PSYC FINAL EXAM
Bill has dreams he is falling off a cliff, but he always wakes before hitting the bottom. He has developed a fear that if he ever hits the bottom, he will die. What would you tell Bill?
His belief has no substance and is merely a myth.
________________pychologists would be most likely to focus on individual uniqueness, freedom, and potential for growth as a person
Humanistic
Which of the following would be considered the major principle of B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning?
Humans and other animals tend to repeat responses followed by positive outcomes.
Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy, sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickles causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be
a conditioned response.
Erin suffered a brain injury and her neurologist has told her that there is damage to her reticular formation. In this instance, Erin is most likely to experience
a disruption of her sleep and wake cycles.
Both Rogers and Maslow believe that
people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth.
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with assessing individual differences, developing tests, and developing new statistical techniques?
psychometrics
Erik Erikson's developmental stages are organized around potential turning points called
psychosocial tasks/conflicts
The primary difference between punishment and negative reinforcement is that
punishment decreases responding, while negative reinforcement increases responding
Jane, your teenage daughter, was ridiculed at school for wearing a particular style of shirt. Now, she no longer wears that style of shirt to school. Being ridiculed is an example of
punishment.
When an event following a behavior weakens (or stops) an organism's tendency to repeat that behavior it is termed
punishment.
Changes in the size of the _____ help regulate the amount of light entering the inner areas of the eye.
pupil
Which of the following is a characteristic of REM sleep?
rapid eye movements
For the majority of people the right hemisphere is superior on all the following types of tasks EXCEPT
reading.
Hering's opponent-process theory suggests that receptors are linked antagonistically in pairs. His opposed pairs were
red-green; yellow-blue; black-white.
Which is NOT among the goals of psychology?
searching for absolute truths about behavior
________________ is one one the major assumptions of science.
"Events are governed by some lawful order"
The accuracy of your prediction depends on the size of the correlation coefficient. Which of the following correlation coefficients would allow you to predict with the greatest accuracy?
-.65
Let's assume that the data from a recent study indicate that there is a strong relationship between test scores and amount of time spent watching television. Students who watch more television tend to perform worse on tests. Which of the following BEST represents the relationship just described?
-.83
Strict behaviorists would be MOST likely to agree with which one of the following statements?
Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors.
Which one of the following is a partial explanation of the cause of the symptoms of Parkinson's disease?
Impaired production and utilization of dopamine in the brain.
All of the following statements about culture and dreams are true EXCEPT:
In Western cultures, most people think dreams are significant and meaningful communications from the unconscious.
After suffering trauma to his brain, Jack experienced profound alterations in his personality. Prior to his accident he was a prudent, responsible employee. Afterwards, he was childlike in mental capacity, impulsive and unable to control his emotions. Jack's injuries were most likely located in the ___________________ area of the brain.
Prefrontal cortex
Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the STRONGEST relationship between the two variables being measured is
-0.67
Zhenghan notices a strong correlation between whether a person is a freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior in college and the number of credit hours that a student has registered for. As students' years in college increase, they tend to register for fewer credit hours. Based on this information, the correlation coefficient between years in college and number of credit hours is closest to:
-0.70
Of the following correlation coefficients, the one that would allow the MOST accurate predictions of one variable based on the other variable would be
-0.79.
Of the following, the correlation coefficient that indicates the STRONGEST relationship between the two variables being measured is
-0.89
Extinction of a conditioned response in classical conditioning occurs when the
CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS.
Which of the following psychologists is/are considered a humanistic psychologist?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
The idea that dreams are times when people can think creatively about what is going on in their lives and then use that information later when awake is consistent with _____ view of dreams.
Cartwright's
Which of the following statements regarding the role of context in memory is MOST accurate?
Context cues often facilitate the retrieval of information.
Which of the following DOES NOT explain the recent increased interest in research dealing with "cultural" variables in psychology?
Psychology's history of dehumanizing various racial groups
Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific need for
REM and slow-wave sleep.
"Alice got out of bed and began making a sandwich during REM sleep, probably because she was dreaming about making lunch." What is WRONG with this statement?
Research shows that our large muscles are paralyzed in REM sleep.
