PSYC Ch 4

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down.

Who described the collective unconscious

Carl Jung

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

Expose yourself to bright light while working.

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

It will probably lead to substance abuse.

The ________ wave is characteristic of stage 1 sleep.

alpha

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

at least three nights a week for one month

Regular feelings of hunger are an example of a(n) ________ rhythm.

biological

Xi needs to stay awake another hour to study for his English final, so he drinks several cups of cola. When he's done studying, he finds that he can't sleep even though he wants to, he feels agitated, his muscles twitch, his heartbeat is irregular, and he feels nauseated. What is causing Xi to feel this way?

caffeine

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing ________ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily function

Bev likes to be up late at night and sleep in; Caleb likes to wake up with the sun and go to bed early. A psychologist would say they have different ________.

chronotypes

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

the ________ rhythm is the biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours.

circadian

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________.

consciousness

Melatonin release is stimulated by ________ and inhibited by ________.

darkness; light

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone.

hypnosis; meditation

The sleep debt is the result of ______

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

Feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions are all examples of ________ stimuli.

internal

Mona lives in North Carolina. She takes an overnight flight to California to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

Marlowe wakes up from a dream about his teeth falling out. He looks in a dream dictionary and finds losing teeth is usually dream symbolism for anxiety. Marlowe is focused on the ________ content.

latent

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

Which of the following is not a benefit associated with adequate amounts of sleep?

less exposure to carcinogens

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content

lucid

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming.

lucid

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content.

manifest

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness

meditation

What hormone does the pineal gland release?

melatonin

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

methadone

Cataplexy is a symptom associated with ________

narcolepsy

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________

narcolepsy

Morphine is considered a(n) ________ drug because it decreases pain.

opioid

NREM sleep is a period of sleep ________.

outside periods of REM sleep

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role.

parasomnia

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.

protoconsciousness

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ________ leg syndrome.

restless

Which of the following is an example of wakefulness?

running a marathon

Which state is marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest while awake?

sleep

Hamid is a 9-1-1 operator. When the blizzard began, he was told he would have to stay and work three extra shifts to cover for coworkers who were not able to drive to work through the storm. After 32 hours of exhausting work, he makes it home and discovers he is unable to fall asleep no matter how hard he tries. Hamid may be experiencing ________.

sleep rebound

Crack is considered more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnotism

social-cognitive

Sleepwalking is also referred to as ________.

somnambulism

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

stage 1

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content

Sigmund Freud

The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.

People in hypnotic states are performing the social role of a hypnotized person.

Mohammed is sleeping. His eyelids are quivering because his eyes are darting around. Mohammed is probably experiencing ________ sleep.

REM

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day."

Remove the phrase "do not."

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?

She is a Jungian dream analyst.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency."

The word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus.

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A theta wave is a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli.

The words "theta wave" should be changed to the phrase "K-complex."

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

According to the dissociation view of hypnosis, hypnosis is ________.

effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

Which psychological perspective might advance the argument that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which are higher during periods of darkness?

evolutionary

Seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend are all examples of ________ stimuli.

external

Which of the following would be experienced during a euphoric high?

feelings of intense elation and pleasure

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

four

Mescaline is considered a ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences

hallucinogenic

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

homeostasis

Katia is experiencing a state of extreme self-focus and attention. Her brother is trying to get her attention, but she ignores him. Her phone is buzzing, but she doesn't notice. This state was induced through ________.

hypnosis

Individuals undergoing hypnosis ________.

usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors