PSYC Chapter 13 Connect Questions & Answers

When gender differences in the brain have been revealed, in many cases they ______ psychological differences.

have not been directly linked to

Children at the ______ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people.

heteronomous

A major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that

it overemphasizes moral thought and under-emphasizes moral behavior.

The ______ perspective is a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual and in which individuals independently make moral decisions.

justice

With regard to prosocial behavior, the biggest difference between males and females occurs for

kind and considerate behavior

In terms of peer status, a(n) __________ child is not actively disliked but receives few nominations of any kind and is seldom chosen as a best friend.

neglected

Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates, but is not disliked?

neglected

According to Kohlberg, preconventional reasoning is characterized by _______ internalization.

no

Developmentalists have distinguished five ___________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.

peer or sociometric

Researchers have found that girls are more __________ (people/things) oriented and boys are more ________ (people/things) oriented.

people; things

Which term refers to the ability to assume other people's points of view and understand their thoughts and feelings?

perspective taking

________ is defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state.

perspective taking

Boys are consistently more ______ aggressive than girls.

physically

In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.

popular

Lila has many friends, shows concern, and listens to her friends. To what peer status group would Lila most likely belong?

popular

According to Kohlberg, in ______ reasoning, individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

post conventional

Some researchers have found that children with a low level of perspective-taking skills engage in less __________(prosocial/antisocial) behavior than children with a higher level of these skills.

prosocial

Aiden has not been well accepted by his peers since kindergarten. In fact, he has no friends at all, and some children say they dislike him. In terms of peer status, Aiden is a

rejected child

Ten-year-old Alexis and her friend Chloe have been spreading untrue rumors around school about their classmate Ginger because they were offended when Ginger declined to join their group. This is an example of _________ aggression.

relational

Between the ages of 8 and 11, children's descriptions of themselves become more psychological and less concrete, demonstrating the development of ________-___________.

self-understanding

Brittany tells her sister, "I'm better in math than Vicky, but Tanya is much better than me." This is an example of what?

social comparison

When nine-year-old Aaron got angry, he used to act out and shout at his classmates, but he does not do that now when he gets angry. This particular example illustrates that in middle-to-late childhood, children learn to

suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions

According to Kohlberg, people in the conventional reasoning stage of moral development abide by

the standard of others

A child who identifies with a gender that is not consistent with their biological sex at birth is referred to as

transgender

Compared to men, women have about _________ times the body fat.

twice

Popular children tend to display what traits?

-Peer communication -Showing enthusiasms -Listening carefully

______ morality is the name of the second stage of Piaget's moral development. In this stage, children older than 10 become aware that rules and laws are created by people.

Autonomous

True or False: According to Kohlberg, children's advances in cognitive reasoning account for their advancement in moral reasoning.

False

True or False: Gender differences are consistent among all males and females.

False

According to the analysis done by Tannen, why do females prefer rapport talk?

Females enjoy conversation that is relationship-oriented.

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation. Conventional

Individuals abide by the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society.

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation. Postconventianal

Individuals recognize alternative moral courses, explore the options, and then decide on a personal moral code.

Match Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning with its explanation. Preconventional

Individuals' moral reasoning is controlled primarily by external rewards and punishments.

The theorist whose theory involved six stages of moral development was

Kohlberg

_________ (Men/Women) are more likely than _________ (men/women) to develop physical and mental disorders.

Men; Women

Murtaza makes sure to thank people because his parents believe in doing so, and he wants to be a "good boy." This reflects which stage of conventional reasoning, according to Kohlberg?

Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

What is important in the development of the prosocial skills in children in middle and late childhood?

Perspective Taking

______________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

Postconventional

_______ reasoning is the lowest level of moral reasoning, according to Kohlberg.

Preconventional

What are the three levels of moral thinking, according to Kohlberg?

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

______ is talk that is designed to give information.

Report Talk

Kohlberg's conventional reasoning level is characterized by which of the following?

Social system morality

Alden explains to his young son that traffic laws need to be followed by everyone for the good of the community. This reasoning illustrates which stage of Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning?

Social systems morality

What are the three most common types of stepfamily structures?

Stepmother Stepfather Blended

True or False: Across childhood, females engage in more prosocial behavior than males.

True

True or False: Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls, and this low self-control can translate into behavior problems.

True

(Select all that apply) Which of the statements are true regarding emotional development in middle and late childhood? a) Children in elementary school have an increased understanding of complex emotions. b) Children in middle and late childhood do not understand that more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation. c) Children in middle and late childhood have improved their ability to suppress negative emotional reactions. d) Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy.

a) Children in elementary school have an increased understanding of complex emotions. c) Children in middle and late childhood have improved their ability to suppress negative emotional reactions. d) Children in middle and late childhood have a capacity for genuine empathy.

