Psyc Exam 2

A garden snake slithers past Shayla's feet as she walks to her driveway. Shayla startles, momentarily frightened. A spike of activity is probably occurring in the _____ in Shayla's brain.

amygdala

Which brain structure plays a central role in fear?

amygdala.

Based on the information provided in the textbook, the most reasonable position to take with respect to the source of gender differences in cognition is probably:

an interactionist position.

Jung suggested that the questing hero figure prominent in many legends, stories, epic poems, and so forth represents a(n) _____, a symbolic representation of a universal experience.

archetype

One advantage of using heuristics is that heuristics:

are usually efficient.

Dr. Plater believes that one's personality is really just a collection of behaviors that have been conditioned, reinforced, or learned through observation. Dr. Plater endorses the _____ perspective on personality.

behavioral

If one were to plot the IQ scores of every person in the United States on a graph, one would end up with a:

bell-shaped curve.

Common heuristics include:

both means-end analysis and subgoals.

With respect to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, Oedipus complex is to Electra complex as _____ is to _____.

boy; girl

Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. Which behavior is he MOST likely to cite in order to justify his skepticism?

bungee jumping

Dustin believes that landing a good job largely depends on luck and the overall state of the economy. Jennifer believes that getting her "dream job" depends mainly on her education, job search skills, and attitude. Dustin displays an _____ locus of control, whereas Jennifer exhibits an _____ locus of control.

external; internal

A graduate student is using a statistical software package to identify the basic patterns underlying the many relationships among a large number of variables. She is performing ______ analysis.

factor

Cherney's (2008) participants practiced mentally rotating objects while playing computer games. Cherney found that:

female participants benefited more from the practice than did male participants.

Gary is sexually aroused by the sight, smell, and feel of women's undergarments. Gary's case illustrates:

fetishism

Researchers suggest that the adaptive value of crying may be to lower aggression. Recall the schools of thought dominating psychology in the discipline's early days. This explanation of crying would most likely have been offered by a psychologist representing:

functionalism

Antibiotics can NOT successfully treat:

genital herpes.

Viral is to _____ as bacterial is to _____.

genital warts; syphilis

Liz has become more responsive to her partner's advances since she noticed an attractive woman moved in next door. Liz is using a defense mechanism called:

displacement.

In Freud's model of the mind, the _____ acts as a mediator or negotiator.

ego

Women are more adept at decoding facial expressions of emotion. This ability reflects:

either nature or nurture, or a combination of both: no one is certain.

Betty does not believe she can meet the weight-loss and strength-training goals her personal trainer has set. In Bandura's terms, Betty:

has low self-efficacy.

Which sequence BEST reflects the order in which Freud's personality structures develop during infancy and childhood, from first to last?

id > ego > superego

With respect to Freud's model of the mind, pleasure is to reality as _____ is to _____.

id; ego

Which specific trait is correctly paired with its description in terms of the five-factor model's dimensions?

imaginative - high openness

A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember immediately after having read the poem once. The greatest number of recall errors should occur for lines:

in the middle of the poem.

Based on a large-scale study of tweets, people are generally happiest:

in the morning.

An emotion is described as "high arousal and positive valence." This means that the emotion is experienced as:

intense and pleasant.

Mnemonic strategies facilitate retention by encouraging:

Chunking and elaborative rehearsa

The textbook relates the story of Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor, a Harvard neuroscientist who suffered a stroke. The stroke affected her _____ lobe, a brain region associated with processing emotions, making plans, and controlling impulses.

Frontal

Which choice BEST describes the method used in Masters and Johnson's pioneering sexual response cycle research?

laboratory research

Broad rules of thumb for solving problems are called:

Heuristics

Compared to iconic memory, echoic memory:

lasts longer.

Psychosexual development slows during the _____, which lasts from ages _____.

latency period; 6 to 12

Research has shown that flashbulb memories can be:

Incomplete and Inaccurate

_____ is defined as a sudden understanding of a problem's solution.

Insight

Psychologists define _____ as the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience.

Intelligence

How does short-term memory differ from sensory memory?

Its duration is longer than that of sensory memory.

Which statement BEST expresses the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Language influences thought.

Which hormone is involved in satiety?

leptin

The amygdala is located in the:

limbic system.

