psyc 273 chapters 9,10,11

Depending on the definition used for insomnia, its prevalence ranges from _______ in the adult population. 2% to 20% 20% to 60% 10% to 40% 5% to 30%

10% to 40%

Following a fear conditioning experiment in which a tone was paired with a shock, one animal shows freezing response upon hearing the tone alone while a second animal does not. If you were informed that the second animal had a brain lesion, where would you predict the lesion to be? Hypothalamus Amygdala Ventral tegmental area Olfactory bulb

Amygdala

In rats with LH lesions, which outcome does not occur? An initial decrease in food intake An initial increase in food intake An eventual stabilization of body weight and food intake A lower weight set-point

An initial increase in food intake

Which of the following is the important phenomenon discovered by Olds and Milner? Decorticate rage The triune brain Klüver-Bucy syndrome Brain self-stimulation

Brain self-stimulation

involves periodic binge eating followed by _______ or taking laxatives to avoid weight gain. Bariatrics; drinking water Anorexia; extreme dieting Bulimia; vomiting Binge eating; drinking alcohol

Bulimia; vomiting

Which reaction would be considered the "high road" response to a bear appearing at your picnic? Urinating in your pants Profuse sweating Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise Running away

Grabbing pots and pans to make lots of noise

Two friends walking down a busy street hear a loud bang; they both feel their hearts race in the moment of panic and turn to see that a truck has backfired. They laugh, attributing their pounding hearts to the surprise they felt at the sound. This scenario best illustrates which theory of emotion? Schachter and Singer Keltner and Ekman James-Lange Canon-Bard

Schachter and Singer

If an adult hamster with a 24-hour endogenous rhythm receives a lesion to the SCN and a subsequent SCN transplant from a young hamster with an endogenous rhythm of 20 hours, which outcome occurs? The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm. The adult hamster will be arrhythmic. The adult hamster will fail to entrain to the light-dark cycle. The adult hamster will regain its original 24-hour rhythm.

The adult hamster will adopt a 20-hour rhythm.

Flaccidity in the large muscles of the body is associated most commonly with _______ sleep. Both a and b stage 3 stage 1 REM

REM

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons have opposing effects on _______ and _______. thirst; sleep appetite; thirst appetite; metabolism thermoregulation; metabolism

appetite; metabolism

In order to condition a rat to associate a particular tone in context A with a shock, one would play a tone at the same time as administering a shock in context A. at the same time as administering a shock across varied contexts. alone in context A. after administering a shock across varied contexts.

at the same time as administering a shock in context A.

Electrical stimulation of the reticular formation leads to immediate awakening. SWS. REM sleep. delta waves.

awakening.

The pattern of sleep in elderly people is characterized by increases in stage 2 sleep. awakenings. REM sleep. stage 3 sleep.

awakenings.

If a hamster is kept in a laboratory and receives no information about changes in day length or temperature (i.e. housed in constant dark), its rhythms will eventually _______, with a daily cycle that lasts a bit longer than 24 hours. persist, but only in females disappear persist, but only in males become free-running

become free-running

About 10-20% of the energy we ingest is used for _______ processes. storage basal behavioral rest

behavioral

Because of shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty, students at high schools that begin the school day after 8:30 am generally experience increased levels of depression. faster growth rates. lower school attendance. better academic performance.

better academic performance.

The peptide _______, released by the gut after eating, transmits information about nutrient levels to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) via the vagus nerve. neuropeptide Y cholecystokinin (CCK) orexin POMC

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Two physiological responses to hypovolemia are _______ of blood vessels and the secretion of _______ by the posterior pituitary. dilation; ANP constriction; angiotensin II constriction; vasopressin dilation; insulin

constriction; vasopressin

According to some researchers, the universal properties of facial expressions may be masked by peripheral feedback. autonomic arousal. cultural conditioning. cultural differences in parenting styles.

cultural conditioning.

In men, simply backing the losing team in a baseball game is sufficient to decrease serotonin levels. increase circulating cortisol levels. decrease circulating testosterone levels. increase circulating testosterone and cortisol levels.

decrease circulating testosterone levels.

It is thought that each individual's _______ is in two-way communication with the brain via chemical signals and the _______. enterotype; vagus nerve enterotype; spinal nerves pancreas; spinal nerves pancreas; nucleus of the solitary tract

enterotype; vagus nerve

The controversial theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the _______ hypothesis. emotion feedback induced-emotion Ekman facial feedback

facial feedback

Patients with damage to the amygdala do poorly at interpreting facial expressions as indicators of contempt. happiness. fear. sadness.

fear

People suffering from bulimia nervosa typically prefer to vomit rather than use laxatives. have very little appetite. usually become very obese. get caught in binge-purge eating cycles.

get caught in binge-purge eating cycles.

