Psyc 360 Intro to Personality Final Exam
A ________ is a desired end state, and ________ are the means that the individual uses to achieve this end state. A. goal; strategies B. strategy; goals C. self-concept; self-schemas D. motivation; needs
A
A woman who mates with an unstable but attractive man seems to follow a different reproductive strategy than most other women. This idea is called ________. A. the sexy son hypothesis B. taking the reproductive high road C. the adaptive option proposal D. evolutionary roaming
A
According to Freud's theory, the ego's energy store is ________. A. limited B. limitless C. stronger in women than in men D. decreased in adulthood
A
Advocates of any particular basic approach to personality historically ________. A. claimed that their approach explains everything worth explaining B. admitted that other approaches have their good points C. proudly asserted that they have deliberately limited what they have chosen to look at D. claimed that approaches cannot be compared with each other
A
David McClelland would argue that a culture that emphasizes children's stories such as "The Little Engine That Could" has a high need for________. A. achievement B. affiliation C. appraisal D. affluence
A
Dennis is very attracted to his boss, but instead of asking her out, he invites his neighbor Karen to go out with him. Dennis is ________ his feelings for his boss. A. displacing B. projecting C. sublimating D. rationalizing
A
Hedonism provides the ________ necessary for learning and behavior to occur. A. motivation B. cognition C. emotion D. knowledge
A
If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to avoid using S data? A. The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura. B. The S data often do not have psychological relevance. C. The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person's personality. D. the S data have definitional truth.
A
If Sally accuses her husband of having an affair because she is secretly attracted to the next-door neighbor, she is likely ________ her own feelings. A. projecting B. reacting to C. rationalizing D. displacing
A
If everybody read, interpreted, and answered an item in exactly the same way, then that item ________. A. would not be very useful for the assessment of individual differences B. would be very informative about personality C. was developed using the rational method of test construction D. is empirically derived
A
If you can get the same answer repeatedly, then your measure is ________. A. reliable B. valid C. significant D. generalizable
A
In a heated argument with his current girlfriend, Tyler accidentally calls her by the name of his ex-girlfriend. This is an example of a ________. A. parapraxis B. fixation C. Freudian reversal D. sublimation
A
In a series of studies about intellectual expectancies, Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) found that schoolchildren randomly identified as "late bloomers" showed an average IQ increase of about 15 points by the end of the school year. These studies demonstrated ________. A. the power of expectancies B. that formal training designed to develop self-efficacy can impact performance C. the accuracy of lay judgments of personality D. the good target moderator of accuracy
A
It has been suggested that the only way psychologists can address the generalizability issue is to ________. A. conduct research using participants from around the world B. limit their focus to one homogenous sample at a time C. subtract the effects of culture from their research findings D. repeat their studies in carefully controlled laboratory settings
A
Jimmy is a 5-year-old boy. When his parents leave him with a babysitter, he latches onto his stuffed animal, Tim. In the terminology of the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, Tim is a(n) ________. A. transitional object B. ego object C. institutional object D. archetype
A
Mike thinks that sitting around contemplating the meaning of existence is a waste of time. He spends his life concentrating on developing his career, building a bigger house for his family, and enjoying himself. Sartre and other existentialists would say that Mike is ________. A. living in bad faith B. preventing himself from becoming a functioning person C. ignoring Mitwelt D. following core ideas of self-determination theory
A
Political liberalism is associated with what trait? A. openness to experience B. neuroticism C. extraversion D. conscientiousness
A
Positive psychologists usually argue that true happiness comes from overcoming important challenges. This idea is quite similar to Sartre's conception of ________. A. optimistic toughness B. hardiness C. self-actualization D. Umwelt
A
Sharon believes that intelligence and ability are innate and you cannot do anything to change them. Sharon has a(n) ________ theory of ability. A. entity B. incremental C. schematic D. rigid
A
The MMPI was designed to ________. A. assess individuals with psychological disorders B. assess normal individuals C. identify the Big Five personality factors D. assess Jung's psychological types
A
The courage to face mortality and the apparent meaninglessness of life is called ________ by existential philosophers. A. optimistic toughness B. hardiness C. autotelic existence D. Eigenwelt
A
The field of study that attempts to explain how patterns of behavior characteristic of the entire human species originated because of the survival value they had for our ancestors is called ________. A. evolutionary psychology B. behavioral genetics C. heritability science D. behavioral Darwinism