__________ occurs when new information impairs the retention of previously learned information.
Retroactive interference
____________is the level of processing that should result in the longest lasting memory codes.
Semantic encoding
The notion of "day residue" as the basis for dream content was first proposed by
Sigmund Freud.
All of the following are theories about why we sleep EXCEPT:
Sleep allows brain activity to stop.
Of the following, which is NOT one of the hypotheses put forward regarding the adaptive value of sleep?
Sleep is adaptive because it provides the opportunity to consolidate memories and engage in creative problem-solving
Which of the following statements regarding differences in IQ is NOT supported by research findings?
The average difference in IQ between minority groups and whites is largely a function of genetic factors.
Which of the following statements best reflects the current view of the repressed memories controversy?
We should be extremely careful about accepting recovered memories of abuse in the absence of convincing corroboration.
This psychologist is well known for being the first person to establish a psychology laboratory. He did so in Leipzig, Germany, in the late 19th century.
Wundt
Light, the stimulus for vision, is
a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Dr. Licciardi predicts that if people are observed while they perform a complex task they will make more errors. Dr. Licciardi's prediction is an example of
a hypothesis.
Your younger daughter watches your older daughter wash the breakfast dishes. Later, your younger daughter attempts to wash some dishes. According to principles of observational learning, the older daughter has acted as a negative reinforcer
a model
Your younger son watches your older son earn $5 by washing the family car. Later, your younger son attempts to wash the car. According to principles of observational learning, the older son has acted as____________ for your younger son's "car washing" behavior.
a model
Professor Davis believes that nearly all psychological disorders can ultimately be traced to abnormalities in brain chemistry. Professor Davis' beliefs are MOST consistent with the _____ perspective.
biological
Leticia is a prima ballerina with a New York ballet company. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Leticia is likely to score high in which of the following?
bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the formation of our perceptions. This is a case of
bottom-up processing
Vanessa describes a new melody that she heard at a concert by telling you each of the individual notes, in the order that they were played. In providing this type of description, it appears that Vanessa processed the melody using
bottom-up processing
Differences in the amplitude of light waves lead to perceived differences in
brightness
If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in
brightness
Cindy, who is at the "preconventional level," of moral development, is likely to decide if things are right or wrong on the basis of whether they
bring punishment or reward
The principal advantage of descriptive/correlational research methods is they
can examine research questions that because of practical and ethical reasons cannot be studied with other methods.
Dr. Smith is conducting research to describe the types of mental abilities a man who experiences visual sensations while hearing sounds has. Which research method should she use?
case study
While Kimberly was hypnotized she vividly recalled the events of her first birthday party. However, when the events she described were compared with an actual video from her birthday party, most of the things she described did not actually happen. Kimberly's inaccuracy in recall lends support to the view that hypnosis
causes people to act out a role.
The ____ nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
central
The two most basic divisions of the nervous system are the
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
Debbie, a 6 year old, tends to be able to focus on just one feature of problems and often neglects other important aspects of them. This cognitive limitation is referred to as
centration
After drinking large quantities of alcohol, Jeremy had problems walking and picking up the quarter he dropped. The alcohol is affecting Jeremy's
cerebellum
A gunshot wound in the back of the head would cause the victim to be permanently unable to maintain bodily coordination. The part of the brain that would be damaged is the
cerebellum.
Insomnia is a disorder that involves
chronic difficulties in falling and/or remaining asleep.
A major beer producer has developed a series of television commercials that show its product OSudsieO being enjoyed by attractive people at a beach party. The company hopes that pairing the beer with these images will condition good feelings about their product. This particular beer maker is attempting to use
classical conditioning in its advertising campaign
Becky has an intense fear of dogs. Her fear dates back to when as a young child she was attacked and bitten by a stray dog as she walked down the street. Her dog phobia developed as a result of
classical conditioning.
A psychological perspective that emerged in the 1950s and 1960s, which reflected a renewed interest in the study of the mind or consciousness that existed in psychology when it first became a science in the late 1800s is the _____ perspective.
cognitive
Decision-making, reasoning, problem-solving, and language are topics MOST likely to be studied by _____ psychologists.
cognitive
Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events?
cognitive psychology
Sleep deprivation negatively impact performance on _____ and _____ tasks.
cognitive, motor
If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the wavelength of light, we would not be able to perceive differences in
color.
