PSYC 356 Adler
13. One of Alfred Adler's strongest beliefs was in A. the equality of the sexes. B. his Jewish faith. C. his Protestant faith. D. the communist doctrine.
A
14. Which of the following assumptions is not part of Alfred Adler's theory? A. All human motivations for behavior are unconscious in origin. B. The dynamic force behind a person's activity is the striving for superiority or success. C. All psychological phenomena are unified within an individual in a self-consistent manner. D. The opinions of people shape their behavior and personality.
A
18. According to Alfred Adler, the goal toward which a psychologically healthy person strives is A. fictional, with no objective existence. B. the creation of one's conscious thought. C. largely conscious or known to that person. D. shaped mostly by the person's birth order. E. All of the answers are correct.
A
21. Alfred Adler believed that people strive for superiority A. in order to compensate for feelings of inferiority. B. in order to survive in a competitive society. C. as a means of attaining sexual satisfaction. D. in an attempt to imitate parents and other authority figures.
A
22. Concerning feelings of inferiority, Alfred Adler held that A. all individuals possess them. B. only neurotics develop them. C. they always lead to the development of social interest. D. they only develop when organ inferiorities are present.
A
29. Jared develops a tension headache while trying to meet a deadline at work. This tactic allows him to escape responsibility for meeting the deadline and to receive sympathy from his boss and coworkers. According to Alfred Adler, Jared's headache is an example of A. an organ dialect. B. an organ inferiority. C. an as-if illness. D. a fiction.
A
30. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about social interest? A. It exists in every individual to some degree. B. It exists only in psychologically healthy people. C. It requires personal gain by an individual. D. It is much stronger in pampered children than in neglected ones.
A
32. According to Alfred Adler, _____ is the "barometer of normality." A. social interest B. creative power C. subjectivity of perception D. fictional finalism
A
33. As a dynamic concept, Alfred Adler's notion of creative power implies A. movement. B. adjustment. C. social interest. D. conflict. E. cooperation.
A
38. According to Alfred Adler, people with a pampered style of life are characterized by A. exaggerated emotion. B. extreme encouragement. C. patience. D. decisiveness.
A
47. "If only my parents were more encouraging, I would have been a successful businessperson by now." Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? A. excuses B. withdrawal C. accusation D. hesitation
A
5. Unlike Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler believed that A. people are motivated mostly by social influences and by their striving for superiority and success. B. people have little or no choice in shaping their personality. C. present behavior is caused by past experiences. D. psychologically healthy people are usually unaware of what they are doing and why they are doing it.
A
51. In the context of safeguarding tendencies, _____ is the tendency to safeguard one's fictional goal of superiority by psychologically reverting to a secure period of life. A. moving backward B. hesitating C. constructing obstacles D. aggression
A
55. Compulsive hand washing, retracing one's steps, behaving in an obsessive orderly manner, destroying work already begun, and leaving one's work unfinished are examples of A. moving backward. B. standing still. C. constructing obstacles. D. hesitation.
A
56. Alfred Adler refers to the overemphasis on the importance of being manly as the A. masculine protest. B. sexist imperative. C. sexual safeguarding tendency. D. gender excuse.
A
58. Alfred Adler believed that the typical secondborn child A. develops moderate competitiveness. B. becomes extremely competitive. C. becomes easily discouraged. D. is fearful of authority.
A
6. What did Alfred Adler's earliest memories concern? A. comparisons with his older and healthier brother B. an active interest in helping others C. neglect by his mother D. his desire to become a famous psychologist
A
63. The night before Alfred Adler made his first trip to the United States, he dreamed that A. his ship capsized and that he had to swim courageously to safety. B. he saw Sigmund Freud on board the ship and that Freud asked him to hold his coat. C. he saw a smiling Sigmund Freud on board the ship, admitting that individual psychology was superior to psychoanalysis. D. a huge American audience was applauding loudly after one of his speeches.
A
65. Although Alfred Adler's theory is optimistic, it can be criticized for its A. inability to be falsified. B. inconsistency. C. parsimony. D. inability to generate research. E. inability to organize knowledge.
A
20. In the context of the striving force as compensation, Alfred Adler believed that the tendency toward completion or wholeness A. was a result of birth order. B. was innate but needed to be developed. C. was learned during preadolescence. D. resulted from the masculine protest.
B
23. Alfred Adler said that all humans are "blessed" at birth with A. a well-developed sense of social interest. B. small, weak, incomplete, and inferior bodies. C. superior intellects. D. the need to become superior to other people.
B
36. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about maladjusted people? A. they set their goals too low. B. they set their goals too high. C. they set too many goals. D. they set too few goals.
