PSYC: Chapter 8

select all that apply. which of the following are characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? a. heart defects b. hormonal imbalances c. an underdeveloped upper lip d. flattened nose and wide-spaced eyes

a, c, & d

by __________ of age, infants prefer looking at real faces (compared to scrambled faces) and prefer their mother's face to a stranger's face a. three months b. seven days c. nine months d. six weeks

a. three months

select all that apply. which of the following are examples of "nature" influences? a. nutrition in early childhood b. family history of hair loss c. eye color d. peer pressure

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following are examples of "nurture" influences? a. eye color b. peer pressure c. nutrition in early childhood d. family history of hair loss

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following describe schemas? a. the changes in lateralization that may provide adaptation later life b. a framework used for organizing information c. a mental concept that provides structures for interpreting information

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following statements are true with respect to Piaget's theory of schemas? a. schemas can be utilized only one someone develops wisdom b. a schema organizes information c. a schema assists us in making sense of experience d. a schema renders us unable to distinguish between out own perspective and someone else's perspective

b & c

which of the following is an example of longitudinal research? a. a study that simultaneously collects data from a group of 5-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 25-year-olds b. a study that follows a group of 5-year-olds and a group of 15-year-olds over the course of 10 years c. a study that follows the same group of people for 10 years

c. a study that follows the same group of people for 10 years

which of the following examples best fits into the socioemotional processes component of development? a. a teenager's newfound interest in sex and dating b. imagining one's future career c. a young person's newfound aggressiveness in sports d. memorizing a shopping list

c. a young person's newfound aggressiveness in sports

childhood is the developmental period a. that Piaget refers to as preoperational b. that Piaget refers to as concrete operational c. from birth until 10 years of age d. that is described as "prenatal"

c. from birth until 10 years of age

each of Piaget's cognitive development stages involves a way of making sense of the world that is ________ the way before it a. quantitatively different from b. qualitatively the same as c. qualitatively different from d. quantitatively the same as

c. qualitatively different from

__________ occurs when a single sperm cell penetrates the ovum

conception

dr. salzano is showing infants pictures of their parents and of strangers. he wants to know if the babies will consistently look at their parents rather than look at the two pictures equally. dr. salzano is using the _________ technique a. conservation b. habituation c. object permanence d. preferential looking

d. preferential looking

psychologists now recognize that an infant's reaching of motor milestones like sitting up, crawling, and walking are a. the result of an infants' genetic plan b. random and mostly influenced by an infant's temperament c. dependent on the size of an infant's brain at birth d. the consequence of nature and nurture

d. the consequence of nature and nurture

why are human infants among the world's most helpless neonates? a. humans require parental love b. human parents tends to overly coddle neonates c. they are not genetically wired for survival reflexes d. their brains are not fully developed at birth

d. their brains are not fully developed at birth

a person's _________ is their observable characteristics and shows the contributions of both nature and nurture

phenotype

alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as __________ because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them

teratogen

the effects of a(n) _________ on prenatal development depends on the timing of the fetus's exposure; the body part or organ system that is developing at the time of exposure is mist vulnerable to the effects

teratogen

jayden's mother took him to a mother-infant swim class. when she dropped jayden in the shallow end of the pool, she was surprised to see that he instinctively held his breath and moved his arms and legs in swimming movements. this is an example of a(n) __________

reflex

_________ are automatic responses, such as grasping something that touches the fingers

reflexes

according to Piaget, a(n) _________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind and that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information

schema

select all that apply. which of the following exemplify Piaget's theory of accommodation? a. a child calls all adult males "daddy" but soon learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them b. a child calls all liquids "milk" but over time learns there are important differences and develops new schemas to reflect them c. a child sees a soup bowl, and after it is identified as such a caregiver the child incorporates it into the "bowl schema"

a & b

in which of the following ways is operational thought tested in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget's theory? a. through hypothetical-deductive reasoning b. through the principle of reversibility c. through an evaluation of object permanence

b. through the principle of reversibility

development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs a. genetically b. throughout life c. only through growth d. during childhood

b. throughout life

two-year-old iris has just seen a cow for the first time. having never seen one before, she searched her memory, came up with the only four-legged animal she knew, and announced "doggy!" this is an example of a. egocentrism b. accommodation c. conservation d. assimilation

d. assimilation

brain imaging studies show that the size of the brain increases dramatically in childhood (T/F)

false

a person's _________ gives them the potential to be tall, but this potential interact with the environment and may result in a number of phenotypic representations

genotype

an individual's genetic heritage is referred to as their __________

genotype

a psychologist has designated a research study in which the attitudes of a group of participants are assessed at various points throughout their lives. this is most likely a(n) _________ research study

longitudinal

___________ is a period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in adolescence

puberty

the effects of teratogens depend on the timing of exposure (T/F)

true

the environment may play a role in whether and how a person's genotype is expressed in their phenotype (T/F)

true

when human babies are born, their brains are not yet fully developed (T/F)

true

select all that apply. which of the following changes are typical of puberty? a. changes in the brain b. rapid skeletal growth c. a reduction in telomere length d. hormonal changes

a, b, & d

according to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in which stage? a. sensorimotor b. formal operational c. concrete operational d. preoperational

a. sensorimotor

select all that apply. which of the following is true of a zygote? a. it occurs during the embryonic stage of prenatal development b. it is a single cell with 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father c. it is a fertilized egg d. it occurs right before the infant is born