A
The idea that, in time, you can get used to almost anything is associated with which learning mechanism? A. habituation B. classical conditioning C. operant conditioning D. respondent conditioning
A
The main goal of psychoanalytic therapy is to ________. A. bring unconscious conflicts into conscious awareness B. teach the client to repress id impulses C. regress the client to earlier levels of functioning through hypnosis D. have the therapist become emotionally involved with the client
A
The most touted advantage of the experimental method is that ________. A. it allows the assessment of causality B. it allows the study of naturally occurring individual differences that already exist in the participants C. participants are always randomly sampled from the general population D. it can take advantage of extreme levels of the independent variable
A
The notion that humans could be improved through selective breeding is called________. A. eugenics B. cloning C. behavioral Darwinism D. heritability
A
The psychological goal of attachment is to ________. A. feel secure B. possess the parent sexually C. avoid conflict with authority figures D. manipulate others
A
What are the two basic dimensions of the emotional circumplex model proposed by Averill? A. aroused-unaroused and negative-positive B. agency-communion and negative-positive C. strong-weak and aroused-unaroused D. aroused-unaroused and agency-communion
A
What aspect of human psychological functioning is of particular interest to humanistic psychologists? A. self-awareness B. human suffering C. internal psychological conflicts D. the importance of social relationships
A
What does Freud mean by identification? A. the process by which a child takes on attitudes and values of the same-sex parent B. the ability of a child to recognize attachment figures in his or her world C. successful recognition and classification of different objects in the child's world D. the child's ability to have empathy and identify with another person's situation
A
What might be the evolutionary function of crying, according to recent research described in the text? A. a way to elicit social support B. an aversive motivator of behavioral changes toward more adaptive pursuits C. an index of social acceptance D. a way of preventing wasteful energy expenditures on lost causes
A
Which design is best suited for addressing the third-variable problem? A. experimental B. correlational C. case study D. repeated measures
A
Which hormone is associated with the fight-or-flight response? A. epinephrine B. serotonin C. monoamine oxidase D. dopamine
A
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of B data? A. Direct observations require little in the way of psychological interpretation. B. Direct observations are easily quantifiable. C. Direct observations can be made with extreme precision, as in the case of reaction times. D. Psychologists can construct situations to elicit particular behaviors.
A
Which of the following is a characteristic of the rational system? A. It operates through logic. B. It operates through emotion, insight, and wisdom. C. It operates through unconscious processes. D. It resembles Freud's primary processes thinking.
A
Which theorist had a substantial intellectual influence on Mischel's ideas about the cognitive-affective personality system? A. George Kelly B. Gordon Allport C. Sigmund Freud D. Hans Eysenck
A
________ occurs when someone moves to a new place and gradually picks up the culture of the new location. A. Acculturation B. Enculturation C. Assimilation D. Accomodation
A
A culture that stresses that "tall poppies are cut first" or that "the nail that stands out gets pounded down" might be high in which cultural dimension? A. tightness B. collectivism C. heart D. toughness
B
A military general who only speaks of strategy and refrains from using terms such as killing and casualties to describe war is demonstrating the defense mechanism called ________. A. denial B. intellectualization C. reaction formation D. repression
B
A researcher asks parents to report on the personality characteristics of their children. This is an example of ________ data. A. B B. I C. L D. S
B
According to Cohen, Nisbett, Bowdle, and Schwartz (1996), the American South has a culture that involves elaborate displays of mutual respect. This idea is called the ________. A. culture of obligation B. culture of honor C. ritualistic respect D. customs of obligation
B
According to D. W. Winnicott, a niffle is a(n) ________. A. affectionate name for a friend who helps children cope with separation from parents B. transitional object that helps children bridge the gap between fantasy and reality C. imaginary friend that helps children cope with separation from parents D. technique to measure objects in children
B
According to Dollard and Miller, ________ drives include drives for food, water, physical comfort, sexual gratification, and so on, whereas ________ drives include drives for love, prestige, money, and power. A. classical; operant B. primary; secondary C. primary; tertiary D. behavioral; cognitive
B
According to Eysenck, differences between introverts and extraverts are attributable to the functioning of the ________. A. limbic system B. ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) C. hormones D. frontal cortex