Garner is imaginative, curious, and interested in new ideas. Brandy is conventional, down-to-earth, and has limited interests. It is likely that Garner scores high while Brandy scores low on the Big Five dimension of:

openness

Of the Big Five traits, the MOST heritable is _____, whereas the LEAST heritable is _____.

openness; agreeableness

Toni sees herself as creative and intelligent. In Carl Rogers' terms, these attributes are:

part of Toni's self-concept.

Sound is to meaning as ______ is to _____.

phoneme; morpheme

In terms of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the drive theory of motivation is MOST focused on the importance of _____ needs.

physiological

Stress hormones are released by the _____ gland(s).

pituitary

Research suggests that the likelihood that a boy will become a gay man is _____ associated with the number of older brothers he has.

positively

In the James-Lange theory of emotion, physiological responses _____emotional experiences.

precede

Aptitude test is to achievement test as ______ is to ______.

predicting future performance; assessing past performance

When one uses the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, one is making reference to the memory process of:

Retrieval

An "oldie" playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a(n):

Retrieval cue

Omar experienced a dissociative fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of a pet-supplies display in a Boise, Idaho discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, North Carolina. Omar's amnesia is best described as:

Retrograde

Which component of the personality uses defense mechanisms and why?

The ego uses defense mechanisms to prevent excessive anxiety.

Consider the distinction between the set point and the settling point in the text's discussion of hunger, eating, and obesity. Which statement is MOST accurate?

The set point is essentially a physiological concept; the idea of the settling point takes the social and cultural environment into account to a greater extent.

Biology is to culture as _____ is to ______.

sex;gender

The textbook notes that "MRI and fMRI can be used to study sexual arousal during intercourse . . . " In such research, fMRI would use _____ to reveal _____.

strong magnets; brain areas active during sex

Page: 286

subordinate - cola

"Go-fish, games, cards." With reference to the concept hierarchy, this phrase denotes the _____, _____, and _____ levels, respectively.

subordinate; superordinate; basic

Which theories of emotion reflect psychology's cognitive perspective?

the Schachter-Singer theory and Lazarus's appraisal theory

In Freud's view, the _____ mind contains material that is virtually impossible to retrieve, whereas the _____ mind contains material that is outside awareness, but that can be retrieved fairly easily.

unconscious; preconscious

The hierarchy of needs theory of motivation was proposed by:

Abraham Maslow

Triangles are three-sided polygons whose interior angles sum to 180 degrees. Based on this definition, "triangle" is a _____ concept.

Formal

In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological responses _____emotional experiences.

occur simultaneously with

Consider the concepts "game" and "rational number." Which of these is a formal concept?

"Rational number" is a formal concept.

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between the terms "hermaphrodite" and "intersex"?

"Intersex" is a newer term replacing the older term "hermaphrodite."

Obesity is defined as having a BMI of _____ or greater.

30

Individual is to analytic as _____ is to _____.

Adler; Jung

Matt picks up a pamphlet at the university counseling center titled How to Succeed at College Course Work. What kinds of problem-solving strategies are MOST likely offered in this pamphlet?

Algorithms

The study of defense mechanisms is associated not only with Sigmund Freud but also with:

Anna Freud.

_____ amnesia involves an inability to form new memories.

Anterograde

The first intelligence test was devised by:

Binet

_____ rejected the behaviorists' argument that psychologists should focus only on observable behavior.

Both Rotter and Bandura

How do bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder differ?

Bulimia nervosa is associated with purging, whereas binge eating disorder is not.

How do Chinese participants' life memories differ from those of Americans, and why?

Chinese participants' memories more often relate to social and historical events because China is a more collectivist culture.

The ability to construct valuable results in innovative ways is known as:

Creativity

Explicit memory is also called _____ memory.

Declarative

The levels of processing framework proposes that the ease with which information is remembered may be traced to differences in the processing that occur during:

Encoding

Bower et al. (1969) asked some participants to learn hierarchically organized words. Other participants were asked to learn the same words arranged randomly. All participants were later required to recall the words. In this study, the group learning the organized words was the _____ group.

Experimental

Which statement BEST expresses the relationship, if any, between fetishism and paraphilia?

Fetishism is one type of paraphilia.

Suppose someone asks you, "On a scale of 1 to 10, with 1 being 'all nature' and 10 being 'all nurture,' where would you put dementia?" Based on information provided in the text, the BEST answer probably is:

Five

_____ devices are methods for improving memory.

Mnemonic

Preliminary evidence suggests that levels of physical and mental activity are both _____ correlated with the severity of the cognitive decline seen in Alzheimer's disease.

