PSYC 255 - Chapter 6 Quiz

In 1971, Diana Baumrind presented ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.

4 types

What percentage of children born to married parents in the U.S. will experience their parents' divorce?

40

One study of 384 sibling pairs revealed that ___ percent of their mothers and ___ percent of their fathers showed favoritism toward one sibling. When favoritism of one sibling occurred, it was linked to lower self-esteem and sadness in the less favored sibling

65 70

Approximately ___ percent of American children have one or more siblings

80

Which of the following does Dr. Emery mention is a myth about children and divorce?

Children are unable to adapt after divorce.

what are the three components of a child's social network?

relationships, support, perceived support

Laura's instruction and support of what her younger brother and sister can do in terms of the game are considered by Rogoff and Vygotsky to be

scaffolding

a cognitive structure, a network of associations that guide an individual's perceptions.

schema

a recent study found that mothers' and fathers' work-family conflict was linked to lower ___ in 4-year-old children

self control

Each child seems more interested in toys stereotyped to his or her gender. What does this tendency exemplify?

typed play

All of the following factors help children adjust better to divorce, EXCEPT

a difficult temperament.

Which of the following are likely characteristics for children of authoritarian parents?

Weak communication skills Failure to initiate activity Anxiety about comparing themselves with others Unhappiness and fear

Many of the problems experienced by children of divorced parents begin ______ the divorce.

before

A meta-analysis of studies in 14 countries found three categories of positive outcomes from watching the TV show Sesame Street: ____, learning about the ____, and ____ and ____ toward outgroups

cognitive world social reasoning attitudes

Piaget maintained that play advances children's ____. At the same time, he said that children's ____ constrains the way they play. Play permits children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way. Piaget thought that cognitive structures need to be exercised, and play provides the perfect setting for this exercise

cognitive development

In this video, Dr. Calvert mentions a helpful element of watching television with children effectively. What is it?

commenting on the show

True or false: Children of working mothers engage in more gender stereotyping and hold less egalitarian views than children of mothers who stay at home.

false

Fathers show more attention to their sons than to their daughters, engage in more activities with their sons, and put forth more effort to promote their sons' intellectual development

fathers' socialization strategies

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion?

fear

What type of development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interaction with other people?

moral

____ development involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do when interacting with others.

moral

____ involves the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other people.

moral development

Kathy Hirsh-Pasek, Roberta Golinkoff, and Dorothy Singer are concerned about the reduced amount of ___ time that young children have, reporting that it has declined considerably in recent decades.

free play

____ are activities that are engaged in for pleasure and have rules. Often they involve competition. Preschool children may begin to participate in social ___ that involve simple rules of reciprocity and turn taking. However, ___ take on a much stronger role in the lives of elementary school children. In one study, the highest incidence of ___ playing occurred between ages 10 and 12. After age 12, ____ decline in popularity

games

When 6-year-old AJ is talking about gender knowledge he demonstrates what Kohlberg argues, that children under the age of 7 lack knowledge of

gender constancy

A ____ organizes the world in terms of female and male.

gender schema

Neither child in the video seemed overly interested in what the other one was doing, or with which toys they were playing. If the girls had based their play on what other girls were doing, which theory/approach would be applicable in their choice of toys?

gender-schema theory

Several longitudinal studies have shown that physical punishment is associated with

higher levels of aggression later in childhood and adolescence.

The heteronomous thinker also believes in ____, the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately.

immanent justice

Two- to 4-year-old siblings in each other's presence have a confict once every ___ minutes, on average; the rate of confict declines somewhat from ages 5 to 7

10

19 percent of Latino families have three or more children, compared with 14 percent of African American and 10 percent of White families. African American and Latino children interact more with grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and more distant relatives than do nonLatino White children

19 14 10

A national survey of U.S. parents with 3- and 4-year-old children found that ___ percent of parents reported spanking their children frequently, and ___ percent reported yelling at their children frequently (Regalado & others, 2004). A study of more than 11,000 U.S. parents indicated that ___ percent of the parents reported spanking their children by the time they reached kindergarten

26 67 80

By what age do most children acquire a sense of being male or female?

3 years

____ described how parents bring their experiences at work into their homes. She concluded that parents who experience poor working conditions, such as long hours, overtime work, high levels of stress, and lack of autonomy at work, are likely to be more irritable at home and engage in less effective parenting than their counterparts who experience better working conditions.

Ann Crouter

According to Baumrind, what type of parents expect mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from their child, and show pleasure and support when their child exhibits constructive behavior?

Authoritative

Which of the following is NOT a trend in play in recent decades?

Children's playtime has increased at school.

What type of punishment has been linked to emotional problems, negative behavioral adjustment, adolescent depression, externalized problems, and juvenile delinquency?

Corporal punishment

Cybelle Raver and her colleagues are using ____, such as increasing caregiver emotional expressiveness, to improve young children's ____ and reduce behavior problems in Head Start families.

