PSYC 430 Exam 2
Most individuals continually monitor their own behavior and note how others react, and then adjust accordingly. This action is referred to as ______.
self-monitoring
Maria is in second grade and feels she does well in spelling. When Maria takes a spelling test, she gets an A most every time. This is an example of having a positive ______.
self-perception
Which of the following are included in our personal self-esteem?
self-schemas, possible selves, self-evaluation
Attributing one's success to internal causes and failures to external causes is an example of
self-serving bias
When Dirk lost his wrestling match, he blamed the loss on his opponent's dirty techniques. Dirk is demonstrating self-______.
serving bias
Friendship norms and status norms both represent cultural ____
similarities
People believe that vivid events, such as shark attacks, are more common than events that are harder to picture, even when this is statistically incorrect. This tendency is an example of ______.
the availability heuristic
Children raised in what country would be more apt to express themselves through personal writings, choices, and purchases?
United States
In recent months, national media spent a lot of time on stories about gays and lesbians. Yesterday, you conducted a poll asking people to estimate what percent of Americans are gay and lesbian. They results indicate that people estimated 23% are gay and lesbian but actually only about 4.1% identify as gay or lesbian. Why did people overestimate this percent?
availability heuristic
Research suggests that after people have exerted self-control over some behavior they are more likely to __.
become less restrained in their sexual thoughts and behaviors, quit faster when given an unsolvable puzzle
Research suggests that after people have exerted self control on some behavior they are more likely to
become more aggressive, exhibit decreased stamina, and quit faster when given unsolvable puzzles
When the persistence of one's initial conceptions are discredited, but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives, this persistence is identified as ____ ____.
belief perseverance
We tend to see our worlds through _______ glasses.
belief-tinted
A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconception is identified as confirmation ____.
bias
Joey placed second in the state wrestling meet. He spent some time thinking about what might have been if he had gotten one more take down. Joey is demonstrating ______ thinking.
counterfactual
What are the two major perspectives that reflect the current thinking about human similarities and differences?
cultural, evolutionary
Avery uses assertive influence tactics and is not very satisfied with her life. Avery is most likely demonstrating the social belief of ______
cynicism
The adaptive value of anticipating problems to motivate effective action is a description of ____ pessimism.
defensive
_____ intuition appears in how we take in, store, and retrieve social information.
illusory
______ thinking is the term for perceptual misinterpretations, fantasies, and construed beliefs that change to fit our current beliefs or behaviors.
illusory
Being the person who actually rolls the dice or spins the wheel while gambling have higher confidence than if they are just watching someone roll the dice or spin the wheel. What phenomena explains this?
illusory control
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events is identified as ____ bias.
impact
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of controlled thinking?
impulsive
The concept of giving priority to individual goals rather than group goals is defined as
individualism
Young adults in China being labeled "The Me Generation" are demonstrating a cultural change with the growth of ___.
individualism
Independent self is when one creates an identity as an autonomous self, whereas ______ self is the creation of identity in relation to others.
interdependent
Dan had a feeling he should buy Apple stock, and it proved to be an excellent choice. His decision was based on a "gut feeling" instead of logic or reasoning. This feeling is an example of ______ judgment.
intuitive
Our immediate knowledge of something without reasoning or analysis is identified as ____ judgment.
intuitive
Charles Cooley identified the ___-___ self as a description of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.
looking-glass
Sam is asked to testify in a court hearing as an eyewitness to a robbery. Sam's testimony is relying on his construction of ______.
memory
When one overestimates the accuracy of one's beliefs, one is displaying ______.
overconfidence
Your manager insists that all proposals and recommendations include a reason why they might not work. By asking this, your manager is trying to reduce ____.
overconfidence
Barb was home alone watching a scary movie. Barb had trouble sleeping as all of the house sounds kept her awake. Barb was affected through _____.
priming
Even when stimuli are presented unconsciously, their effects can become conscious due to ___.
priming
The awakening or activating of certain associations is the definition of ____.
priming
The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average is an example of ______ toward the average.
regression
In midlife, females often become more assertive and self-confident. This may be due to ______.
role changes, hormones
Mitchell, Thompson, and colleagues report that people recall mildly pleasant events more favorably than they experienced them, a phenomenon called _____.
rosy retrospection
Joe has been an athlete throughout his school years. Joe is entering university and has looked for peers with his same body build and athletic abilities. This behavior is a result of Joe's self-______.
schema
Ayaiki is a student at the University of Iowa shopping for a shirt that boasts her alma mater. This is a demonstration of the effect of a new culture on her individualized _____-esteem.
self
A belief that leads to its own fulfillment is called _____-_____ ____.
self-fulfilling prophecy
Behavioral confirmation is a form of ________ when individuals' social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations.
self-fulfilling prophecy
An illusion of ______ occurs when we believe other people can see and understand our inner, hidden emotions or thoughts.
transparency
Making eye contact while talking and respecting privacy are ____ norms of____ .
universal; friendship
Most students underestimate how long it will take to complete papers and other major assignments. Students are not alone. Which of the following also describe issues with estimating?