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget? a. understanding of conservation is not yet apparent b. it involves logical reasoning c. abstract thinking is not yet developed d. it is generally egocentric

b & c

select all that apply. which of the following are examples of cognitive processes that are involved in development? a. forming relationships with peers b. bodily changes during puberty c. learning to read d. solving math problems e. memorizing a list of words

c, d, & e

__________ infants are those who are born prior to 37 weeks after conception

preterm

which of the following statements about phenotypic expression of genotypes is correct? a. a range of phenotypes may be expressed, depending on environmental experiences b. the phenotype that is expressed is genetically programmed and can not be modified c. each genotype has one possible phenotype that may or may not be expressed, depending on environmental influences

a. a range of phenotypes may be expressed, depending on environmental experiences

the time period of development from around 10 years of age until around age 20 is referred to as a. adolescence b. emerging adulthood c. adulthood d. childhood

a. adolescence

the time period of development that is generally separated into early, middle, and late is called a. adulthood b. infancy c. childhood d. adolescence

a. adulthood

which of the following is the best example of the interplay between motor and perceptual skills in infancy? a. baby sam learns about falling off of things when he accidentally scoots down a small step in his family's living room b. baby aaliyah wrinkles her nose when she smells the unpleasant odor of the family's wet dog c. baby jaxson cries so he will be picked up and cuddled by his older siblings d. baby bishal is willing to taste all different kinds of baby food

a. baby sam learns about falling off of things when he accidentally scoots down a small step in his family's living room

what type of development is characterized by improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience? a. cognitive development b. behavioral development c. physcial development d. socioemotional development

a. cognitive development

jayla, a toddler, is reading a book and sees an interesting picture. "look, mommy," she shouts, "a horse." She does not show the picture to her mother but assumes that her mother is able to see it as she does. this exemplifies which of the following of Piaget's concepts? a. egocentrism b. habituation c. conservation d. intuitive thinking

a. egocentrism

what is the earliest stage of prenatal development at which a rudimentary heartbeat can be identified? a. embryonic period b. germinal period c. fetal period d. conception

a. embryonic period

from ages 3 to 6, the most rapid brain growth takes place in which area(s) of the brain? a. frontal lobes b. thalamus c. occipital lobes d. cerebellum

a. frontal lobes

genotype is defined as a person's a. genetic material b. physical, cognitive, and socioemotional processes c. environmental experiences d. observable characteristics

a. genetic material

leilani, 18 months old, sees a stuffed dog being covered by a blanket. according to Piaget's theory, if she removes the blanket in order to find the stuffed dog, she has done which of the following? a. grasped the idea of object permanence b. grasped the concept of conservation c. developed the capacity for abstract thought d. moved into the concrete operational stage

a. grasped the idea of object permanence

allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. she is asked to explain how she knows something. she says, "i just know." this is an example of what Piaget referred to as a. intuitive thought b. hypothetical-deductive reasoning c. conservation d. a schema

a. intuitive thought

during infancy, the brain a. is busy making connections b. disassociates its various parts c. does not change much d. stops growing

a. is busy making connections

which statement best summarizes the relationship between motor skills and perceptual skills in infancy? a. motor and perceptual skills are coupled and depend on each other b. there is no relationship; the two types of skills develop independently c. perceptual skills are the primary driver of motor development d. motor skills are the primary driver of perceptual development

a. motor and perceptual skills are coupled and depend on each other

subsequent research using sticky mittens to study the effect of environmental experiences on motor development found which of the following? a. sticky mittens help infants grasp concepts, which changes their expectations for the world b. subsequent research replicated the results of the original study c. sticky mittens are helpful only is assisting infants with grasping objects d. infants using sticky mittens are less motivated to grasp and manipulate objects

a. sticky mittens help infants grasp concepts, which changes their expectations for the world

the amygdala, which is a part of the brain involved with emotions, matures more rapidly in adolescents a. than the prefrontal cortex, which makes it difficult for adolescents to effectively control their impulses b. which makes higher-order cognitive functioning possible c. than the hippocampus, which provides executive functioning or the "brakes" for these emotions

a. than the prefrontal cortex, which makes it difficult for adolescents to effectively control their impulses