Research using fMRI shows that drinking glucose after fasting induces activity in the basal forebrain. amygdala. brainstem. hypothalamus.

hypothalamus.

Sleep that immediately follows a period of learning has the apparent effect of blocking long-term retention. improving long-term retention. undoing the learning. impairing retrieval of the learned material.

improving long-term retention.

Stressful exam periods produce a(n) increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion. increase in natural killer cell activity. decrease in corticosteroids secretion. increase in androgen production.

increase in epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion.

The human menstrual cycle provides an example of a(n) _______ rhythm, because it repeats less than once per day. circadian ultradian infradian free-running

infradian

Stage 3 sleep (SWS) is characterized by the periodic appearance of spindles. large-amplitude delta waves. low-voltage, high-frequency scalp EEG activity. slow waves with a frequency of 10 Hz.

large-amplitude delta waves.

In his study of facial expressions of nonhuman primates, Redican argued that the distinctive primate expression labeled "play face" is homologous to human fear or surprise. laughter. sadness. anger.

laughter

Charles Darwin noted that nonhuman primates have the same facial muscles as humans and proposed that emotional expressions only appear in the primate lineage. are a sexually selected trait. are a novel evolutionary trait. may have originated in a common ancestor.

may have originated in a common ancestor.

Affection and disgust are described by Plutchik's classification of emotions as high levels of intense emotional expression. low-intensity forms of the basic emotions of happiness and sadness, respectively. basic emotions that are linked by anatomical specificity. medium-intensity forms of the basic emotions of adoration and loathing, respectively.

medium-intensity forms of the basic emotions of adoration and loathing, respectively.

The population of beneficial bacteria, fungi, and viruses that inhabit the large intestine of human beings is referred to as a fecal transplant. microbiome. biome regulator. microtype.

microbiome.

Glucocorticoid receptors regulate the ongoing secretion of stress hormones via a signal cascade. positive feedback. hormone signaling. negative feedback.

negative feedback.

The response to increase in the salt concentration of the extracellular solution is called _______ thirst. hypotonic osmoreceptive osmotic hypovolemic

osmotic

People with a BMI of 25-30 are in the body weight level of obese. overweight. ideal weight. underweight.

overweight.

The James-Lange theory of emotions argued that emotions are the appraisal of environmental events. perception of bodily changes and social context. integration of thoughts and feelings. perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli.

perception of bodily changes provoked by particular stimuli.

The field of study concerned with the immune system and its interaction with the nervous system and behavior is called psychoneuroimmunology. epigenetics. somatogenetics. neuroendocrinology.

psychoneuroimmunology

The region that appears to be responsible for activating wakefulness is known as the basal forebrain. optic chiasm. locus coeruleus. reticular formation.

reticular formation.

In rats, lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) lead to all of the following except a voracious appetite. self-maintenance of normal weight. initial weight gain. defense of a new target weight.

self-maintenance of normal weight.

It has been speculated that sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) may be a consequence of a form of sleep paralysis. REM behavior disorder. insomnia. sleep apnea.

sleep apnea.

In a classic study, soldiers training for parachute jumps showed a spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump. spike in testosterone on the first day's jump. drop in cortisol after the first day's jump. drop in serotonin after the first day's jump.

spike in norepinephrine before the first day's jump.

A child wakes suddenly after sleeping for a couple of hours, is terrified and shows significant autonomic activity, such as a racing heart rate and dilated pupils. When questioned, the child cannot remember what frightened her. It is likely the child has just woken from _______ sleep. stage 2 stage 1 stage 3 REM

stage 3

In humans, somnambulism usually occurs during _______ sleep. REM stage 2 stage 3 stage 1

stage 3

In humans, enhanced serum levels of growth hormone are evident during sleep following periods of stress. an entire night's sleep. daytime periods of wakefulness. stage 3 sleep (SWS).

stage 3 sleep (SWS).

When a cell comes into contact with pure water it swells. immediately dies. does not change. shrinks.

swells.

The pineal gland of some birds and reptiles is referred to as a primitive "third eye" because it feeds light information to the eye. it is the only unilateral structure in the brain. it secretes the hormone melatonin, which is a metabolite of a hallucinogen. the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.

the skull over the pineal gland is especially thin, so it can sense light.

When an animal loses a lot of blood, there is a tendency of baroreceptors to signal fatigue. temperature increase. grooming. thirst.

thirst.

The type of diabetes called _______ is characterized by a cessation of insulin production early in life. type II diabetes type I diabetes congenital diabetes diabetes insipidus

type I diabetes

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period may last less than a few seconds. less than 1 minute. up to 15 minutes. up to 40 minutes.

up to 40 minutes.

The receptors that detect drops in extracellular volume are located in the kidneys. ventricular system. vascular system. hypothalamus.

vascular system.

