PSYC 4030 Exam 2

gender expression;

the way you present gender, actions, dress, demeanor, and how these presentations are interpreted based on gender norms.

sexual attraction

lust/eroticism

African American ID Development stages

(4) 1. pre-encounter 2. encounter 3. immersion/emersion 4. internalization

Chicano/Latino ID Development stages

(5) 1. causal 2. cognitive 3. consequence 4. working-through 5. successful resolution

Racial/Culture ID Development stages

(5) 1. conformity 2. dissonance 3. resistance/immersion 4.introspection 5. integrative awareness

Multiracial ID Development stages

(5) 1. personal identity 2. choice of group categorization 3. enmeshment/denial 4. appreciation 5. intergration

LGBTQ + ID Development stages

(6) 1. ID confusion 2. ID comparison 3. ID tolerance 4. ID acceptance 5. ID pride 6. ID synthesis

Describe what Goyal et al. (2015) mean when they discuss the unequal power relationships between spouses in cultures with hierarchical family relationships. How does this inequality affect who has rights and who has duties?

- focusing on a) exactly how the power dynamic is enacted in terms of the allocation of role-related duties and entitlements and b) the way such allocations are viewed and evaluated. -the lack of equality between genders, subordination of one gender over the other, and restriction of rights and freedoms

What do Goyal et al. (2015) mean by "perceived transgressions between husbands and wives"? What counts as a "transgression"? Explain an example.

-Cheating/Infidelity , Harm , Financial Irresponsibility , Unsupportive , Uncodable. -Justice Concerns- including dishonesty (lying, lack of communication, lack of transparency, breach of trust) as well as harm (harming personal welfare of husband/wife). -Role Violations - not performing the expected duties of wife/husband, not being a "good" wife/husband, including refusal to compromise. -Thwarting Personal Goals - actively discouraging to spouse's goals or personal interest, passions, desires, beyond what is captured by role expectations or equality concerns. -Egalitarian Concerns - lack of shared power balance in the relationship, lack of equality of tasks, duties, worth, and investment. -Uncodable. - unclear or not given.

Explain the tripartite model of personal identity. Include each circle that makes up this model and its possible impact on other circles

-Individual level: unique genetic makeup, personality characteristics, and personal experiences; set us apart from all others. -Group level: focuses on similarities and differences among individuals, society divides us into groups based on various demographic characteristics (gender, race, SES, ...). -Universal level: characteristics we all share as members of the human race, such as biological and physical similarities, etc.

According to Dr. Moradi, Sexual Objectification Theory states that women who experience sexual objectification may internalize these beauty standards (primarily those applied to White women) and learn body surveillance and body shame, which are related to eating disorders in her research. Discuss whether or not this theory could apply to men (substituting cultural standards of masculinity such as muscularity instead of beauty), and if not, why not.

-The theory could apply to men because objectification may internalize masculine standards, which could lead to body surveillance and body shame, and later eating disorders.

What additional features of LGBTQ+ identity development seem to be specific to sexual/gender stereotypes and oppression? Why might that be?

-coming out, because one may hide their true sexuality and be straight passing for a long time without coming out to themselves.

In moving "beyond sexual orientation", van Anders (2015) presents an elaborate theoretical model for understanding sexual diversity. What does her model add to the Genderbread Person model for thinking about sex, gender, and sexual attraction?

-gender/sex sexuality is still there, additional partner number sexuality, eroticism and nurturance, and sexual parameter (sexuality).

Explain how an understanding of social-structural power and privilege can be used to design effective interventions in situations involving microaggressions.

-identify key issue and decide how to respond; if naïve, then educate; if abusive, confront; self-care and mentoring.

Peggy McIntosh's landmark article on White Privilege begins with her understanding of male privilege in the context of gender inequality. In both cases, what are the things she looks at to decide that something is a "privilege"? Be able to describe and explain at least three gender-related and three race-related privileges.

-race; experiences which she didn't earn but which made to feel are hers by birth, citizenship, virtue of being a conscientious law abiding normal person of good will -can turn tv on and see whites, neighbors will probably be nice, usually boss is white -gender; men can speak up and not thought to be dumb or emotional, pay gap, promotions

What additional features of multiracial identity development seem to be specific to this group? Why might that be?

-rejection of one identity and then appreciation for both; due to their additional identity layer guilt and shame are enhanced for choosing one over the other.

Why do African American adolescents often turn to their African American peers, instead of their European American peers, when they experience discrimination?

-relate and not feel different

What is intersectionality, according to Dr. Moradi's lecture and Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach's article?

-the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage. -peoples different identities and experiences intersect.

What do Goyal et al. (2015) mean by "reciprocal role obligations"? Explain an example.