- Stockbroker confidence that experts are overconfident they can beat the stock market average. - Political overconfidence in which overconfident decision makers can wreak havoc. - Planning fallacy that individuals overestimate how much we will get done and how much free time we will have.
Which of the following methods can help remedy overconfidence? (Select all that apply - at least two answers are correct)
-Consider disconfirming information. -Get prompt feedback.
David prepares his cereal and accidentally puts the cereal away in the refrigerator and the milk in the cupboard. David's action is an example of ______ thinking.
-automatic -impulsive
Studies of dating and newly married couples identified that idealization in relationships created ______.
-better image of each other -relationship satisfaction -buffered conflict
Using the belief perseverance policy, consider a person who has a risk-prone personality trait. He or she would be most suited in which of the following occupations? (Select all that apply)
-firefighter -police officer
Our system of heuristics allows us to use mental shortcuts to ______.
-form impressions -make judgments -invent explanations
Our social judgments and beliefs influence ______.
-how we act -how we feel -our own reality
When attempting to predict your own behavior, it is best to consult with your ______. (Multiple answers exist - select all that apply)
-roommate -mother -father
Studies have shown that teachers who know students are in the gifted range will ______.
-set higher standards for them -call on them more often for answers -look and smile at them more often
In one study where teachers were videotaped talking to, or about, unseen students, it took a _____ clip to determine if the teachers viewed the student as a good or poor.
10 second
______ is a region that traditionally places more importance on collectivism than on individualism.
Asia
Self-serving bias can contribute toward ______.
Marital discord, worker dissatisfaction, and bargaining impasses
In lab studies in which two participants play a game against each other, if one participant is told that the other person is going to be competitive and non-cooperative, this usually results in the first participant _____.
acting in a hostile, aggressive manner
In an experiment, people anticipated interacting with another person of a different race. When led to believe that the other person disliked interacting with someone from their race, they felt more ______.
anger
Dual ___ systems describe differing implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object.
attitude
Evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves with others is called social ___.
comparison
Self- ____ is what we know and believe about ourselves.
concept
Jonas was certain his computer program for grading classes was the best system to use. When others tried to offer feedback, Jonas did not really listen. Jonas is displaying ______ bias.
confirmation
We respond not to reality but to reality as we ______ it.
construe
Colton was told to eat his cereal and he would grow big muscles. Colton ate his cereal and checked his "growing" muscles in the mirror daily. Colton is experiencing an illusory _______.
correlation
Imagining an alternative scenario or outcome that might have happened but did not is known as ______ thinking.
counterfactual
Psychologists Nisbett and Ross (1980) recommended four ways that education can reduce people's vulnerability to cognitive error. Which of the recommendations below is NOT one of their suggestions?
distract people while they make decisions, so they rely on emotions
In studies of predicting feelings, it appears that people have the greatest difficulty predicting the ______ of their future emotions.
duration and intensity
Believing in our own competence and effectiveness is a description of self-.___
efficacy
Our social judgments are affected by our physical sensations thanks to our _____ cognitions. For example, if one is holding a warm drink they are more likely to rate someone warmly as they approach.
embodied
____ ____ explains how our physical sensations can prime our social judgments.
embodied cognition
The overall evaluation of ourselves is our self-___
esteem
Eyewitness testimony is based on the concept that our construction of memory is ______.
exact
Sally met Samuel at a party and really enjoyed his company. When Sally learned Samuel lived in a poor neighborhood, she began to develop ______ impressions of him.
false
When we have the tendency to underestimate the commonality of our own abilities or successful behaviors, we demonstrate the term _____ uniqueness effect.
false
When one has the tendency to believe that everyone agrees with his or her opinion and has the same general outlook on life, it's called the ______.
false consensus effect
On the first day of class you are the second person to enter the classroom. The other person does not acknowledge that you came in the door and you think, "how rude." The next few times you enter the classroom the other person says hello, smiles, and engages you in conversation and you find this person quite pleasant. Your initial impression was a(n) _____.
false impression
According to "self-presentation," humans appear to be motivated in presenting themselves ______ to others.
favorably
Joey believes he can make the varsity team as a freshman and he does it. Joey is demonstrating self-______ prophecy.
fulfilling
A person's race or sex is vivid; therefore, we tend to explain others' actions in terms of their inner dispositions and disregard important situational forces. This is an example of how the ___ ____error supports stereotypes.
fundamental attribution
As a college freshman, Sydney sees herself being retired at 50 years of age in a beautiful home on the ocean beach. This is an example of Sydney's _____ self.
future
Theorist Mark Leary describes self-esteem feelings as being like a fuel ___.
gauge
A cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory is identified as availability _______.
