PSYC 303 ch 4

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or nonviolent video game 2 hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Data analysis shows no effect of game type, but Professor Kwan knows several children didn't follow the procedure, so she makes up data for them and then shows a significant effect. Which part of American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Standard 8 did the data violate? a. data fabrication b. plagiarism c. sharing research data for verification d. deception in research

a. data fabrication

Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of ethical violations that occurred in the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? a. The investigators fabricated data. b. A disadvantaged group was targeted. c. The participants were not treated respectfully. d. The participants were harmed.

a. The investigators fabricated data. Answers:

Dr. Kim is researching treatments for childhood cancer. There is some risk that patients who undergo Dr. Kim's new therapy may be harmed by the procedure. However, based on preliminary lab testing, the patients might benefit substantially from his treatment. If you were on the institutional review board (IRB) evaluating Dr. Kim's research proposal to test his new treatment, which of the following would make you more likely to approve the proposal? a. You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks. b. There are few other treatments for this type of cancer. c. You decide that the potential risks of the study outweigh the potential benefits. d. Dr. Kim is a very smart and well-respected scientist.

a. You decide that the potential benefits of the study outweigh the potential risks.

Research using animals must be approved by which of the following? a. an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) b. the American Psychological Association (APA) c. an Institutional Review Board (IRB) d. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)

a. an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Which of the following is NOT an example of information researchers must be careful to protect to ensure research participants' confidentiality? a. answers to a completely anonymous questionnaire b. handwriting samples from participants c. photographs of participants d. participants' dates of birth

a. answers to a completely anonymous questionnaire

A researcher suggests to potential study participants that if they do not participate they will suffer negative consequences. This undue influence is called ____________. a. coercion b. debriefing c. informed consent d. special protection

a. coercion

When an experimenter actively lies to a participant, this is considered which of the following? a. deception through commission b. a violation of federal guidelines c. a clear violation of the American Psychological Association (APA) principles d. deception through omission

a. deception through commission

Which of the following groups is NOT recognized in the Belmont Report as entitled to special protection? a. military veterans b. prisoners c. people with intellectual or developmental disabilities d. children

a. military veterans

Dr. Sanders conducted a study that investigated the happiness of people listening to different kinds of music. He predicted that people would report being happier when they were listening to rock music than when they were listening to country music. Dr. Sanders threw out the data from several participants who reported being very happy while listening to country music because he thought that they weren't being honest. Dr. Sanders has committed what kind of ethical violation? a. data fabrication b. data falsification c. plagiarism d. deception

b. data falsification

Professor Silva is a clinical psychologist who teaches a course in abnormal psychology at the university. He maintains a clinical practice and several of his current students are his clients. Which of the APA's Five General Principles does this violate? a. integrity b. fidelity and responsibility c. justice d. respect for people's rights and dignity

b. fidelity and responsibility

Following a study using deception, how does the researcher attempt to restore an honest relationship with the participant? a. by giving each participant a copy of the Belmont report b. by debriefing each participant in a structured conversation c. by apologizing to the participant and offering monetary compensation for any discomfort or stress d. by reassuring the participant that all names and identifiers will be removed from the data

b. by debriefing each participant in a structured conversation

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if they were present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so that she can find if any students initial for days they were absent. The students are not aware they were participating in the study until the end of the quarter. Which ethical standard does this violate? a. client/patient, student, and subordinate research participants b. informed consent to research c. offering inducements for research participation d. institutional approval

b. informed consent to research

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or nonviolent video game 2 hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Which of the Belmont Report principles is violated by the choice of participants? a. respect for persons b. justice c. beneficence d. integrity

b. justice

Which principle from the Belmont Report and the APA's ethical principles do animal rights activists draw upon to argue against the use of animals in experiments? a. respect for persons b. justice c. beneficence d. integrity

b. justice

Which type of research misconduct involves representing the ideas or words of others as one's own? a. data fabrication b. plagiarism c. data falsification d. deception

b. plagiarism

Deception in a psychology experiment is a. sometimes ethical if the researcher thinks deception will make the study more interesting. b. sometimes ethical if there is no other way to study a certain phenomenon; researchers minimize the potential for the participants to be distressed by the deception, and researchers fully debrief the participant after the study. c. always acceptable. d. never ethical.

b. sometimes ethical if there is no other way to study a certain phenomenon; researchers minimize the potential for the participants to be distressed by the deception, and researchers fully debrief the participant after the study.

Which of the following are two ethical issues raised by Milgram's studies of obedience? a. targeting of a disadvantaged group and the disrespectful treatment of participants b. the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers c. the pain of the electrical shocks experienced by the learners and the stress experienced by the teachers d. the distress felt by the experimenter who had to order the teacher to shock the learner and the pain of the electric shocks experienced by the learners

b. the stress experienced by the teachers and the lasting effects of the study on the teachers

Which of the following pieces of information should be provided to potential research participants as part of the informed consent process? Answers: a. information about the other participants in the study b. information about where the researcher plans to publish the results of the study c. information about the risks and benefits of participating in the study d. information about the researcher's hypotheses for the study

c. information about the risks and benefits of participating in the study

Which of the following is NOT a required member of an institutional review board (IRB)? a. a community member with no ties to the institution b. someone with academic interests outside the sciences c. a researcher whose study is under review d. a scientist

c. a researcher whose study is under review

In a study of a new drug for asthma, a researcher finds that the group receiving the drug is doing much better than the control group, whose members are receiving a placebo. Which principle of the Belmont Report requires the researcher to also give the control group the opportunity to receive the new drug? a. respect for persons b. informed consent c. beneficence d. justice

c. beneficence

Professor Hammond studies ethical behavior and designs a study to examine the amount of cheating at her school. At the beginning of class each day, she passes around a chart showing the dates of the class meetings, with boxes for students to initial if they were present. She photocopies the sheet after each class so she can find if any students initial for days they were absent. She waits for interesting results before writing a proposal for the institutional review board (IRB). Which ethical standard does waiting to propose the study violate? a. offering inducements for research participation b. informed consent for recording voices and images in research c. institutional approval d. debriefing

c. institutional approval

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or nonviolent video game 2 hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. Some of the children assigned to play the violent video games begin acting out at school and get suspended. Which part of the Belmont Report and American Psychological Association (APA) Ethical Standard 8 was violated when the researcher didn't consider this possible harm to participants in planning the study? a. respect for people's rights and dignity b. justice c. integrity d. beneficence and nonmaleficence

d. beneficence and nonmaleficence

To study a sample of participants from only one ethnic group, researchers must first demonstrate that the problem being studied is especially prevalent in that ethnic group. This is an application of which principle from the Belmont Report? a. beneficence b. special protection c. respect for persons d. justice

d. justice

Professor Kwan studies violence and designs a study of the effects of video game violence on children. She recruits low-income, Hispanic children from schools near the university to participate. Each child is assigned to play either a violent or nonviolent video game 2 hours each evening for a month. The children's teachers are asked to assess changes in behavior. To assure good participation, the participants are offered a chance to win a family trip to a major theme park. Which of the Belmont Report principles is violated by this incentive? a. fidelity and responsibility b. beneficence c. justice d. respect for persons

d. respect for persons

Which of the following is NOT one of the "three Rs" provided by the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals? a. replacement b. refinement c. reduction d. restoration

d. restoration