The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a zeitgeber. phase shift. period adjuster. temporizer.

zeitgeber

Which molecule is known as antidiuretic hormone? Rennin Vasopressin Angiotensin II Aldosterone

Vasopressin

Experiments that involved removal of the temporal lobes of monkeys implicated the _______ in the behavioral changes seen in Klüver-Bucy syndrome. anterior thalamus cingulate cortex amygdala sensorimotor cortex

amygdala

People diagnosed with sleep apnea show all of the following symptoms except an abundance of REM sleep. low oxygen levels during sleep. snoring. frequent awakenings.

an abundance of REM sleep.

Anticipation of glucose in the blood facilitates which phase of insulin release? Absorptive Digestive Somatic Cephalic

Cephalic

Which statement about the neural innervation of the facial muscles is true? Chewing is controlled by the superficial facial muscles. The facial muscles are influenced by the occipital cortex. Facial expressions of emotion are largely controlled by the facial nerve (VII) Superficial facial muscles produce large-scale movements of the face.

Facial expressions of emotion are largely controlled by the facial nerve (VII)

What is the primary evolutionary benefit of a circadian rhythm? -------------- It allows an animal to better adjust to sudden, dramatic changes in the environment. It allows an animal to incorporate information about past important natural events and adjust its behavior accordingly. It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly. It allows an animal to incorporate a genetic program to dictate behavior.

It allows an animal to anticipate an important natural event and adjust its behavior accordingly.

The _______ theory of emotion posited that bodily responses evoke emotional experience. Cannon-Bard Plutchik-Ekman Schachter and Singer James-Lang

James-Lang

_______ is a symptom of a mismatch between internal and external time while traveling. Jet lag Entrainment Free-run Zeitgeber

Jet lag

Which hormone monitors the body's longer-term energy reserves in the form of fat? PYY3-36 Leptin Ghrelin Anandamide

Leptin

If an animal is being pursued by a predator, its immune system is suppressed, and its physiological system readies it for escape. Would you expect this immune suppression harm the animal? Yes, because the suppression combined with stress will cause long-term harm to the animal's immune system. Yes, because after the stressful experience the animal's immune system will take a long time to recover. No, because the immune system is only temporarily suppressed, allowing the animal's resources to go toward survival. No, because after the stressful experience, the animal's immune system will be strengthened.

No, because the immune system is only temporarily suppressed, allowing the animal's resources to go toward survival.

How do dolphins sleep if they must regularly come to the water's surface to breathe? They do not come to the surface while sleeping, but instead obtain oxygen through their skin. Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time. Both hemispheres sleep at the same time but the sleep is light. They retain air in their lungs and stay at the surface to breath while sleeping.

Only one brain hemisphere sleeps at a time.

Which circumventricular organ contains osmosensory neurons? Area postrema Periventricular organ Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) Subfornical organ

Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)

The intestinal hormones, _______ and _______, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression. ghrelin; leptin GLP-1; leptin PYY3-36; ghrelin PYY3-36; GLP-1

PYY3-36; GLP-1

Lesions to which brain region would impair physiological responses to temperature in endotherms? Dorsomedial thalamus Brainstem Medial hypothalamus Preoptic area

Preoptic area

Which neurotransmitter has been especially implicated in the control of aggression? Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Substance P

Serotonin

Which statement about brain imaging studies of psychopaths is true? ---------------------- Psychopaths show high levels of activity in the temporal and parietal cortices. The prefrontal cortex is smaller in psychopaths compared to controls. Male psychopaths have higher than average levels of serotonin. Researchers have yet to find neuroanatomical differences between the brains of psychopaths and non-psychopaths.

The prefrontal cortex is smaller in psychopaths compared to controls.

Which statement correctly describes osmotic pressure? The force of solute against a cell membrane The spontaneous spread of solute molecules through a solvent The tendency of a solvent to sink due to higher density. The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

The tendency of a solvent to move across a membrane in order to equalize the concentration of solute on both sides of the membrane

When deprived of time cues, people tend to show activity cycles that are a little more than 24 hours long. a little less than 24 hours long. completely unpredictable. exactly 24 hours long.

a little more than 24 hours long.

Prolonged sleep deprivation (around 8 days) can lead to all of the following except increases in irritability. difficulty concentrating. hallucinations and disorientation. a strengthened immune system.

a strengthened immune system.

Angiotensin II acts on the _______ to provoke the release of _______. hypothalamus; aldosterone adrenals; aldosterone adrenals; vasopressin kidneys; renin

adrenals; aldosterone

Diminished cerebrospinal concentrations of serotonin metabolites are correlated with aggression and violence. profound depression. diminished aggressive behavior. positive emotions.

aggression and violence.

Hans Selye labeled the initial response to stress the resistance stage. alarm reaction. exhaustion phase. general adaptation syndrome.

alarm reaction.

The characteristic EEG recording obtained from subjects who are relaxed with their eyes closed is called the beta. alpha. delta. gamma

alpha.