heuristic
Our personal system of mental shortcuts is the definition of ___.
heuristics
When someone loves and admires us, it helps us become the person he or she imagines us to be. This is called _____.
idealization
When people are nervous about public speaking and fear that the audience will be able to see their nerves showing through, this is an example of which concept below?
illusion of transparency
Jessica was told that "blonds have more fun" so she colored her hair blond and actually believed she was meeting more people and that her social life improved. Jessica is an example of ______ thinking.
illusory
Repeated findings in experiments show that when witnessing an event and then repeatedly receiving misleading information about that event, an individual will incorporate the errors into his or her memory. This is referred to as the ______ effect.
misinformation
____ effect occurs when one incorporates wrong information into a memory after witnessing an event and attaining wrong, misleading information about it.
misinformation
Our self-esteem fuel gauge can ______.
motivate greater sensitivity, motivate us to self-improvement, and alert us to social rejection
Having an inflated sense of self is identified as ___
narcissism
When Carl confronts his wife, she reacts with anger, aggression, and retaliation. It is very possible his wife has such elevated self-esteem that it's a problem known as ____, a trait that combines high self-esteem with a lack of empathy.
narcissism
When estimating chances for success on some future task, people's confidence is highest when the moment of truth is ____.
near
Which of the following is/are true about norms?
norms are the standards for behaving, norms can restrain and control people. norms are often implicit
What is the best way(s) for Sidney to know the norms of her own culture?
observe members of another culture even in the mainstream culture, visit another culture to have a good contrast of cultures
John is a leader in his career; he speaks as an expert in all areas of the company. John's impression of expertise is an example of the ______ phenomena.
overconfidence
Research in 1999 by Kruger and Dunning found that incompetence feeds ____.
overconfidence
According to research presented the book, students who score the lowest on tests of grammar, humor, and logic are the most prone to ____ their abilities.
overestimating
A demonstration of unrealistic optimism is research completed on college students who perceived themselves as far more likely than their fellow student to ______.
own a nice home, get a good job, earn a good salary
A correlation has been found of low self-esteem in people who have been faced with ______.
parental drug use, personal sexual abuse, poverty as a child
Learning bad words, musical tastes, and your culture as a whole comes from ___ influence.
peer
Diana has always wanted to expand her family farm. Diana has recently taken on a huge goal of purchasing midwest farm ground, tripling her land. These actions demonstrates self-efficacy through her ______.
persistence, self-confidence, problem solving
Activating particular associations in memory is ______.
priming
We worry about remote possibilities while ignoring higher probabilities. Social scientists refer to this as our _____.
probability neglect
Our social beliefs and judgments influence how we feel and act to help generate our own _____.
reality
In the construction of memories, research shows that ______.
recall is often biased by current knowledge and beliefs
Don and Dana were married for 20 years before they divorced. Prior to the divorce, Dana said she was happy in her marriage; following the divorce, Dana felt they should have divorced much sooner. This is an example of ______ past attitudes.
reconstructing
Changing our memory of past behaviors to fit current perspectives or attitudes is called ______ of past behaviors.
reconstruction
Miguel is having a terrible week; he failed an exam, his stocks fell in value, and his golf score hit a low. However, Miguel is not upset because he knows that over time, bad trends get better (just like good trends get worse). Miguel is counting on which idea to improve his situation?
regression toward the average
John is a 23-year-old male who is an atheist and a drug user. You are asked to guess what kind of music he likes. You guess heavy metal music. Your guess is based on the _____ heuristic.
representativeness
The tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to a particular group if it resembles a typical member is a description of ______ heuristics.
representativeness
Research suggests that the interdependent self is embedded in ______ ______.
social memberships
Research has shown through behavioral confirmation that people who are more lonely behave less ______.
socially
The opposite of hardwired behaviors is ___ ___ behaviors
socially programmed
Jaedyn is 12 years old and very awkward with her language and behavior, since she feels everyone is watching her. Jaedyn is demonstrating a ______ effect.
spotlight
A student may fear the failure of a major exam, so he or she will use self-handicapping behaviors such as ______.
staying out partying the night before the exam
Most people see themselves as better than average person on three dimensions:
subjective, socially desirable, common dimensions
Robyn Dawes, Richard Nisbett, and Lee Ross all agree that what is needed to reduce errors in our social thinking is, at heart, to _____.
teach
_____ management theory discusses how people need to manage their overwhelming fear of death.
terror
From a biological view girls who are engaged in tomboy behavior may have been exposed to more ___ in the womb.
testosterone
Gamblers continue to gamble and feel more in control when they have picked their own lottery numbers (compared with picking random numbers). These actions are an example of ______.
the illusion of control
A student plans to read this chapter and do the quiz in an hour, but it ends up taking three hours. The student's error in underestimating the required time is an example of ______.
the planning fallacy
Anthony Greenwald describes our tendency to revise the past to suit our present views as having _____ egos.
totalitarian