(Select all that apply) Kohlberg argued that which of the following factors are the most important influences on a child's movement through the moral stages? a) Experience in dealing with moral questions b) Direct instruction from parents c) Peer interaction d) Perspective taking

a) Experience in dealing with moral questions c) Peer interaction d) Perspective taking

(Select all that apply) Kohlberg believed that an individual's development from one moral stage to the next is fostered by which two of the following factors? a) Experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level b) Experiencing a life-changing traumatic event c) Learning better emotional coping strategies d) Taking on the perspectives of others

a) Experiencing conflict between one's current level of moral reasoning and a higher level d) Taking on the perspectives of others

(Select all that apply) Positive peer relations in childhood have been linked to which of the following in adulthood? a) Higher occupational status b) Mental health problems c) Better relationships with coworkers d) Athletic performance

a) Higher occupational status c) Better relationships with coworkers

(Select all that apply) Which of the following accurately describe Carol Gilligan's criticisms of Kohlberg's theory? a) It puts abstract principles above relationships. b) Its emphasis on interpersonal communication and concern for others ignores individual decisions. c) It is based on a male norm. d) It sees the individual standing alone, independently making moral decisions. e) It fails to focus on the rights of the individual.

a) It puts abstract principles above relationships. c) It is based on a male norm. d) It sees the individual standing alone, independently making moral decisions.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are some of the gender differences that research has found in brain structure and activity between the genders? a) There are more overall similarities than differences between male and female brains. b) Female brains are approximately 10 percent smaller than male brains. c) One part of the hypothalamus involved in sexual behavior tends to be larger in females. d) The temporal and parietal regions of the brain are larger in females.

a) There are more overall similarities than differences between male and female brains. b) Female brains are approximately 10 percent smaller than male brains. d) The temporal and parietal regions of the brain are larger in females.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are true of socially transitioned transgender children? a) They have cognitive patterns more consistent with their expressed gender than their natal sex. b) They are less likely to need family support than their cisgender peers. c) They tend to have high levels of self-esteem and self-acceptance. d) They identified with their current gender by the age of 3. e) They are less likely to endorse gender stereotypes.

a) They have cognitive patterns more consistent with their expressed gender than their natal sex. d) They identified with their current gender by the age of 3. e) They are less likely to endorse gender stereotypes.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are true of aggression in children? a) When verbal aggression is examined, gender differences in aggression disappear. b) Beliefs that boys are more physically aggressive are simply stereotypes. c) It is a cultural universal that boys are more physically aggressive than girls. d) Differences in aggression between girls and boys do not develop until emerging adulthood.

a) When verbal aggression is examined, gender differences in aggression disappear. c) It is a cultural universal that boys are more physically aggressive than girls.

(Select all that apply) According to critics, Kohlberg's theory ignored which of the following? a) The importance of gender b) The role of emotion c) The significance of intelligence d) Whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic

b) The role of emotion d) Whether moral reasoning is conscious or automatic

Dr. Johnson is interested in behaviors in children that involve trying to make others dislike someone by spreading malicious rumors about them. Dr. Johnson is interested in research on ______ aggression, which occurs more among ______. a) relational; boys b) relational; girls c) physical; boys d) physical; girls

b) relational; girls

According to Kohlberg, as individuals progress through the levels of moral development, their morality

becomes more internal

In a(n) _________ stepfamily structure, both parents bring children from previous marriages to live in the newly formed stepfamily.

blended

(Select all that apply) Which of the following statements are true regarding gender differences in emotion? a) Boys are less likely to experience or express anger. b) Girls are less likely to engage in self-disclosure. c) Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls. d) Girls are better at reading others' emotions.

c) Boys tend to show less self-regulation than girls. d) Girls are better at reading others' emotions.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are true of the differences between the sexes? a) There are very few actual differences between males and females. b) The vast majority of differences between men and women are cognitive in nature. c) Differences are averages and do not apply to all females or all males. d) Differences may be due primarily to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both. e) Even when gender differences occur, there is often overlap between males and females.

c) Differences are averages and do not apply to all females or all males. d) Differences may be due primarily to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both. e) Even when gender differences occur, there is often overlap between males and females.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? a) He concerned himself too much with the care perspective. b) He developed only eight stages of development across the life span, and many think this is too few. c) He may have underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development. d) He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account

c) He may have underestimated the contribution of family relationships to moral development. d) He did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account

Carol Gilligan's ____________ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others.

care

In middle and late childhood, self-description increasingly involves psychological and social characteristics, including social

comparison

When elementary school children think about what they can do in comparison with others, they are involved in social

comparison

In terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

controversial

_____________ reasoning is the second, or intermediate, level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

conventional

In which of the following ways did Kohlberg formulate his theory of moral development? a) He did correlational research. b) He performed natural observation. c) He did experimental research on a large group of children and studied their moral preferences. d) He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.

d) He interviewed people and gave them theoretical moral dilemmas to solve.