A nine-year-old child would be likely to be in the __________ stage of development according to Piaget, and the __________ stage of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg.
concrete operations; conventional
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that is originally neutral (NS) becomes the____________during acquisition.
conditioned stimulus
In the case study method the researcher
conducts an in-depth investigation of an individual participant.
While _____ are the receptor cells for color vision, _____ allow us to see in dim light.
cones; rods
Sleep laboratories typically have all of the following EXCEPT: Correct!
digestive gases measure (DGM)
Structuralism is the historical school of psychology that asserted that the purpose of psychology was to
discover the smaller elements that comprise consciousness.
The ____ is a research strategy that minimizes the potential methodological problems associated with the placebo effect and experimenter bias.
double-blind procedure
The experimental procedure in which both the experimenter and subject are unaware of who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group is referred to as the
double-blind procedure.
When Tessa's mother hides her favorite toy behind her back, Tessa acts as if it no longer exists, and she makes no attempt to look for it. Based on this information, you can infer that Tessa is in the
early sensorimotor period of cognitive development
Bonnie has a disease that disrupts the functioning of her hypothalamus. With which of the following areas of functioning is she likely to have serious difficulty with?
eating, drinking, and sexual motivation
An electroencephalograph is a device that measures
electrical activity of the brain
The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is
encoding storage retrieval
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
ending a televsion restriction when a child does his homework
A family of chemicals produced in the body that resemble opiates are the
endorphins
Memory of "chronological" and "dated" personal experiences is referred to as
episodic memory
The scientific approach assumes that
events are governed by some lawful order
Currently a large proportion of the American population is overweight. Dr. Blake thinks that, in part, this may be due to an innate preference for foods that are rich in fats and sugars. Dr. Blake suggested that in times when foods were not so readily available, this innate preference would ensure enough calories for energy and survival. Dr. Blake's views are most consistent with those of the
evolutionary perspective in psychology
A psychologist who asserts that emotions developed because they helped our ancestors survive would probably be considered a(n):
evolutionary psychologist.
Which perspective emphasizes the adaptive (survival or reproductive) value of behavior?
evolutionary psychology
Descriptive/correlational research methods allow researchers to
examine whether there is a link or association between variables being studied.
Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that Larry is most interested in
how people relate to each other and influence each other
Mary is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that Mary is most interested in
how people relate to each other and influence each other
The theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, is
humanism.
In carrying out the "fight or flight" response, the role of supervisor is assigned to the
hypothalamus.
Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience
impaired attention, motor coordination, and decision-making.
As correlation coefficients ____ the ability to predict one variable based on knowledge of the second variable increases.
increase in strength
According to Skinner, a stimulus is a reinforcer if it
increases the probability of the response that produced it
A psychologist who works on trying to increase job satisfaction and productivity in a large company would MOST likely have received training in _____ psychology.
industrial and organizational
Seth is working with the Illinois state police to help them determine what kind of skills and education produce the best on-the-job performance. Seth is most likely a(n) __________ psychologist.
industrial/organizational
Which of the following is NOT a major area of specialization in research psychology?
industrial/organizational
Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri is suffering from
insomnia
Looking back on her long life, Stacy feels good about herself and her accomplishments and swears that she would do it again the same way if given the opportunity. According to Erikson's theory, Stacy is at the stage of
integrity versus despair
After three years of dating Sarah (22 years old) and Steven (24 years old) are tentatively considering marriage. According to Erickson, they are most likely experiencing the psychosocial crisis known as _____________.
intimacy versus isolation
Both Wundt and Titchener made extensive use of this experimental technique. It was used to allow an individual to break down the elements of perceptual experience.
introspection
The theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject
is in a normal state but acts out the role of a hypnotized person
The role-playing theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject
is in a normal state but acts out the role of a hypnotized person.
Procedural memory is:
is memory for actions, skills, and operations
Extinction of an operantly conditioned response occurs when the response
is no longer followed by reinforcement.
Recent evidence on the effects of sleep deprivation suggests all of the following EXCEPT that loss of sleep
is not as detrimental as was once thought.
Peter is conducting a survey asking how often students use the Internet and the average number of hours they sleep. He found a negative correlation between these two variables.. According to your text, Peter can conclude that when students go use the Internet frequently, this:
is related to students sleeping less.
The __________ is most likely to be in control of bodily processes during periods of rest and recovery for the body.
parasympathetic nervous system
While the ____ nervous system is associated with conserving bodily resources, the ____ nervous system mobilizes the body's resources for emergencies.
parasympathetic; sympathetic
The lobe of the brain with primary responsibility for processing bodily sensations is the
parietal lobe.
Which of the following statements about culture and dreams is LEAST accurate?
people in Western societies tend to vividly recall around 100% their dreams
A perceptual set implies that
people often see what they expect to see
Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems, which he called
psychoanalysis.
Which field of psychology studies attitude change and group behavior?
social psychology
When Debbie twisted her ankle while running, her__________________transmitted information from specialized receptors in her ankle joint to the central nervous system, which then sent information back out to her other muscles to keep her from falling.
somatic nervous system
One of the disadvantages of the experimental method is
some experiments can't be done for practical or ethical reasons
Compared to fixed schedules of reinforcement, you should expect that variable reinforcement schedules will tend to produce
steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction
When Amy stepped on a sharp nail she felt pain. For her to feel pain, there must have been sufficient___________________ of a neuron to create _________________, which is the first step in neural communication.
stimulation; an action potential
When Lindsay was nine a chihuahua bit her. At 18, Lindsay is still terrified of chihuahuas, but she likes all other dogs. Lindsay's fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of
stimulus discrimination
When Lindsay was nine years old, the neighbor"s chihuahua bit her on the ankle. Today Lindsay is still terrified of chihuahuas, but she likes almost all other types of dogs. Lindsay"s fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of
stimulus discrimination
When Denise was five years old, she became terrified when the neighbor's dog (a golden retriever) kept jumping on her. Today, she is afraid of all dogs. Denise's fear of dogs illustrates the classical conditioning process of
stimulus generalization
Jessica had no prior fear of flying. But since she has seen all the TV reports and headlines about a recent plane crash, she has decided she will never fly again because she thinks there's a good chance the plane will crash. In this case, Jessica's decision to stop flying may have been influenced by
the availability heuristic
The phenomenon of size constancy implies that
two objects may be perceived as being the same size even though they produce different size retinal images.
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the
unconditioned stimulus
Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect that Ramon is most interested in
understanding mental processes such as memory and learning.
A test is considered _____________ when it accurately measures what it was designed to measure,
valid
When Beth goes with her Dad to the grocery store, she always asks him to buy chocolate ice cream. Sometimes she'll have to wait a week, sometimes a month, sometimes only a day between visits for him to purchase the ice cream for her. Beth's asking for chocolate ice cream is being reinforced on a _____ schedule.
variable interval
If you wanted a rat in a Skinner Box to respond with both a high and steady rate of responding, you should use which type of schedule of reinforcement?
variable ratio
Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called
variables.
According to your text, the left brain has shown a greater performance ratio for _________.
visual tasks: letter recognition
With respect to perception, at the most basic level, red light, green light, and blue light differ in
wavelength.
The close, emotional bond of affection between an infant and its caregiver is called
attachment
Studies indicate that sleep deprivation can impair which of the following?
attention, reaction time, and immune system
Psychology is the science that studies ________ and the processes that underlie it.
behavior
Although functionalism faded away as a theoretical force in psychology, historians credit it with two important contributions to the discipline that include the development of
behaviorism and applied psychology.
The role of the lens in the eye is to
bend entering light rays and focus them onto the retina.
The lens in the eye
bends entering light rays and focuses them onto the retina
Pete is listening as his roommate lists 17 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. According to George Miller's work on the limitations of short-term memory, if Pete doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is MOST likely to remember
between 5 and 9 items from the list
Depth perception cues that result because of the differing views of the two eyes are
binocular depth cues
From among the below, which is a depth cue that relies on both eyes?
binocular disparity
A disease marked by sudden and irresistible onset of sleep during normal waking hours is
narcolepsy.