Negatively

Which of these is NOT one of the three general memory processes identified at the beginning of the chapter?

Perception

In Sternberg's terms, _____ intelligence drives one's ability to adjust to different environments.

Practical

Carlos is emotionally unstable, insecure, anxious, and moody. Quinn is disorganized, spontaneous, and impulsive. Johann is quiet, serious, and somewhat timid. Kris is imaginative, independent, and fond of variety. Which of these individuals is correctly matched with his Big Five description?

Quinn - low conscientiousness

"Dog food, coffee, paper towels." Michelle's roommate begins reciting items into the phone as she gets into her car; Michelle is supposed to stop by the store on the way home. The roommate continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps with, "Coffee creamer, spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix." Michelle forgets a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish soap, and iced tea mix are in the bag. Her memory for these items reflects the _____ effect.`

Recency

Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver. Which of the following statements BEST characterizes Alyssa's problem solving?

She is not constrained by functional fixedness.

Based on the textbook's discussion, phonology is the study of:

Speech sounds

The text's discussion of insight suggests that its key characteristic is its:

Suddenness

The levels of processing framework:

Suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than simply repeating the material to oneself.

The hippocampus is located in the _____ lobe.

Temporal

_____ entails sexual arousal as a result of watching unsuspecting people undress or have sex.

Voyeurism

The prominent early psychologist _____ argued that instead of crying because we feel sorry, "we feel sorry because we cry."

William James

Which early psychologist is MOST strongly associated with instinct theory?

William James

The central executive is a component of _____ memory.

Working

The mother's egg carries a(n) _____ chromosome, and the father's sperm carries a(n) _____ chromosome.

X; X or Y

Bacterial is to viral as _____ is to _____.

chlamydia; genital herpes

Rieger and Savin-Williams (2012) measured participants' pupil dilation when they were shown neutral images and sexually explicit images. In this study, pupil dilation is a(n) _____ variable.

dependent

Women are more likely than men to experience problems with sexual:

desire and pain.

Which defense mechanism is correctly matched with its definition?

displacement - an unacceptable feeling is redirected from a threatening individual to a less threatening one.

Anorexia nervosa is found in _____ cultures.

most

A prototype is the:

most representative example of a concept.

The frequency of masturbation is _____ correlated with scores on various satisfaction measures; this _____ with the correlation seen between the frequency of penile-vaginal intercourse and score on satisfaction measures.

negatively; contrasts

Age is _____ correlated with neuroticism scores and ______ correlated with extraversion scores.

negatively; negatively

The question on the midterm in an economics course is "Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late 2008." This question is a _____ test of _____ memory.

recall; explicit

According to Abraham Maslow, a person's highest need is the need for:

self-transcendence.

In Eysenck's theory, an individual who is even-tempered and reliable is MOST likely a(n):

stable introvert.

According to Lazarus, emotions:

stem from the way people interpret their interactions with the environment.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory:

the thalamus sends sensory signals to both the hypothalamus and the cortex.

Dr. Montgomery, a personality theorist, seeks to identify the key dimensions necessary to predict behavior. Dr. Montgomery endorses the _____ perspective on personality.

trait

According to self-determination theory, which is NOT a fundamental need?

transcendence

Casey has always believed that he is a woman trapped in a man's body. He is undergoing hormone treatment and is considering sex reassignment surgery. Casey is BEST described as:

transsexual.

Which problem-solving approach is correctly matched with its definition?

trial and error - solving a problem by making a series of attempts and eliminating unsuccessful ones

Flashbulb memories:

typically concern major, unexpected public or personal events.

Gender _____ is the process by which gender roles are acquired.

typing

Paraphilia is defined as:

uncommon sexual acts.

According to the textbook, "gender roles can be acquired through observational learning." This means that gender roles may be acquired through:

watching others

In a study described in the textbook, male participants sniffed either women's tears or a saline solution. The men then rated the attractiveness of female faces and their own sexual excitement. Researchers also measured the men's testosterone levels and brain activity in regions associated with sexual arousal. Which is NOT a dependent variable in this study?

whether the men sniffed the tears or a saline solution

Freud's preconscious mind is MOST similar to _____ memory.

working