dr. abramowitz is a psychological researcher studying infants. she shows infants cards with shapes in different colors, records the amount of time they spend looking at each card, and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. dr. abramowitz's research can best be described as a. using the preferential looking technique b. a technique developed by Piaget to test object permanence c. longitudinal d. cross-sectional

a. using the preferential looking technique

_______ occurs when an individual fits new information into existing schemas, whereas ______ happens when an individual changes their schemas in response to new information

assimilation; accommodation

select all that apply. elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that elliott is in the preoperational stage. which of the following is true of this stage? a. in this stage, an understanding of the world is constructed by coordinating sensory and motor experiences b. at this stage, children have difficulty understanding the concept of reversible operations c. an important skill at this stage is the ability to classify and divide things into sets and subsets d. children in this stage make judgements based on gut feelings rather than logic

b & d

which of the following is an example of cross-sectional research? a. a study that follows the same group of people for 10 years b. a study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 25-year-olds c. a study that follows a group of 5-year-olds and a group of 15-year-olds over the course of 10 years

b. a study that involves simultaneously collecting data from a group of 5-year-olds, 15-year-olds, and 25-year-olds

the ________, the part of the brain that involves emotions, matures in adolescents well before the prefrontal cortex, which is involved with higher-order thinking a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. cortex d. cerebellum

b. amygdala

newborns reflexively suck everything that touches their lips. their experience in sucking various objects allows them to _____ those objects into schemas of taste, texture, shape, and so on. after several months of experience, they _____ the sucking schema by being more selective with it a. assimilate; assimilate b. assimilate; accommodate c. accommodate; accommodate d. accommodate; assimilate

b. assimilate; accommodate

which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the influence of nature versus nurture? a. family dynamics b. biological inheritance c. schooling d. neighborhood quality

b. biological inheritance

which of the following is the correct description of the prenatal developmental stages? a. conception begins with the germinal period; this is followed by the fetal period and finally the embryonic period b. conception begins the germinal period; this is followed by the embryonic period and finally the fetal period c. conception begins with the embryonic period; this is followed by the germinal period and finally the fetal period

b. conception begins the germinal period; this is followed by the embryonic period and finally the fetal period

at what stage of prenatal development do the beginnings of organs appear? a. conception b. embryonic period c. fetal period d. germinal period

b. embryonic period

Piaget's term for the crucial accomplishment of the sensorimotor stage, at which a child understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen, is a. concrete operations b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. formal operations

b. object permanence

you show a child a toy and then hide that toy behind a chair, and when the child wants the toy, they only look in plain sight, not behind the chair. according to Piaget, the child could be said to be lacking a mastery of a. conservation b. object permanence c. egocentrism d. the zone of proximal development

b. object permanence

phenotype is defined as a person's a. genetic material only b. observable characteristics c. cognitive processes d. family history only

b. observable characteristics

khaled, who is 4 years old, understands that you can roll a ball of clay out into a long "snake" shape but not that there is the same amount of clay whether the clay is in a ball or in a long, thin, snake shape. this is an illustration of which of Piaget's concepts, in which of Piaget's stages? a. object permanence in Piaget's sensorimotor stage b. operations in Piaget's preoperational stage c. operations in Piaget's concrete operational stage d. conservation in Piaget's concrete operational stage

b. operations in Piaget's preoperational stage

adrianne has recently entered menopause. in developmental terms, this is an example of a. nurture b. physical change c. socioemotional change d. cognitive change

b. physical change

a person's ability to adapt to or recover from difficult circumstances is known as a. nurture b. resilience c. temperament d. phenotype

b. resilience

according to Piaget, the infant in the sensorimotor stage constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating __________ experiences with ___________ actions a. cognitive; behavioral b. sensory; physical

b. sensory; physical

as early as _______ old, if infants are presented with two faces with moving mouths, infants will watch the face whose mouth matches the sounds they hear a. nine weeks b. seven days c. three months d. two hours

b. seven days

which of the following occurs during the germinal period? a. the zygote becomes an embryo b. the zygote attaches to the uterine wall c. the heart begins to beat d. the neural tube develops

b. the zygote attaches to the uterine wall

which of the following terms refers to the fertilized egg in the first two weeks of prenatal development? a. preterm infant b. zygote c. fetus d. embryo

b. zygote

what do psychologists mean when they talk about resilience? a. changes in the brain that occur during adolescence b. the degree to which a given behavioral trait is inherited c. a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty d. the interaction of nature and nurture in shaping development

c. a person's ability to adapt to challenges or recover from difficulty

three-year-old megan encounters a swinging chair that is hung from the ceiling by a hook. once she is told what it is, she incorporates the new chair into her existing "chair schema." according to Piaget's theory, this is called a. habituation b. accommodation c. assimilation d. object permanence

c. assimilation

sam has recently started to learn a second language. in developmental terms, this is an example of a. socioemotional change b. nurture c. cognitive change d. physical change

