Psyc 305 Psychology of Adjustment Exam 1

Explain the idea of a person/situation interaction in affecting behavior?

**Figure 1.1**

Others

- Change expectations putting somebody else; expected or allowed others to take the initiative in changing the behavior;relying on others to do the change for you

Describe and illustrate each of the following forms of learning: classical conditioning, operant condition, social modeling

- Classical Conditioning: Form of learning in which a neutral event can produce a positive or negative reaction depending on it being repeatedly paired with a negative or positive event - Operant Conditioning: Changing of voluntary behaviors by manipulating consequences of these behaviors; learning to behave in certain ways can cause a positive/negative consequence - Social Modeling: Acquiring new skills by seeing others (the whole bodo doll with bandura)

Explain each of the following conditions in interpersonal relationships: empathy, respect and warmth, genuineness.

- Empathy: putting yourself in someone else's shoes (seeing their point of view) - Respect and Warmth: Caring for a person even though at times they may be bad - Genuineness: Sharing your thoughts/feelings in a relationship

Describe several ways that an internal locus of control contributes to effective living.

- Helping in your health - promoting the acquisition and assimilation of information - Better marriage satisfaction - Better relationships - Be able to mobilize their own internal resources (so making yourself be stronger than what you really are)

Spontaneous

- Hope of change that would just happened; assume behavior would change on its own w/o special efforts to change it

Describe how your beliefs about the physical/spiritual nature of life can affect your life planning.

- If you believe its physical then your life goals will probably assume a more present focus; joy/living will not be beyond the physical unction of the body -If spiritual: Think beyond time and space in determining what you want from life

How do internal and external locus of control primarily differ?

- Internal: believe that life occurrences are correlated to one's own's decisions/behaviors; more control in your life - External: belief that things happen due to some might being (others) or by chance

What are the similarities and differences between the concepts of locus control and self-efficacy?

- Locus of Control: you believe you are in control - Self-Efficacy: you believe in yourself at times (if you don't it doesn't help cause locus of control will do nothing)

What is the major difference between the behavioral orientation and earlier psychological theories?

- Psychological theories emphasize the conscious and subconscious components of the mind - Behavioral Orientation describes psychological functioning in terms of behaviors which are observable and measurable

Explain each of the following concepts in Eastern philosophies: self and consciousness, attachment and non attachment, emptiness and change, the cycle of samsara.

- Self and Consciousness don't focus on yourself focus inside you - Attachment and Non attachment: Being attached to people doesnt let you enjoy peace and love compared to not feeling that attached to them will give you a no worries zone - Emptiness and Change: not looking at things for existence so basically being cold hearted inside and being ablate change easily - Cycle of Samsara: basically you die into something else so like reincarnation

What is the major premise of each of the following world views: theism, deism, agnosticism, and atheism?What are the principal differences and similarities in these world views?

-Theism: Belief in God - Deism: Believe in god but that not involved in the workings of the universe; human beings are regarded as intelligent, moral creatures who represent part of the cosmos - Agnosticism: Not sure god exist; ethics and morality evolve from human experience and history acquires meaning only as people attribute meaning to it - Atheism: No God; rejection of afterlife

3 learning styles

1. Classical Conditioning 2. Operant conditioning 3. Social Modeling

Theism

1. Existence of God 2. God involved with Universe 3. People made in God's image 4. Afterlife with God 5. Morals from God 6. Change is God-directed

Desim

1. Existence of God 2. God not involved with Universe 3. People are moral creatures 4. Transcendence of bodily death 5. Morals from nature 6. Change based on personal initiative

Agnosticism

1. God's existence uncertain 2. Natural order for universe 3. People intelligent creatures 4. No prospect of afterlife 5. Morals from human experience 6. Change based on personal effort

What are the 3 tactics for specifying behaviors-in-situations?

1. Make a List of Concrete Examples 2. List the details of your problem 3. Actually observe your behavior, don't just speculate about it

Atheism

1. No God 2. Natural order for universe 3. People intelligent creatures 4. Death end of all existence 5. Morals from human experience 6. Change based on personal planning

What steps can you take to increase your self-efficacy beliefs regarding the behaviors you want to change?

1. Pick a project for which you can say "yes" or a strong "maybe" to the question above 2. Focus on the process of change, not on the final goal 3. Discriminate between your past performance and your present project 4. Focusing on the process (not the goal) keep records of your progress (Pay close attention to small goals met) 5. Realize that just being emotional in a challenging situation does not mean you cannot perform adequately 6. Rank situations in which the problem occurs from easiest to most difficult to cope with

Describe the stages you might go through in thinking about and actually changing.

1. Pre-contemplation: you are not thinking about changing 2. Contemplation: You are thinking about changing in a certain time 3. Preparation: you get ready to change in the next days to come 4. Action Period: Change occurs here 5. Maintenance period involving continuing change after the first goals have been reached

What tactics should you use if you are not sure what to do?