B
According to Freud, individuals focus on enhancing society during the ________ stage. A. latency B. genital C. Oedipal D. phallic
B
According to Sartre, the existential challenge is to ________. A. avoid thinking about the meaning of existence B. face the basic uncertainty and anguish of life and find personal meaning C. maintain generativity and avoid stagnation D. become a fully functioning, self-actualizing person
B
According to a recent study of blogs, the expression of happiness seems to peak in the life span between the ages of ________. A. 14 and 18 B. 50 and 60 C. 18 and 25 D. 70 and 80
B
According to the text, what is the psychological theme of the anal stage? A. dependency B. self-control C. sexuality D. trust
B
According to the text, what trait refers to individual differences in the willingness to engage in sexual relations with minimal acquaintanceship? A. sexual constraint B. sociosexuality C. socio-openness D. sexual openness
B
Components of ideas that are particular to a specific culture are called ________, and components that are universal across cultures are called ________. A. individualism; collectivisms B. emics; etics C. cultures; values D. etics; emics
B
Csikszentmihalyi concluded that the best way someone can spend his or her time is in ________. A. telegraphic activities B. autotelic activities C. nomotelic activities D. autographic activities
B
Extraversion, openness, and sociosexuality might be lower in countries near the equator because low levels of these traits ________. A. facilitate greater group cooperation B. reduce interpersonal contact and disease risk C. promote psychological well-being in warm climates D. facilitate hunting in complicated ecological systems
B
Faking responses in order to influence test results is most difficult on ________ constructed tests. A. factor analytically B. empirically C. rationally D. nomothetically
B
From the perspective of expectancy value theory, your belief about how likely it is that a behavior will attain a certain goal is called your ________. A. behavior potential B. expectancy C. reinforcement value D. general self-efficacy
B
Funder and Ozer (1983) converted the results of three classic social psychological studies to effect sizes. After comparing those effect sizes with those typically obtained by personality psychologists, Funder and Ozer concluded that ________. A. situational variables, like personality variables, cannot predict behavior B. both situational and personality variables are important determinants of behavior C. the upper limit for a situation coefficient is only .20 D. the three studies were so fundamentally flawed that they do not allow us to conclude anything about the predictability of behavior from situational variables
B
In 1966, Charles Whitman killed his wife, his mother, and 14 more people at the University of Texas before he was killed by police. An autopsy revealed a tumor affecting Whitman's ________. A. frontal lobe B. amygdala C. ventromedial cortex D. cerebellum
B
In making an overall judgment of your personality, which person should be most accurate? A. a teacher B. a lifelong best friend C. a trained clinical psychologist D. a classmate who has seen you most recently
B
In order for a person to develop an inferiority complex, he or she must ________. A. actually have some disability that makes him or her inferior to others B. perceive himself or herself as inferior to others C. have parents who pushed him or her to be perfect D. have a particularly strong superego
B
Jung believed that we all share inborn, species-specific ideas and memories. This is Jung's idea of ________. A. social interests B. collective unconscious C. anima D. animus
B
Leaving a disproportionate amount of libido behind at a childhood stage of development is called ________. A. regression B. fixation C. transference D. the secondary process
B
One difference between the neo-Freudians and Freud is that nearly all neo-Freudians ________. A. place more emphasis on early childhood development B. put more emphasis on interpersonal relationships C. adhere to evolutionary theory and emphasize the importance of sex as a motivator D. emphasize the importance of unconscious processes in the determination of behavior
B
Personality psychology and clinical psychology overlap most often when approaching which topic? A. personality processes B. personality disorders C. personality development D. none of the above
B
Psychologists who are concerned that the results of contemporary empirical research may not apply to all people everywhere are questioning the ________ of those results. A. reliability B. generalizability C. cross-cultural flexibility D. construct validity
B
Sam is a big fan of the Chicago White Sox, but rooted against his favorite team in order to impress a potential date. He initially feels bad about this discrepancy, but ultimately begins to believe that he hates the White Sox. What theory can explain this behavior? A. cognitive dissent B. cognitive dissonance C. reaction formation D. denial
B
Susie is an infant participating in a strange situation. When her mother leaves the room, Susie does not seem to care. Upon her mother's return, Susie ignores her. What kind of attachment does Susie have to her mother? A. anxious-ambivalent B. avoidant C. rejecting D. depressive
B