Cybelle Raver interventions emotion regulation

____ described play as exciting and pleasurable in itself because it satisfies our exploratory drive. This drive involves curiosity and a quest for information about something new or unusual. Play encourages exploratory behavior by offering children the possibilities of novelty, complexity, uncertainty, surprise, and incongruity.

Daniel Berlyne

You are working as a divorce counselor and need to help a divorcing couple learn to be good parents after their separation. Which of the following would you advise in order to provide good parenting?

Discuss discipline tactics together to provide consistency.

What is the most frequent parental reaction to sibling conflict between the ages of 2 and 5?

Do nothing at all

Your sister is going to have her second child, and you cannot wait. You watch Dr. Dunn and learn some new information on how a mother can feel isolated at this time. What do you do to help combat this?

Do the dishes and laundry for a couple of months.

What are the common parental reactions to siblings having a verbal or physical confrontation?

Doing nothing Intervening and helping resolve Admonishing or threatening

What term is defined as "the sense of being male or female"?

Gender identity

You are working with parents who are trying to deal with their children and what they watch. Based on Dr. Calvert's thoughts, what would be a good suggestion?

Help them structure their watching time and programs by setting limits.

You are working with an adolescent whose parents just went through a divorce. The adolescent is upset and scared, especially because her mother does not have a lot of money. Which of the following would prompt you to believe that this adolescent girl will be fine, despite the separation of her parents?

Her perceptions of her social support network are positive.

According to Baumrind, what type of parents are highly involved in their child's life but place few demands or controls on the child?

Indulgent

According to Laurie Kramer, which of the following is NOT a benefit of sibling conflict?

It helps children learn about others.

____ play occurs when the child transforms the physical environment into a symbol. Between 9 and 30 months, children increasingly use objects in ____ play. They learn to transform objects—substituting them for other objects and acting toward them as if they were these other objects. For example, a preschool child may treat a table as if it were a car and say, "I'm fxing the car" as he grabs a leg of the table.

Pretense/symbolic

Baumrind's four styles of parenting balance which of the following dimensions?

Responsiveness Control Acceptance Demand

____ is play that involves interaction with peers. It increases dramatically during the preschool years. For many children, ___ play is the main context for their social interactions with peers. ____ play includes varied interchanges such as turn taking, conversations about numerous topics, social games and routines, and physical play. It often provides a high degree of pleasure to the participants.

Social play

A mother of one just found out she is pregnant with her second child. After watching this video, what could she do to help ease the transition for her first child?

Talk about different issues with her first child, both during pregnancy and after the baby's arrival.

Why did Dr. Pomerantz propose that girls are more likely to become depressed due to the additional help parents give them?

They feel responsible for doing well and pleasing their parents.

What is one of the major dangers that Dr. Calvert mentions in letting children watch television alone?

They will not understand what they see.

in which the child is removed from a setting that offers positive reinforcement

Time out

Which of the following are important functions of peer relationships?

To provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family To provide children with a source of comparison and feedback about their abilities

The four parenting styles involve the dimensions of ______ and responsiveness on the one hand, and ______ and control on the other.

acceptance; demand

Feelings of ___ and ___ are central to the account of moral development provided by Freud's psychoanalytic theory. According to Freud, children attempt to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection by identifying with their parents and internalizing their standards of right and wrong, thereby developing the superego, the moral element of the personality.

anxiety guilt

According to Baumrind, which type of parents place firm limits and controls on their child, allows little verbal exchange, and might show rage toward their child?

authoritarian

The ____ parenting style is a restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort.

authoritarian

parenting style encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions. Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed, and parents are warm and nurturing toward the child.

authoritative

From ages 7 to 10, children are in a period of transition, showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some of the second stage. From about age 10 and older, children show _____. They become aware that rules and laws are created by people, and in judging an action they consider the actor's intentions as well as the action's consequences.

autonomous morality

Baumrind argued that parents should NOT ______.

be punitive or aloof leave children to make their own rules

Research indicates that many recent immigrants to the U.S. adopt a(n) ______ orientation, selecting characteristics of American culture that help them survive and advance, while still retaining aspects of their culture of origin.

bicultural

____ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation. It occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or solution. ____ play increases in the preschool years as symbolic play increases and sensorimotor play decreases. ____ play is also a frequent form of play in the elementary school years, both in and out of the classroom.

constructive

According to research, the amount of time that young children have for free play has ______ in recent decades.

declined considerably

Which of the following is one of the largest issues parents face after divorce?

disciplining children

When presented with a Ken doll, 4-year-old Bradley knows Ken is a boy because he

doesn't have long hair.