1. Specify the chain of events that will lead to the goal 2.Observe people who are successful at what you are trying to do and then try their tactics yourself

Approaches to Change

1. Spontaneous 2. Others 3. Chemical 4. Spiritual 5. Will Power 6. Thinking Strategies 7. Social Environment 8. Physical Environment

What does the research show about the success of students who use this book?

83% met their goals for behavior change

How do we use the A-B-C paradigm to understand how we can change?

A= Antecedents B= Behavior C= Consequences - You can change one of these letters to be able to get new results - You can also take away some certain parts of the ABC's to get different results **Figure 1.4**

What are consequences?

Affect whether or not behavior is repeated; it's what comes after a behavior - Can affect the way you feel

What is the best plan to avoid self-control fatigue?

Always have a plan to deal with temptation; plan to minimize coming into contact with it

According to Erik Erikson, another well-known developmental theorist, what is the major quest of the young adult years?

Are a time for establishing intimate interpersonal relationships (intimacy vs. isolation, generatively vs. stagnation, ...)

Habitats

Are automatic responses to situations

What are antecedents?

Are the setting events for one's behavior that can cue or stimulate one to act in certain ways - Can be physical events , thoughts, emotions, or inner speech

What is a self-contract?

Basically a paragraph or a statement of what you are going to do and what is your goal; it helps because you have something to look at and it makes you more committed to it

Erik son's concept of integrity means that one has what perspective of one's life?

Basically you value your life and you are happy with what you have accomplished so far

Why should you expect mistakes?

Because old habits are hard to get rid of; expect mistakes because learning a new skill is journey that requires practice

Why should you ask if you intend to do the work of change?

Because you need to know that you are going to put the work for it; you need to willingly do the work

What is a target behavior?

Behaviors that are selected as a goal and are trying to get reached by developing a commitment to change

What is the meaning of the concept of self-efficacy?

Belief that you can perform specific behaviors leading to good outcomes (high self efficacy ) or negative (Low self-efficacy)

The difference between brute willpower and planned self-control

Brute willpower can eventually weakened and a planned self-control avoids self-control fatigue and it avoids you making a decision while under stress which can help you know what to do

What's the best way to study this book?

By answering the learning objectives and mastering them

What are some implications for your project of minimizing the need for brute self-control?

By avoiding situations in which you can be tempted you will not have to stretch out your self-control and give in

Even if your goal is not a behavior change, explain how you can reach it by changing behaviors?

By developing new behaviors that will help you reach the goal

Explain how cognitive and behavioral approaches are sometimes combined.

By visualizing something it can help in changing behaviors

Chemical

Change occurs because of chemistry; used medication/other chemical substances in trying to change a behavior

Will Power

Determination/commitment is this; use inner resolve to change the behavior

Self- Efficacy

Evaluating your actions, actions you need to improve (its usually a specific thing) - Can lead to you doing self-goals

Social Environment

Feedback/modeling from others; sought support and feedback from friends or groups to help you change the behavior

What would be an ideal combination of locus of control and self-efficacy for achieving behavioral change?

For you to have internal control and believe that you can change

According to Daniel Levinson, what is the principal developmental task of the novice phase of adulthood for men?

Forming a dream of the future (22-28)

How does learning affect them and their relation to each other?

IF having different learning experiences it still will remain those things the same

How is locus of control related to effectiveness in self-management?

If you are an internal you are more likely to be effective because you believe the power is within you compared to the external ones

What are some ways that self-efficacy is likely to affect success in self-management?

If you believe in locus control but you don't believe in yourself

What are your beliefs about the benefits of practice? Do you believe you can learn more self-regulation?

If you believe you can do it then it makes sense to be able to practice it; it becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy

What types of experiences affect self-efficacy?

If you think more successes it increases your self-efficacy but thinking of the failures brings down your self- efficacy

What is self-regulation or self-direction?

Implies the ability to control ourselves, to exert control over our own actions and inner processes. - It occurs in short time spans - Being able to self-direct allows us to modify our behavior to gain desirable outcomes

What are self-efficacy beliefs?

Is your own estimation of your skill in handling some task; specific belief tied to a particular task

What do short-term and long-term goals each contribute to your plan?

It gives you a destination and a way to start; short-term goals provide you a way to start and the long-term keeps you on the journey

What does it mean to take a skills development attitude about your target for change?

It means that each time you are performing the behaviors you want to perform you ask yourself what has your mistakes/success shown you to learn so far? Figure out what level you are now in your skill and what needs more practice

What tactic should you use when your goal is to eliminate some undesirable behavior?

It should be to always increase some desirable behavior

What is the relationship between these two types of goals?