The case of railroad worker Phineas Gage illustrates that ________. A. brain injuries affect physical but not psychological functioning B. injuries to the brain can affect personality and behavior C. the amygdala has important effects on fear and anger D. the right hemisphere is the province of image-oriented, intuitive thinking
B
The factor analytic technique of test construction is designed to________. A. identify individuals who are attempting to lie or sabotage a test B. identify groups of test items that seem to be alike C. identify items that mean the same thing to the respondent as they do to the researcher D. create projective tests
B
The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being, the ________. A. higher your score is on agreeableness B. higher your score is on neuroticism C. higher your score is on self-monitoring D. lower your score is on authoritarianism
B
To do an experimental study of the effect of smoking on physical health, we would have to ________. A. find a group of smokers and compare their physical health to a group of nonsmokers B. randomly assign people to a smoking condition or a control condition C. compare the physical health of a heavy smoker to the physical health of a person who has never smoked D. teach one group of people to adopt good health habits and see if they are more likely to begin smoking than a group of people who have not been taught good health habits
B
Tracy has an important test tomorrow. She knows she should study for the test but she really wants to go to Greg's party. However, when she considers not studying and going to the party she feels guilty. Tracy therefore decides to stay home and study for the test. According to psychoanalytic theory, Tracy's ________. A. ego won out over her superego B. superego won out over her id C. id won out over her superego D. ego won out over her id
B
Walter Mischel and his 1968 book Personality and Assessment are noteworthy because this work ________. A. provides the most cogent argument for why trait theory and psychodynamic theory should be integrated B. is credited with starting the person-situation debate by claiming that traits are not as important as situational factors in behavioral prediction C. provides the first published defense of trait theory against the situationist critique D. is the first modern research to begin to scientifically validate some of Freud's claims about the unconscious
B
What term refers to Bandura's idea that the self-system, environmental factors, and behavior are all dynamically interlinked? A. efficacy expectations B. reciprocal determinism C. the transactional triad D. the cognitive person system
B
What two types of processes are included in most dual-process models? A. conscious and rational B. conscious and unconscious C. short-term and long-term memories D. impulsive and reactive
B
Which defense mechanism seems to have few negative consequences, according to Freud? A. reaction formation B. sublimation C. intellectualization D. displacement
B
Which kind of data are the most cost-effective to collect? A. L B. S C. I D. B
B
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of idiographic goals? A. They are conscious at least some of the time. B.They are common goals that essentially everyone pursues. C. They are assumed to be changeable over time. D. They are assumed to function independently of each other.
B
Which of the following is a limitation of projective tests? A. Clinicians tend to find them relatively unhelpful despite their considerable validity. B. Projective tests are relatively inefficient and expensive to administer. C. Although projective tests discriminate between known groups, the content of the items may seem absurd to test takers. D. Respondents uniformly hate taking projective tests because of their length.
B
Which part of the mind is responsible for creating defense mechanisms? A. preconscious mind B. ego C. superego D. conscious mind
B
________ cultures tend to emphasize the needs of the group. A. Tight B. Collectivist C. Complex D. Tough
B
________ occurs when a child picks up the cultural influences of the place where he or she grows up. A. Acculturation B. Enculturation C. Assimilation D. Accomodation
B
________ psychology is based on the premise that to understand a person, you must understand his or her unique view of reality. A. Existential B. Humanistic C. Cultural D. Psychoanalytic
B
A ranked ordering of the behaviors that an individual might perform is called a(n) ________. A. expectancy value theory B. efficacy expectation list C. habit hierarchy D. behavior potential
C
A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach. A. single-trait B. many-trait C. essential-trait D. typological
C
According to Dollard and Miller, in order for a reward to be reinforcing and produce behavior change, the reward must ________. A. increase the expectancy value of the behavior B. change the habit hierarchy C. satisfy a drive D. produce physiological tension
C
According to George Kelly, a person's interpretation or theory of what the world is like is his or her ________. A. phenomenal field B. Eigenwelt C. personal construct system D. circumplex model
C
According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do. A. a weak situation B. a socially constrained situation C. a strong situation D. situationism
C
According to the textbook, what behavior led to a Danish mother's arrest in New York? A. breast feeding in public B. spanking her child in public C. leaving her 14-month-old daughter asleep in a stroller D. giving marijuana to her 16-year-old son
