @ attractive faces similar on how adults view attractive faces more Study: 12 month olds interacted w/woman whose faces were attractive or unattractive(study used same woman & made her look attractive/unattractive using makeup)...When woman was attractive, children became more involved in play and were less likely to withdraw than when she looked unattractive

We watched a video in class about children's experience with crawling and walking and how that influenced whether or not they would try to cross a large gap or go down a steep hill. Indicate whether or not the child would do each of the following?

Try crawling the steep hill before they have much crawling experience: Yes-dont know to be afraid yet Try crawling down the steep hill after a few months of crawling experience: No-assuming hill is too steep Try walking down the steep hill as soon as they start walking: Yes Try walking down the steep hill after several months of walking experience:No- I'm going to sit down and crawl If they haven't had exp they'll charge ahead Does Not associate their crawling and walking together

Explain the violation-of-expectancy. Give an example. Does it support Piaget's theory of object permanence? Why or why not?

Violation-of-expectancy: Basic assumption is that if infants observe an event that violates something they know about the world, they'll be surprised or at least feign being interested *Ex)That book page turning thing -a)Habituation b)Placing the box c)Possible event d)Impossible event

What do we call the level of categorical hierarchies that children learn first?

What do we call the level of categorical hierarchies that children learn first?

What is object substitution?

When one thing acts as another (play). Ex:This stick is now my phone