-understanding of reciprocal duties between husbands and wives in a hierarchical family setting. Rather than attempting to subversively overthrow gender norms, a concern with ensuring that each party pulls his or her weight emerged as a more dominant theme in the Indian respondents' narratives

Describe the five possible resolutions to multiracial identity development described by Root (1990, 1998)

1) accept identity society assigns, 2) identify with both racial groups, 3) identify with a single racial group, 4) identify with a new mixed race group, or 5) identify with the race considered as the one with the higher-status culture in this country.

Chicano/Latino identity development

1. causal stage: an emotional stage when the individual accepts the negative labels attached to a Latino identity and feels humiliated and traumatized by these labels. -can cause one to negate, deny, or ignore Latino heritage. 2. cognitive stage: the belief that maintaining a Latino identity necessarily means being poor, that escaped from poverty and prejudice can be attained only through assimilation to the mainstream culture, and that success in life is possible only through assimilation. 3. consequence stage: an estrangement from the Latino community because of the sense that negative attributes are associated with being Latino. 4. working-through stage: a stage when the individual feels distress because of alienation from his or her Latino community and is therefore motivated to integrate one's Latino identity into a sense of self. 5. successful resolution state: the final stage when the Latino identity is integrated into one's own identity and positive attributes of the Latino identity are included. -increased self-esteem

Cass 1979 six stages of queer sexual identity development:

1. identity confusion: the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual begins to question his or her sexual identity. -first awareness of being different 2. identity comparison: the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual recognized his or her feelings about same-sex individuals. -non-hetero child notices they are different, thoughts become more conscious 3. identity tolerance: the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual fully recognizes his or her nonheterosexual feelings but attempts to hide them from others and from himself of herself, by trying to believe, for example, that it is just a phase he or she is going through. -may result in guilt, pain, anger, and self-hate 4. identity acceptance: the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual fully accepts his or her sexual orientation and is about to come out to others. -cannot deny but continue to live in secret; may lead to hopelessness and suicide. 5. identity pride: the stage or status in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual individual openly expresses his or her sexual orientation and takes pride in that identity. -coming out of the closet, but may not be out at work 6. identity synthesis: the state or status in which a gay, lesbians, or bisexual individual is able to integrate all aspects of his or her identities, such as ethnic minority status and gender. -self-acceptance provides people with the coping mechanism needed to endure and fight the ignorance and discrimination they will face in embracing their diverse selves.

Multiracial Identity Development

1. personal identity stage: the stage or status in which a child bases his or her identity on personal factors, such as self-esteem, instead of on race or ethnicity. -sense of self independent of racial group. 2. choice of group categorization stage: the stage or status in which a child is forced to choose which race or ethnicity he or she should use as the basis of his or her identity. 3. enmeshment/denial stage: the stage or status in which a child feels guilty about choosing one race or ethnicity over the other. Because this is an implicit rejection of the parent whose race or ethnicity was not chosen. 4. appreciation stage: the stage or status in which a child/adolescent begins to broaden his or her perspective to include the race or ethnicity not initially selected for his or her identity. 5. integration stage: the stage or status in which a child/adolescent/adult sees the benefits of embracing both races or ethnicities.

Describe the Cross (1971) model of African American identity development, highlighting the part played by adaptation to racial oppression in this process.

1. pre-encounter stage: the stage or status in which one feels and accepts that the world is organized according to the dominant culture and against one's own cultural group. -individuals are programmed to think of the world as non-black or anti-black. 2. encounter stage: the stage or status in which one is confronted with the realities of racism or other forms of devaluation of one's cultural group. -event forces them to reevaluate their previous ideas about race (EX: assassination of MLK Jr). 3. immersion/emersion stage: the stage or status in which one involves oneself completely within one's cultural group to the exclusion of the majority group. One emerges from this stage because one cannot meet all of one's needs if society is truly dominated by the majority group. -idealize blackness 4. internalization stage: stage or status in which one feels comfortable with one's identity. This allows one to express acceptance of other cultures.

Stages of race/culture identity development model (R/CID)

1.conformity: the stage in which an individual sees the dominant culture as better and superior to all groups, and sees his or her own cultural group as less than or inferior. -dominant group members are respected, admired, and emulated. 2. dissonance: the stage in which there is a sudden or gradual occurrence that challenges a person's belief that the dominant group is superior and minority groups, including his or her own, is inferior. 3. resistance and immersion: the stage in which the person becomes more immersed within his or her own cultural group, rejecting the dominant culture with extreme feelings of anger, guilt, and shame for his or her initial preference of the dominant culture and rejection of his or her own. 4. introspection: the stage in which a person becomes less angry at, and distrustful of, the dominant group, less immersed in his or her own group, more appreciating of other cultural groups, and more apt to educate self about own identity, though the process still creates some inner conflict. 5. integrative awareness: the stage in which a person finds greater balance, appreciates his or her own group as well as other cultural groups, and becomes aware of himself or herself as an individual and a cultural being, recognizing differences among cultural groups, both positive and negative.