B
37. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following factors does not describe maladjusted people? A. a dogmatic style of life B. a high level of social interest C. exaggerated goals D. a private world of experience
B
40. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about children with a neglected style of life? A. They tend to place their trust in other people easily. B. They experience a strong sense of envy toward the success of others. C. They are always willing to cooperate for the common welfare. D. They have a strong sense of confidence in themselves.
B
41. Adlerian safeguarding tendencies protect _____ against public disgrace and loss of self-esteem. A. an individual's ego B. superiority feelings C. creative power D. fictional finalism
B
44. Identify the most common of the safeguarding tendencies. A. aggression B. excuses C. depreciation D. withdrawal
B
48. "Yes, I like your idea, but I am afraid it is not feasible." Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? A. depreciation B. excuses C. self-accusation D. withdrawal
B
62. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about dreams? A. They are expressions of infantile wishes. B. They provide clues to solve future problems. C. They are prophetic. D. They can be easily understood by the dreamer.
B
66. Alfred Adler would see an individual's inconsistent behavior as A. evidence of a variety of basic motives. B. a person's attempt to strive for superiority. C. a symptom of schizophrenia. D. a conscious means of acquiring social interest.
B
68. Alfred Adler's concept of humanity is most accurately summarized in which phrase? A. Childhood experiences determine adult personality. B. People are motivated by their goals for the future. C. People's experiences are more important than their interpretations of experience. D. Genetic factors are more influential than social factors in shaping personality.
B
11. Which of the following was the effect of World War I on Alfred Adler? A. He enlisted in the army. B. He became a conscientious objector. C. He changed his theoretical views. D. He moved to a neutral country.
C
15. According to Alfred Adler, _____ is the dynamic force motivating all human activity. A. organ dialect B. a feeling of superiority C. the striving for success D. inferior physical endowment
C
16. Alfred Adler believed that behavior and personality are shaped by A. early childhood experiences. B. organ inferiorities. C. subjective perceptions. D. sexual and aggressive impulses. E. birth order.
C
17. Alfred Adler believed that there are two general routes by which people strive. One is the path of exaggerated personal superiority and the other is the road of A. power. B. masculine protest. C. social interest. D. individuation. E. aggression.
C
19. Alfred Adler felt that every individual is striving to reach the same goal of A. self-fulfillment. B. a perfect society. C. superiority or success. D. reduction of anxiety.
C
24. Alfred Adler referred to ideas that have no real existence yet influence people as if they really existed as A. delusions. B. hallucinations. C. fictions. D. hypothetical constructs. E. objective certainty.
C
27. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about organ inferiorities? A. They cause the development of inferior personalities. B. They cause the development of superior personalities. C. They are important as they stimulate feelings of inferiority. D. They are important because they bestow purpose on all behavior.
C
35. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about people with exaggerated physical deficiencies? A. they reject the notion that life's major problems can be solved in a selfish manner. B. they desire success more than they fear defeat. C. they tend to be overly concerned with themselves. D. they are usually considerate of others' feelings.
C
39. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about children who feel pampered? A. They are generally conscious of their final goal. B. They typically become loving parents. C. They may feel neglected by their parents. D. They are frequently unaware of their final goal.
C
4. Unlike Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, Alfred Adler's individual psychology assumed that: A. behavior is shaped by past experiences. B. people are motivated largely by aggression. C. people are mostly responsible for their personalities. D. most behaviors are motivated by unconscious forces. E. the sexual instinct is the basis for most human behavior.
C
42. Although similar to Sigmund Freud's defense mechanisms, Alfred Adler's concept of safeguarding tendencies differs in several respects. One difference is that safeguarding tendencies are A. completely conscious. B. completely unconscious. C. sometimes conscious. D. used by everyone.
C
45. In the context of safeguarding tendencies, _____ is referred to as a tendency to undervalue other people's achievements and to overvalue one's own. A. hesitation B. withdrawal C. depreciation D. accusation
C
49. "I wanted to become a professional wrestler, but my mother forced me to go to law school. Now I have a job that makes me unhappy." Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? A. withdrawal B. excuses C. accusation D. hesitation
C
53. Vacillating, procrastinating, or behaving compulsively exemplify the Adlerian safeguarding tendency of A. moving backward. B. standing still. C. hesitating. D. constructing obstacles. E. giving excuses.
C
57. Firstborn children, according to Alfred Adler, are likely to A. suffer from organ inferiorities. B. communicate in organ dialect more than secondborn children do. C. have intensified feelings of power and superiority. D. have very little anxiety.