____ parents monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

emotion coaching

children of ____ parents are better at soothing themselves when they get upset, are more effective in regulating their negative affect, focus their attention better, and have fewer behavior problems than do children of emotion-dismissing parents.

emotion coaching

____ parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions. Emotion-coaching parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturant than are emotion-dismissing parents

emotion dismissing

____ is an important aspect of development. In particular, it plays a key role in children's ability to manage the demands and conflicts they face in interacting with others

emotion regulation

Between ages 2 and 4, children considerably increase the number of terms they use to describe ____. During this time, they are also learning about the causes and consequences of ____

emotions feelings

responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes those feelings

empathy

Based on Dr. Pomerantz's proposals, which of the following is a practice parents should engage in?

encourage daughters to try to solve problems on their own first

In this clip, Dr. Kramer discusses parenting differences. Scarr and McCartney would argue that treating each child differently would be a(n) ________ type of genotype-environment effect.

evocative

The girl in this video has the mother doll care for the younger doll. Which gender development theory/approach would best apply to her behavior?

evolutionary developmental approach

Because young children are ____, they judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor. For example, to the _____ , breaking twelve cups accidentally is worse than breaking one cup intentionally. As children develop into moral autonomists, intentions become more important than consequences.

heteronomous moralists

From ages 4 to 7, children display ____, the first stage of moral development in Piaget's theory. Children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties, beyond the control of people.

heteronomous morality

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage associated with early childhood is _____. At this point in development, children have become convinced that they are persons of their own; during early childhood, they begin to discover what kind of person they will become.

initiative versus guilt

You are working with young children and see a new family move into the neighborhood. Given the information in this video, what do you decide to do in order to help the very young children find new friends?

introduce the parents to other parents with young children

Laurie Kramer, who has conducted a number of research studies on siblings, says that not intervening and letting sibling conflict escalate are not good strategies. She developed a program titled "____" that teaches 4- to 8-year-old siblings social skills for developing positive interactions

more fun with sisters and brothers

In this video, Dr. Pomerantz discusses gender differences as they pertain to depression. She researched one main factor. Which of the following is the factor she looked at?

mother's role in daughter's depression

Recent research indicates that the ______ of parents' work has more influence on the children's development rather than the fact that one parent works outside the home.

nature

Yvonne and Gregory spend most of their leisure time with one another, leaving their child at home. They are more concerned with their own needs than those of their child. According to Baumrind, what parenting style do Yvonne and Gregory utilize?

neglectful

Differences in parenting are what we would call

nonshared effects

Infants have the capacity for some purely empathic responses, but empathy often requires the ability to discern another person's emotional states, or what is called _____

perspective thinking

____ involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports. Sensorimotor play, which often involves _____, is primarily confined to infancy, whereas practice play can continue to occur throughout life. During the preschool years, children often engage in ____ play

practice play

During the early childhood years, emotions such as ___ and ___ become more common.

pride guilt

Although young children mainly describe themselves in terms of concrete, observable features and activities, at age 4 to 5, as they hear others use psychological trait and emotion terms, they begin to include these in their ____. Thus, in a ____ a 4-year-old might say, "I'm not scared. I'm always happy."

self descriptions

Easy self understanding involves ____

self recognition

In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child clearly has begun to develop ____, which is the representation of self, the substance and content of self-conceptions

self understanding

What type of emotions include embarrassment, guilt, pride, and shame?

self-conscious

____ is behavior that allows infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes. The development of ____ play follows Piaget's description of sensorimotor thought. Infants begin to engage in exploratory and playful visual and motor transactions during the second quarter of the first year of life. By the age of 9 months, many infants can select novel objects for exploration and play, especially responsive objects such as toys that make noise or bounce.

sensorimotor play

What type of impact does television have on children's development?

significant

Researchers have found that fathers' emotion coaching is related to children's ____ and that mothers' emotion coaching is linked to less ____ behavior

social competence oppositional

Alice Eagly proposed _____, which states that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and men. In Eagly's view, as women adapted to roles with less power and less status in society, they showed more cooperative, less dominant profiles than men did

social role theory

Ross Thompson comes down on the side of viewing young children as ____, while Susan Harter argues that there is still evidence to support the conclusion that young children are essentially ____

socially sensitive egocentric

Vygotsky (1962) also considered play to be an excellent setting for cognitive development. He was especially interested in the ____ and ____ aspects of play, as when a child substitutes a stick for a horse and rides the stick as if it were a horse. For young children, the imaginary situation is real (Bodrova & Leong, 2015). Parents should encourage such imaginary play because it advances the child's cognitive development, especially creative thought

symbolic make believe

____ is the most influential traditional type of mass media on young children

television

In this clip, 10-year-old Laura, her 8-year-old brother Jared, and her three-year-old sister Angela are playing Chutes and Ladders. Angela helps her brother do the math required to play. Vygotsky would have argued that this was the best way to learn, as instruction is taking place in

the zone of proximal development.

According to Laurie Kramer's research, how do parents actually respond to sibling conflicts?

they ignore it

True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.

true