In discussing what goes into sexual orientation, van Anders (2015) argues that we must consider both sex and gender. What does she mean by that?

A major limitation of existing sexual orientation theories is that sexual orientation implicitly invokes sex rather than gender; Sexual orientation ends up being problematic as operationalized because gender matters. -gender is how some groups make distinctions while sexual orientation fails (girls into butch or femme), or regardless of penis presence -Clearly, theories about orientations rooted in sex binaries are problematic in that they fail to address known ''gaps.''

Explain how attribution theory can be used to describe the cognitive processes involved in racism-related behavior.

a theory that attempts to determine the cause of behavior; 2 dimensions internal/external and stable/unstable. (jenny is an aggressive kid, internal stable).

What is "perceived prototypicality", according to Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach (2008)? Describe two examples.

Androcentrism, ethnocentrism, and heterocentrism are three ideologies in which a dominant group's perspective and experience achieves hegemony, becoming defined as the societal standard. For example, whites are prototypical and so is heterosexuality in our country.

Compare and contrast the "double jeopardy" model of intersectional identities with the "subordinate male target hypothesis" model as described by Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach (

BOTH; try to explain the quantity/quality of discrimination intersecting identity individuals may experience. additive adds while subordinate males get more shit

. What additional features of Chicano/Latino identity development seem to be specific to this group? Why might that be?

Latinos seem to carry more shame and guilt about their culture, until they realize their identity without shame. It may be due to the type of discrimination these members experience, bullying vs violence for blacks.

subordinate male target hypothesis (SMTH)

Findings demonstrating that the greater oppression of subordinate males compared to subordinate females, which has been cited to support the SMTH, can be reinterpreted as an outcome of the nonprototypicality of subordinate females. On the other side of the controversy are scholars who claim that people with a single subordinate-group identity are relatively more disadvantaged than people with multiple subordinate group identities. -men have more power so intersectionality becomes an arena for competition among men (gay man vs straight man).

Explain why "color-blind ideology" is a problem a) in interpersonal relationships and b) in making social change to eliminate racism.

Ignoring the racial differential treatment brought by the categorization of people is ignorant and only hinders resolution. An interpersonal relationship of mixed races cannot grow if one individual is white and does not note their privilege and tries to voice when injustice is done. Without the acknowledgement of color, discrimination will continue because this avoidance is an invalidation of the experiences minorities deal with.

If you were a researcher (who has read van Anders' article) studying sexual orientation, what would you want to consider in order to categorize a person's sexual orientation? Does van Anders think it is wise (or even possible) to do such categorization?

Sex/gender, partner number sexuality, eroticism/nurturance and sexual parameter

According to Dr. Moradi, Sexual Objectification Theory states that women who experience sexual objectification may internalize these beauty standards (primarily those applied to White women) and learn body surveillance and body shame, which are related to eating disorders in her research. a) Discuss whether or not this theory would apply to women of color, and if not, why not

Some women of color may have cultures in which the general or white beauty standards are not as glorified as in the USA. Thus body surveillance and/or body shame may not develop or internalize and lead to eating disorders.

microassualt

a blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attack intentionally discriminatory or biased. (EX: Kramer drunken stand-up).

What is stereotype threat? Describe it, then use an example to explain how it might affect an individual's performance on a difficult task.

a fear that one will confirm the negative stereotype of a group to which one belongs in an area in which the individual excels. When measure of difference known, minorities did worse.

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID)

a general model that covers all forms of cultural identity and addresses how one relates to oneself, to others of the same culture, to others of different cultures, and to the dominant cultural group.

microaggression

a small slight or offense that may be intentional but is mostly unintentional and does not harm the target of the offenses in any major way but can accumulate to be burdensome over time.

microinvalidation:

an action that excludes, negates, or dismisses that perceptions of the target person. (EX: Someone saying you didn't get hired cause that person isn't racist, invalidation of person of colors perception of racism involvement).

What did Dr. Moradi mean when she quoted Kimberle Crenshaw's statement that "Identity groups are coalitions"?

an alliance for combined action, especially a temporary alliance of political parties forming a government or of states. -an alliance, may be temporary, where two different people may relate on one identity and combine action. -EX: vw club, individuals may transient over other identities

microinsult:

an unintentional behavior or verbal comment conveying rudeness or insensitivity. (EX: Mexican women bought LV purse and white lady couldn't believe it).

additive model

argue that a person with two or more intersecting identities experiences the distinctive forms of oppression associated with each of his or her subordinate identities summed together. -count number of lower power identities, translate and add to predict stress or other predictors.

interactive model

argue that each of a person's subordinate identities interact in a synergistic way. People experience these identities as one, and thus contend with discrimination as a multiply marginalized other.