C
Behavioral genetics, like trait psychology, focuses on aspects of personality that ________, whereas evolutionary psychology more typically focuses on aspects of personality that ________. A. all humans share; differ from one individual to another B. vary among groups of individuals; vary among individuals C. differ from one individual to another; all humans share D. are species-specific; are individual-specific
C
Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________. A. the same Big Five are found in all cultures that have been studied to date B. none of the factors appears to replicate cross-culturally C. the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences D. some of the U.S. factors are found in studies using European samples, but none of the U.S. factors are found in studies of Asian samples
C
Csikszentmihalyi's concept of flow is analogous to ________. A. self-actualization B. an authentic existence C. an optimal experience D. existential optimism
C
Dr. Akita is designing a test to measure sociability. She writes items that seem directly and obviously related to sociability, such as "I like to go to parties" and "I enjoy the company of other people." Dr. Akita is using the ________ method of test construction. A. empirical B. factor analytic C. rational D. projective
C
Dr. Grant is creating a new measure of shyness, and she decides to include more than one item in her scale. She believes that using multiple items will lead to a more reliable measure. Dr. Grant is following which principle of measurement? A. multitrait assessment B. content validation C. aggregation D. construct validation
C
Essential goals that almost everyone pursues are called ________ goals. A. development B. judgment C. nomothetic D. idiographic
C
Half-siblings share about how much genetic material on average? A. 0 B. .125 C. .25 D. .50
C
Happiness is associated with what trait? A. openness to experience B. self-monitoring C. extraversion D. conscientiousness
C
In a study of social expectancies, Snyder, Tanke, and Berscheid (1977) found that if male participants were shown a photograph of an attractive woman and told they would be interacting with her by telephone, the female participant they actually spoke with ________. A. rated herself as more attractive than the woman in the photograph B. rated herself as less attractive than the woman in the photograph C. was rated by other people as behaving in a warm, humorous, and friendly manner D. was rated by other people as behaving in a cold, aloof, and unfriendly manner
C
Measurements of weight are made on a(n) ________ scale. A. nominal B. ordinal C. ratio D. categorical
C
People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________, and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________. A. ego resilient; ego controlled B. agreeable; conscientious C. high self-monitors; low self-monitors D. low self-monitors; high self-monitors
C
Personality assessment refers to ________. A. a treatment for personality disorders B. the analysis and interpretation of genetic markers of personality C. the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion D. the selection of a group of individuals with the most unique temperaments
C
Psychoanalytic theory frequently leads to a set of hypotheses that cannot be disproved by observations. In that respect, psychoanalytic theory ________. A. is not parsimonious B. lacks generalizability C. is untestable D. does not use operational definitions
C
Sally is very concerned with abandonment and her partner's lack of commitment to their relationship. She is high on which personality dimension? A. rejection priming B. rejection accessibility C. rejection sensitivity D. rejection detection
C
The defense mechanism of ________ keeps forbidden thoughts, feelings, and impulses out of awareness by replacing them with their opposites. A. parapraxis B. projection C. reaction formation D. displacement
C
The evolutionary explanation of sex differences in mate selection is that ________. A. men and women seek very different things; men seek just sex and women seek commitment B. the differences are the result of a biological fluke and will disappear completely in the next hundred years C. men and women seek essentially the same thing; both are trying to increase the likelihood that they will produce viable offspring who will survive D. the differences are the result of socialization practices
C
The idea that all cultural views are equally valid and that it is ethnocentric to think otherwise is called ________. A. the semiotic subject fallacy B. the deconstructionist dodge C. cultural relativism D. semiotic pluralism
C
The purpose of a basic approach (or paradigm) is to ________. A. expand the range of data to consider B. integrate diverse perspectives C. limit inquiry to certain kinds of observations and patterns D. resolve contradictions in data
C
What brain region seems to connect the two halves of the brain? A. ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) B. frontal lobes C. corpus callosum D. hippocampus
C
What is the overarching principle of object relations theory? A. Dream objects have a special significance to the person's waking life. B. Every object we encounter reflects our unconscious experience. C. We relate to others through our mental images of them. D. We project psychological characteristics on physical objects.