Lifetime goals are usually helped by annual goals

What are the major benefits of lifetime and annual goals?

Lifetime goals make you look into the future to be happy for something and annual goals keep you on track of the lifetime goals and it makes you appreciate reaching oen

What are the steps in most self-change programs?

Plan => Monitor => Evaluate

Explain the need for practice. Practice of what?

Practice is the best response for a mistake; You will have to be practicing the new behaviors you set for yourself

What are the important elements of a skill?

Practice it in different situations

Physical Environment

Primarily Behaviorism; Altered or rearranged the physical environment to change the behavior

Thinking Strategies

Primarily cognitivism; use specific thinking strategies to change the behavior

What's the strength model of self-control?

Saying that self-control is like a muscle and if its overused it will give in

According to humanistic approaches, what is the primary vehicle for personal change?

Self-actualization

Give some examples of the uses of self-modification in health and/or educational settings?

Self-modification examples is increasing exercise and increasing studying time which leads to better grades **Page 25**

How is humanistic psychology similar to and different form cognitive psychology?

Similar: Both emphasize internal processes Different: Cognitivism emphasizes the influence of thoughts and behavior while humanism emphasizes perceived needs (feelings of deprivation in your life) in mobilizing and guiding your behavior

Why do you need to know what you are doing instead of your desired behavior?

So you can know what leads to that behavior; so be aware about it so it can prevent it from happening again

What are the advantages of sub-goals?

Sub-goals help you pave the way to your long-term goals and helps you keep on track; they are reach able

What is the potential for change in adult stages of development?

The potential for change is in how we behave, think, and feel

What is a likely difference in the midlife transition for men and women?

They are more likely to emphasize career identity if they were devoted to their kids

What is the likely main cause when a self-modification plan doesn't work?

They did not learn the techniques

What are behaviors?

Things a person does, say, think or feel

Explain the purpose of this book?

To teach us ways to improve our skills in situations where the task is difficult for us

Explain the idea of conflict between what we want and what we should do.

Try to make your wants seem less important than your what you should dos; make your long runs worth it

Spiritual

Turn to a higher power (God or Supreme Being) for guidance and support in changing the behavior

How does self-efficacy beliefs affect what we do?

When it's high you try harder and use better solving problems. You are less likely to give up in the face of failure

At what time in life is one most likely to experience this sense of integrity?

When you are an older adult; or as the student daniel says btw 40-45yrs old

What is self-control fatigue?

When you withstand a temptation for a long time, your self-control weakens and you give in

Are people able to change themselves when they have a relatively serious problem with their behavior? Include Examples

Yeah, example is smoking/drinking

Can a person be too inclined toward an internal locus of control?

Yes, it can be bad and you may think everything is your fault when certain things are explained by other people or biology

Why does it help to admit you have a conflict?

You have to admit it to yourself in order to overcome the tendency of wanting the thing; it shows that you recognize that it is not good for you

Why might you expect your targets to change as you continue in your self-change project?

You might expect them to change because you are going to make self-discoveries which can help you in improving your targets

Why should you avoid thinking "Just this one time"?

You should avoid thinking this because it will just make it easier for you to keep coming back to it and it will show you how easy it is to come back;

Why should you tie your important values to your target for change?

You should because it is easier to change because you will know that it violates your values

What will you lose and what you gain by changing? Why you should know the answer to this question?

You will lose certain things but at the same time you might gain more stuff which can replace your losses; You should know the answer to this question because it will make you realize what you do and don't want causing you to think more realistic about it and allows you to plan ahead.

According, to Robert Havighurst, a noted development theorist, what lays the foundation for continuing growth in the adult phases of life?

Your success in dealing with certain critical tasks in early adulthood; -Select a mate => marry => learn to live with them =>Start a fam. and have kids => then get job =>take on civic responsibility (government/participate shiz) => find friends

BPCS

a questionnaire that consists of items describing the possible perceptions you may have of yourself, others, and life in general

What is the meaning of the notion generatively versus stagnation, and at what stage of life would this notion be most applicable?

basically this means whether you help out people (especially the youth like a mentor) or you are just focused on yourself 9self-centered); This would be most applicable after intimacy vs isolation????

What is the meaning of the concept of locus of control?

beliefs about who or what causes the events in your life;

What is the meaning of the concept of cognition?

it refers to the covert events such as thoughts and internal dialogue

What characteristics should sub-goals have?

it should be reachable, motivate you, specific, flexible, and encourage you

What are the fundamental differences between the Eastern and Western approaches to change?

the western emphasizes the self much and the eastern views self from less differentiated from some larger world

What are the implications of thinking of self-regulation as a skill?

we are able to develop it and implies that we can perform the action no matter what tasks come; so like we think about the behavior it need to perform and in which situation; practice the skill in different situations