In the article, "I, Racist", Dr. Metta reflects on his role in the power dynamics of racism. What are the different arguments in his internal debate, what does he decide he should do, and why?

at first he discloses his chosen abstinence of race talk with Whites. He explained that whites tend to ignore own privileges and declare their antiracist sentiments, which essentially debunks racial issues. Racism is an issue and is it prominent, and so when whites say they don't see color or claim racism is over, they completely invalidate the experiences of discrimination minority face.

double jeopardy model

claims that disadvantage accrues with each of a person's subordinate-group identities. - Two general models outline how double jeopardy research is conceptualized: the additive model and the interactive model.

Explain three problems with ignoring certain characteristics of another person just because those characteristics are stereotyped. Answer separately for a) race, b) ethnicity, c) nationality, d) sexual orientation, e) sexual identity, f) disability, g) religion.

comes from observation that some stereotypes have a certain type of truth but often not the one it is used negatively; partly true, ignore the possible truth of some stereotypes of those people. Or if not true ignore part of that culture identity. -ignoring a person's race/ethnicity furthers their oppression in minority, ignore the truths behind some stereotypes, and/or ignore a part of that cultures identity.

What is aversive racism? How is this form of racism evidenced in society?

covert, unintentional discriminatory behavior practiced by individuals who would deny being racist and who would be appalled to realize that they were in engaging in racist acts. -whites in society claim to be color blind or avoid race talk to avoid internal discomfort

overt racism

discriminatory behavior in which those in the majority engage in open, hostile acts of aggression against racial minorities consciously and unapologetically. (EX: yelling racial slurs).

covert, intentional racism

discriminatory behavior that is intentional but is covered up so that one can deny his or her racism (joke about women's emotions).

-covert, unintentional racism:

discriminatory behavior that is unintentional but serves to perpetuate ongoing racist acts or traditions. -EX: Katrina response

Discuss Hamilton and his colleagues' notion of illusory correlation as it relates to racism

ethnic minorities are labeled with negative stereotypes because of an overestimation of negative behaviors that occur with their minority status; when two minority events co-occur, there is a natural cognitive process that takes notice of it.

Explain how the cognitive processes that support institutional sexism are:supported by cultural-level communications (media, fairy tales, stereotypes, etc.);

fairy tales where girls wait for their man or cook n clean

gender identity;

how you in your head define your gender based on how much you align or don't with what you understand to be the options for gender.

romantic attraction

love/nurturance

How might the governmental response to Hurricane Katrina be understood within Ridley's overt and covert racism model?

media coverage reflected cover unintentional racism (refugees). -over racism because most of the victims were African American?

gender role

norms for males and females

Explain how the cognitive processes that support institutional sexism are: a) learned in face-to-face contexts;

parents instill sexist ideologies covert, unintentionally

Explain how the cognitive processes that support institutional sexism are b) reinforce and are reinforced by institutional practices

school and peer interaction may reinforce girl norms and boy norms and point out if youre different

Why is intersectionality a useful idea for thinking about people? What does it help us understand?

provides a better understanding of an individual by not only noting general demographics but it also displays the strengths and challenges intersectional individual may experience.

What is intersectional invisibility, according to Purdie-Vaughns and Eibach (2008)?

the general failure to fully recognize people with intersecting identities as members of their constituent groups. According to our model, ethnic minority gay men, ethnic minority women, and white lesbian women are examples of people with intersecting subordinate identities. Such individuals tend to be marginal members within marginalized groups. This status relegates them to a position of acute social invisibility. EX: ethnic women & gay women vs ethnic men & gay men discrimination

Sex;

the physical sex characteristics youre born with and developed.

-tripartite model of personal identity

the understanding that our self-perceptions are made up of unique, individual aspects, aspects of groups to which we belong, and universal aspects of human beings.

. Discuss White privilege. Apply concepts of White privilege to any other kind of privilege that those in power enjoy

the unearned advantages associated with being white in America, such as knowing that whiteness will be emphasized in the media. Ethnic minorities are not always portrayed in the media, and when they are, they are often portrayed stereotypically rather than as multifaceted individuals. -male privilege, hetero privilege.

Discuss the possible evolutionary value of categorizing people on the basis of demographic characteristics.

to have a general understanding of types of people, the understand pros and cons of characteristics of most types of people.