C
What marks the end of the latency stage? A. marriage B. the selection of a career C. puberty D. the start of formal education
C
What technique can be used to temporarily knock out regions of the brain without having to create lasting lesions? A. electroencephalography B. magnetoencephalography C. transcranial magnetic stimulation D. encephalographic stimulation
C
When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile. A. classically conditioned B. operantly conditioned C. habituated D. counterconditioned
C
When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to know the answer, the question elicits ________. When a psychologist asks a question because he or she wants to see how the individual will respond to that stimulus, the test elicits ________. A. B data; I data B. S data; I data C. S data; B data D. laboratory B data; natural B data
C
When placing personal ads, women are more likely to specify that they are seeking someone who is ________, whereas men are more likely to specify that they are seeking someone who is ________. A. younger; older B. the same age; younger C. older; younger D. older; the same age
C
Which hormone is associated with the tend-and-befriend response? A. epinephrine B. serotonin C. oxytocin D. dopamine
C
Which of the following behaviors would be the easiest to predict accurately? A. Mary will smile at 10:00 A.M. tomorrow. B. At a party on Friday, Susan will talk to at least 10 people. C. David will generally be on time for work most days next week. D. None of the above; each of these behaviors would be equally easy to predict.
C
Which of the following is NOT an optimal way to administer punishment? A. Provide multiple alternatives to the punishment-inducing behavior. B. Be clear and specific about what behavior you are punishing. C. Administer a punishment after the individual has had time to reflect on his or her behavior. D. Condition a secondary punishing stimulus.
C
Which of the following is NOT part of the psychological triad? A. behavior B. thoughts C. psychological health D. feelings
C
Which of the following traits seems to show the strongest and most noticeable mean-level increase from ages 15 to 60? A. agreeableness B. neuroticism C. conscientiousness D. extraversion
C
Which type of parenting style produces children who are the most psychologically healthy? A. ambivalent B. authoritarian C. authoritative D. permissive
C
Your particular experience of the world is called your ________. A. conscience B. consciousness C. construal D. confluence
C
According to Dollard and Miller, ________ provides the motivating force for human behavior. A. expectancy B. self-efficacy C. reinforcement value D. drive reduction
D
According to Freud, the irrational and emotional part of the mind is the ________ and the rational part of the mind is the ________. A. superego; ego B. id; libido C. libido; Thanatos D. id; ego
D
According to Rogers, believing that others value you based only on intelligence, success, or attractiveness can lead to ________. A. existential dread B. unconditional positive regard C. despair D. conditions of worth
D
According to one survey of employers, seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________. A. intelligence B. agreeableness C. emotional intelligence D. conscientiousness
D
According to the object relations theorist D. W. Winnicott, the purpose of a transitional object is to ________. A. compensate for an inferiority complex B. defend the superego from unconscious urges C. protect the true self by keeping it invisible D. compensate for the fact that we cannot have our loved ones with us all of the time
D
All of the following are objections to evolutionary theorizing EXCEPT: A. Evolutionary theorizing consists of after-the-fact speculations that cannot be put to empirical test. B. Evolutionary theorists assume that everybody wants many children when, in fact, many people limit their own reproduction. C. Evolutionary theorists assume that behavior patterns present today are essentially inevitable and unchangeable because they are rooted in our biology. D. Evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complicated because it involves too many basic principles.
D
Based on research, the resident of which of these cities will probably score the highest on openness? A. Des Moines, Iowa B. Milwaukee, Wisconsin C. Chicago, Illinois D. Miami, Florida
D
Bob eats a new dish at his favorite restaurant and throws up an hour later. According to the process of classical conditioning, he will most likely ________. A. become nauseated at the sight of all restaurants B. try the dish again when another chef prepares it C. attribute his vomiting to an illness D. never eat that dish again
D
Ellen is a 50-year-old woman who is raising her two grandchildren, is active in her community, and is learning how to paint. According to Erikson's theory, Ellen has chosen ________. A. industry B. initiative C. integrity D. generativity
D
Flow mostly likely arises when one's activity entails a balanced ratio of ________ to ________. A. effort; reward B. stress; eustress C. approach; avoidance D. skills; challenges
D
George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals ________. A. construct reality through neurotic distortions B. build an authentic existence through the acceptance of personal responsibility C. construct a hierarchy of needs that motivates behavior D. build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world
D
Goals that are unique to the individuals pursuing them are called ________ goals. A. strategic B. judgment C. nomothetic D. idiographic
D
If measurement errors are truly random, then they should ________. A. never occur B. not affect the reliability of a measure C. not attenuate the validity of a measure D. sum to zero