C
64. Which of the following was a unique aspect of early Adlerian therapy? A. self-hypnosis B. the use of patients' drawings and sketches C. treating children in front of an audience D. the emphasis on returning patients to the workforce
C
7. The death of Alfred Adler's younger brother resulted in Alfred Adler A. withdrawing from other family members. B. developing severe childhood neurosis. C. deciding to become a doctor. D. turning to his older brother for protection.
C
8. From Alfred Adler's biography, we know that he A. came from a Jewish background. B. had a younger brother who died in infancy. C. was second born. D. None of the answers is correct. E. All of the answers are correct.
C
9. Alfred Adler's break with Sigmund Freud was due to the fact that A. Sigmund Freud believed that psychoanalysis should change to keep up with society. B. Alfred Adler was extremely deferent to Sigmund Freud. C. Alfred Adler could not accept Sigmund Freud's strong emphasis on sexual factors as motivators of behavior. D. Sigmund Freud lacked organizational skills, leaving Alfred Adler with the responsibility of directing the Wednesday Psychological Society.
C
12. Unlike other psychiatrists of his time, Alfred Adler treated A. large numbers of schizophrenics. B. children with intellectual disability. C. patients without medical insurance. D. large numbers of middle-and lower-class patients.
D
25. Alfred Adler borrowed his ideas on fictionalism from A. Sigmund Freud. B. Karl Marx. C. John Calvin. D. Hans Vaihinger.
D
26. In the context of Adlerian theory of individual psychology, which of the following statements is true about social interest? A. It develops early in the mother-child relationship. B. It is characteristic of all people to some degree. C. It is the English translation of Gemeinschaftsgefühl. D. All of the answers are correct. E. None of the answers is correct.
D
28. Which of the following statements is true from an Adlerian perspective? A. All behaviors are inconsistent. B. Psychological conflict leads to inconsistent behavior. C. Inconsistent behavior serves multiple purposes. D. Inconsistent behavior serves a single purpose.
D
31. The "sole criterion of human values," Alfred Adler said, is A. the style of life. B. creative power. C. subjectivity of perception. D. social interest.
D
34. Alfred Adler believed that the essence of maladjustment is in a person's A. fictional goals. B. creative power. C. safeguarding tendencies. D. underdeveloped social interest. E. psychic conflict.
D
43. According to Alfred Adler, two commonly used safeguarding tendencies are excuses and aggression. A third is A. regression. B. fixation. C. social interest. D. withdrawal. E. early recollections.
D
46. _____, a form of an aggressive safeguarding device, is the tendency to blame others for one's failures and to seek revenge, thereby safeguarding one's own tenuous self-esteem. A. Progression B. Sublimation C. Repression D. Accusation
D
50. "I feel upset because I wasn't nicer to my father while he was still alive. Now, it is too late." Which of the following safeguarding tendencies is exemplified in this scenario? A. depreciation B. standing still C. moving backward D. self-accusation
D
54. The least severe of the withdrawal safeguarding tendencies is A. standing still. B. hesitation. C. constructing obstacles. D. moving backward.
D
59. According to Alfred Adler, which of the following statements is true about early recollections? A. They have no objective validity. B. They are inconsistent with people's present style of life. C. They are psychologically meaningless. D. They yield clues to understanding style of life.
D
60. In the context of family constellation, which of the following statements is true about Alfred Adler's hypotheses about youngest children in a family? A. They run a low risk of being problem children. B. They are often highly motivated to exceed older siblings. C. They are likely to have a strong sense of independence. D. They are unlikely to have strong feelings of inferiority.
D
61. Alfred Adler hypothesized that early recollections A. are complex daydreams. B. cause or determine one's style of life. C. are usually unpleasant and traumatic. D. are shaped by one's present style of life. E. All of the answers are correct.
D
67. Which of the following statements best expresses Alfred Adler's concept of humanity? A. The environment basically determines personality. B. People are by nature good. C. Early childhood experiences are the single most important factor in shaping personality. D. People's interpretations of experiences are more important than the experiences themselves.
D
10. During the time that Sigmund Freud and Alfred Adler were members of the Wednesday Psychological Society, A. Alfred Adler considered Sigmund Freud to be his mentor. B. Sigmund Freud prevented Alfred Adler from holding office in the organization. C. they shared a warm personal relationship. D. they conspired to prevent Carl Jung from joining the organization. E. None of the answers is correct.
E
52. Alfred Adler's notion of moving backward is similar to Sigmund Freud's notion of A. sublimation. B. fixation. C. progression. D. repression. E. regression.
E