c. cognitive change

dr. Franklin wants to assess the intelligence of 1,000 people ages 20, 30, and 40. if he does this as a cross-sectional study, he has some concerns that because these people were all born at different times and have had different experiences and opportunities, there may be ________ a. age reliability b. poor validity c. cohort effects

c. cohort effects

what is one limitation of cross-sectional research? a. there is a high dropout rate over the course of multiyear studies b. people become "test wise" from completing the same questionnaires multiple times c. differences between age groups may be due to similarities within cohorts d. children cannot complete questionnaires

c. differences between age groups may be due to similarities within cohorts

researchers conducted a study involving infants and "study mittens." what are "sticky mittens"? a. mittens that are designated to help children eat hard-to-grasp food b. mittens covered in sticky foods, such as jam, to encourage the infants to taste new flavors c. mittens that are designated to stick to the edges of toys d. mittens that prevent infants from accidental self-harm (such as scratching)

c. mittens that are designated to stick to the edges of toys

the process of encasing axons with fat cells, or ________, begins prenatally and continues well into adulthood a. oxidation b. delineation c. myelination d. transformation

c. myelination

when an infant is motivated to do something, they may create a new motor behavior. this new behavior is the result of a. environmental support alone b. temperament and wisdom c. physcial, cognitive, and environmental factors d. the infant's genetic endowment

c. physcial, cognitive, and environmental factors

which of Piaget's stages occurs from birth to 2 years of age, during which time a child has little capacity to represent the environment with language or other symbols? a. concrete operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. formal operational

c. sensorimotor

connections between neurons are known as _________ connections a. myelinated b. neurotransmitter c. synaptic d. reorganized

c. synaptic

the ________ period of prenatal development lasts from around month 2 through month 9

fetal

_________ __________ spectrum disorders are a cluster of problems that appear in babies due to prenatal alcohol exposure

fetal alcohol

according to Piaget, during which age range does the preoperational stage occur? a. birth to 2 years b. 2 to 7 years c. 7 to 12 years d. 12 years through adulthood

b. 2 to 7 years

according to Piaget, conservation is which of the following? a. a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes b. part of the preoperational stage c. the ability to use logical reasoning and classification skills d. the ability to problem solve using hypothetical-deductive reasoning

a. a belief in the permanence of an object despite superficial changes

rank the prenatal developmental stages in the correct order 1. embryonic period 2. fetal period 3. germinal period

1. germinal period 2. embryonic period 3. fetal period

place the stage of Piaget's cognitive development into the appropriate order from first to last 1. preoperational stage 2. concrete operational stage 3. formal operational stage 4. sensorimotor stage

1. sensorimotor stage 2. preoperational stage 3. concrete operational stage 4. formal operational stage

select all that apply. which of the following are typical brain changes that occur during infancy and childhood? a. unneeded brain cells are purged over time b. synaptic connections that are used become stronger c. the number of synaptic connections increases greatly d. the myelin sheath of axons is removed as brain development is completed

a, b, & c

select all that apply. which of the following are examples of cognition? a. solving problems b. hormonal changes during puberty c. being able to speak and understand words d. imagining a future occupation

a, c, & d

select all that apply. which of the following changes are biological processes involved in development? a. changes in motor skills b. changes in individuals' relationships with others c. maturation d. hormonal changes

a, c, & d

select all that apply. which of the following statements are true regarding a preterm infant - an infant born prior to 37 weeks after conception? a. there is a risk for developmental difficulties b. the infant is almost certain to have developmental problems c. postnatal experience plays a crucial role in determining the ultimate effects of early birth

a & c

select all that apply. which of the following are aspects of socioemotional processes in developmental psychology? a. changes in relationships and personality b. the development of language c. changes in motor skills d. changes in emotion

a & d

select all that apply. which of the following are examples of teratogens? a. German measles b. heroin c. alcohol d. folic acid

a, b, & c

according to Piaget's theory, which of the following occurs when people adjust schemas to new information? a. acclimation b. abbreviation c. assimilation d. accommodation

d. accommodation

in a research study, dr. lopez asks people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. this research is best describes as which of the following? a. longitudinal b. preferential c. preoperational d. cross-sectional

d. cross-sectional

which stage of prenatal development is characterized by an increase in organ function and considerable weight gain, especially "baby fat"? a. neonatal period b. germinal period c. embryonic period d. fetal period

d. fetal period

which statement best illustrates how nature and nurture influence development? a. intelligence is exclusively influenced by genetics b. intelligence is static and unchangeable c. intelligence is influenced by the type of toys infants play with d. heredity sets the general level of intelligence, but environment also has an impact

d. heredity sets the general level of intelligence, but environment also has an impact

_________ refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occur throughout the course of life

development

in developmental psychology, the term ________ refers to an individual's environmental and social experiences

nurture