PSYC 345: Exam 2: Week 5: Multiple Choice

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. c. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance. d. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas. a. high-saliency b. high-load c. low-saliency d. low-load

high-saliency

The Stroop effect demonstrates a. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing. b. the ease of performing a low-load task. c. support for object-based attention. d. a failure of divided attention.

how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of a. an object-based attentional failure. b. the late-selection model of attention. c. the cocktail party phenomenon. d. inattentional blindness.

inattentional blindness

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for a. meaning. b. modality. c. location. d. physical characteristics.

meaning

In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order? a. Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory b. Filter, detector, sensory store, short-term memory c. Detector, filter, sensory store, short-term memory d. Detector, sensory store, filter, short-term memory

Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. when processing was more controlled. b. once processing had become automatic. c. when processing was done verbally. d. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters.

once processing had become automatic

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention. a. divided b. covert c. overt d. dichotic

overt

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called a. same-object advantage. b. divided attention. c. location-based potentiation. d. high-load detraction.

same-object advantage

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is a. saying the message out loud. b. ignoring it while paying attention to another message. c. thinking about something closely related to the message. d. silently following it mentally.

saying the message out loud

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention. a. low load b. divided c. cocktail party d. selective

selective

According to the filter model of attention, which of the following messages would likely by identified by the filter? a. All messages selected by the filter b. All sensory messages c. A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent d. All messages within earshot

A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent

Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved? a. Driving home while thinking about a problem at work b. Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle c. Reading a novel while walking on a treadmill d. Humming a familiar song while washing dishes

Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention? a. A result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear b. A result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear c. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment d. The result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon

The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

Which of the following statements concerning the "100-car naturalistic driving study" is true? a. Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows. b. Records showed that the majority of drivers were attentive to driving during the three seconds before a near crash but inattentive during the three seconds before an actual crash. c. Male drivers were far less attentive than female drivers d. Pushing buttons on a cell phone was the least distracting activity drivers performed while driving.

Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows.

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word. a. ambiguous sentences; aware b. letter pairs; aware c. ambiguous sentences; unaware d. letter pairs; unaware

ambiguous sentences unaware

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed on the wall. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location is because of a process called _______. a. accommodation b. proximity c. binding d. contiguity

binding

Difficulty in recognizing an alteration - even a very obvious one - in a scene is called ________ blindness. a. covert b. endogenous c. change d. exogenous

change

Illusory conjunctions are a. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. b. features that are consistent across different stimuli. c. combinations of features from different stimuli. d. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli.

combinations of features from different stimuli.

Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____ location. a. rightmost b. fixated c. topmost d. cued

cued

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a. Dictionary unit b. Late selection c. Precueing d. Stroop experiments

dictionary unit

Dichotic listening occurs when a. participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time. b. the same message is presented to the left and right ears. c. different messages are presented to the left and right ears. d. a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear.

different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as a. dual attention. b. selective attention. c. divided attention. d. divergent tasking.

divided attention

The cocktail party effect is a. the inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli. b. the equal division of attention between competing stimuli. c. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a. the shape and the name differed. b. the color and the name differed. c. the color and the name matched. d. the shape and the name matched.

the color and the name differed

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component? a. The filter b. The attenuator c. The dictionary unit d. The "leaky" filter

the dictionary unit