D
Individuals in which age group are likely to have the greatest amount of stability in their personality traits? A. school-age children B. adolescents C. young adults between the ages of 20 and 30 D. adults between the ages of 50 and 70
D
Modern ego psychologists believe that the key function of the ego is to ________. A. reflect the values and morals of parents B. interpret dream symbolism C. seek pleasure D. form compromises among the different parts of the mind
D
Monozygotic (MZ) twins share ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals, and dizygotic (DZ) twins share, on average, ________ percent of the genes that vary across individuals. A. 50; 25 B. 90; 10 C. 50; 100 D. 100; 50
D
Personality is an individual's characteristic patterns of ________. A. behavior B. emotion C. thought D. all of the above
D
Reliability and validity are actually both aspects of a broader concept called ________. A. factorial invariance B. psychometric integrity C. measurement equivalence D. generalizability
D
Research regarding the person-situation debate indicates that ________ are relevant to how people will act under specific circumstances and that ________ are better for describing how people act in general. A. S data; I data B. S data; B data C. personality traits; situational variables D. situational variables; personality traits
D
Ricardo likes to drive fast cars and enjoys bungee jumping and going to noisy nightclubs. According to Eysenck's theory, it is likely that Ricardo is a(n) ________ whose ARAS causes him to be chronically ________. A. neurotic; overstimulated B. neurotic; understimulated C. extravert; overaroused D. extravert; underaroused
D
Several studies have examined whether certain Big Five traits apply universally across cultures. As it stands, which trait does NOT appear to be truly universal? A. agreeableness B. extraversion C. conscientiousness D. openness
D
The Thematic Apperception Test and the Rorschach test elicit ________ data. A. L B. I C. S D. B
D
The idea that men and women each have a masculine and a feminine side is linked to Jung's ideas about ________. A. intimacy and isolation B. inferiority and compensation C. the collective unconscious D. animus and anima
D
The judgments other people make of your personality may affect ________. A. your opportunities B. your chances of getting a job C. expectancies of your behavior D. all of the above
D
The main psychological theme of the oral stage is ________. A. jealousy B. morality C. control D. dependency
D
The number between -1 and +1 that indexes the linear association between any two variables is called ________. A. the significance level B. the probability value C. the alpha level D. the correlation coefficient
D
The observation "If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, then it is probably a duck" illustrates the method of ________. A. moderator variables B. constructivist accuracy C. procedural judgment D. convergent validation
D
Utilitarianism, a social philosophy, claims that ________. A. people learn in order to seek pleasure and to avoid pain B. behavior changes as a function of experience C. two things become mentally connected into one if they are repeatedly experienced close together in time D. the best society produces the most happiness for the largest number of people
D
What book marked the beginning of evolutionary thinking? A. Lorenz's On Aggression B. Wilson's Sociobiology C. Pinker's How the Mind Works D. Darwin's Origin of Species
D
What idiographic goal term refers to long-term goals that organize broad areas of a person's life? A. current concerns B. personal projects C. development goals D. personal strivings
D
What part of the human brain seems to be the most distinct from the brains of nonhuman animals? A. hypothalamus B. amygdala C. hippocampus D. neocortex
D
What theorist is most closely identified with cognitive-experiential self-theory? A. Sigmund Freud B. Walter Mischel C. Carol Dweck D. Seymour Epstein
D
When Sam argues that all interpretations of reality are equally accurate, he is advocating the ________ philosophical position. A. realist B. positivist C. empiricist D. constructivist
D
When an individual who has a good relationship with his or her mother is exposed to the subliminal message "Mommy and I are one," he or she will likely feel ________ without knowing why. A. anxious B. sexual arousal C. guilt D. better
D
When gathering data or clues about personality, the best policy is to ________. A. gather only a very small number of clues and focus on the important ones B. gather only clues that are certain not to be misleading C. rely solely on self-report data D. collect as many clues as possible
D
Which brain structure seems to play an important role in memory? A. basal ganglia B. hypothalamus C. thalamus D. hippocampus
D
Which hormone seems to play an important role in bonding and romantic attachment? A. norepinephrine B. serotonin C. cortisol D. oxytocin
D
Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most difficult to understand? A. neuroticism B. extraversion C. psychoticism D. openness
D
Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's major stages of psychosexual development? A. anal, oral, genital, phallic B. anal, oral, phallic, genital C. oral, anal, genital phallic D. oral, anal, phallic, genital
D
Your responses to the personality test item "I am an intelligent person" would be ________ data, whereas your score on an intelligence test that reflects the number of problems you got right would be ________ data. A. B; L B. S; L C. I; B D. S; B
D
________ data derive from the researcher's direct observation of what the subject does. A. L B. I C. S D. B
D