The area of the eye where acuity is greatest is
fovea.
The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is
beta.
The primary visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobes
A three-year-old boy observes his father yelling at his mother every time she says something the father doesn"t like. Based on principles of observational learning, in the future whenever the mother says something to the boy that he does not like, the boy is most likely to do which of the following?
yell at his mother
Of the following correlation coefficients, the one that would yield the LEAST accurate predictions of one variable based on the other variable would be
0.00
The "birth" of psychology as a science occurred in ____ when ____.
1879; Wundt established the first laboratory for psychological research
Circadian rhythms are biological cycles that are
24 hours in length.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine?
A lack of dopamine leads to disturbances in motor functioning.
_____________involves persistant use of the same unsucccessful problem-solving strategy time after time.
A mental set
Which of the following is an expression of the nurture side of the nature versus nurture argument?
An intellectually stimulating environment can lead to noticeable increases in the IQs of disadvantaged children.
__________ receive information from other neurons; __________ transmit information to other neurons.
Dendrites; axons
_____ psychologists are concerned with changes in behavior throughout the life span.
Developmental
Dr. Smith believes that in order to fully understand a conscious experience it is necessary to break the experience down into its separate component parts. Dr. Smith's views are most consistent with those of
Edward Titchener
___________________ occurs when researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of their studies.
Experimenter bias
____________suggests that hypnosis is associated with divided consciousness and is an altered state of consciousness.
Hilgard's dissociation theory
All of the following are true regarding infants and sleep EXCEPT:
Infants do not have REM stage sleep.
Mike trained his dog to "shake" using a fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement. Jake trained his dog to shake using a variable-ratio schedule.. Nikki trained her dog to shake on a fixed-ratio schedule. From which dog do you expect steadier response rates and greater resistance to extinction?
Jake's
Pavlov's work on the conditioned response was influential to which of the following behaviorists, referred to as "the father of modern behaviorism"?
John Watson
Behaviorism was founded by
John Watson.
Which procedure results in a high-quality three-dimensional picture of the brain?
MRI scan
Three-month-old Wade and 15-month-old Macy are left with a babysitter while their mother runs a few errands. According to the research on separation anxiety, it is MOST likely that
Macy will show more distress than Wade when she realizes that her mother has gone
Three students took a memory test. Twenty nouns were shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Melinda tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence, according to their meaning. Mary spelled out each word as it appeared on the monitor. Bailey made up rhymes for each word. Based on Craik and Lockhart's levels-of-processing theory, who should have better recall of the words?
Melinda
________ is the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
Perception
Ricardo just came back from seeing a neurologist. Ricardo tells you that he will be having a test in which images of his brain will be recorded after radioactive chemicals have been injected into his bloodstream. However, Ricardo can"t remember the actual name of the test. It appears that his neurologist is planning
a positron emission tomography (PET) scan
A conditioned stimulus is
a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response.
Laura answered a series of written questions that asked about her attitudes and opinions on a number of current issues. The method of data collection that was being used in this case was
a questionnaire
Research on errors in memory suggests that memory is best viewed as
a reconstruction of events
An event following a response which increases an organism's tendency to repeat that response is referred to as
a reinforcer
The ______________ is a tiny electrical charge that exists when a neuron is neither receiving nor sending information
a resting potential
Nodes representing concepts joined together by pathways that link related concepts is referred to as
a semantic network
Matthew often wakes up and wanders around the house in his sleep, usually during the first three hours of the night or so. He is MOST likely
a somnambulist.
Research concerning the content of dreams has shown that MOST dreams are
about relatively normal activities.
Robert Sternberg's primary criticim of modern IQ tests is that they tend to focus narrowly on______________ types of intelligence.
academic/verbal (conventional)
The process in which the lens adjusts its shape depending on the distance between the eye and the object viewed in order to project a clear image onto the retina is
accommodation.
Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the activation of motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles?
acetylcholine
The______________ theory of dreaming suggests dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense out of bursts of general firing from lower brain centers.
activation-synthesis
Handyman Bob just hit his thumb with a hammer; the sensation will be transmitted to the central nervous system by ____ nerve fibers.
afferent
Which of the following are disadvantages of the experimental research method?
all of the above
An inherited characteristic that increased in a population (through natural selection) because it helped solve a problem of survival or reproduction during the time it emerged describes
an adaptation.
Logan has a dream in which he is taken captive by a band of talking cats who force him to solve complex algebra problems for them. According to Rosalind Cartwright's cognitive theory of dreaming, the images in Logan's dream represent
an attempt to work through problems he is currently experiencing in his life.
An action potential is
an electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron
Stimulus generalization occurs when
an organism responds to new stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus
If a psychologist hopes that his research will help to solve some practical problem, his hope reflects which goal of science?
application and control
The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems is called ________ psychology.
applied
Emma has multiple sclerosis. If you could view her nervous system you would find
areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated.
According to most experts in the area of intelligence, the heritability of intelligence is
around 50 percent
The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning those stimuli, comprise your
consciousness.
The hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep that has the strongest support suggests that sleep evolved to help individuals
conserve energy.
When a researcher reinforces every instance of a designated response, it is referred to as
continuous reinforcement.
The correct sequence of eye structures that light passes through en route to the retina is
cornea, pupil, lens.
Light first enters the eye through a transparent structure on the surface of the eye called the
cornea.
Increased interest in _______________has been brought about by advances in communication, international travel and increased global interdependence.
cultural determinants of behavior
Conducting a post-study__________is one of the basic ethical standards for the treatment of human research participants.
debriefing
Critics of deception argue all of the following except
deception deals with the problem of placebo effects.
Parkinson"s disease appears to be a function of
degeneration of neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter
Information is received by a neuron through the ____ and is transmitted towards other neurons through the ____.
dendrites; axon
Abnormalities at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses appear to play a role in which of the following?
depression
Abnormalities at norepinephrine and serotonin synapses appear to play a role in which one of the following disorders?
depression
A psychologist who specializes in psychometrics would most likely be concerned with which of the following?
developing tests
Keanu insists he never dreams; he is convinced of this because he has never recalled a single dream. But if Keanu were tested in a sleep lab it is likely that he would
experience REM sleep, and he would probably report a dream if he was awakened from REM sleep
Dr. Vasquez studied the effects of sleep deprivation on physical coordination. Half of the participants in his study did not sleep for 48 hours while the other half got a normal amount of sleep. At the end of 48 hours, participants completed a series of coordination tasks. This is an example of a(n) __________ study.
experimental
The ____________ is the only method that can be used to infer a cause-and-effect relationship.
experimental research method
The ability to infer a cause-and-effect relationship is associated only with the
experimental research method.
Studies where variables are manipulated are considered __________. Studies where the relation between scores on two (or more) variables is observed is _________.
experimental, correlational
The area of research specialization in psychology that studies many of the traditional topics in psychology (such as sensation, learning, and motivation) is
experimental.
The fact that many times researchers unintentionally influence the outcome of their studies implies the existence of
experimenter bias
Bart used to go to his health club every day after work because he almost always saw Abigail there. For two full weeks Abigail wasn't at the club when Bart went there for his workout, and now Bart has stopped going to his health club. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of
extinction
Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to
fear the dentist.
Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of stimuli are called
feature detectors
_____________ are cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of stimuli.
feature detectors
A clinical psychologist would probably be most interested in
figuring out the most effective ways of treating anxiety
Immediately after being reinforced, a rat on which schedule of reinforcement would show the longest pause before its next response?
fixed interval
Elaine takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls off right after a test, followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. Her studying conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on
fixed-interval schedules
Marie works in a dress factory where she earns $10 for each three dresses she hems. Marie is paid on a
fixed-ratio schedule
Russ works in a toy factory where he earns $5 for each ten toys he assembles. Russ is paid on a
fixed-ratio schedule
Psychoanalytic theory attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by
focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior.
According to Sigmund Freud, an individual"s personality is largely determined by
forces in the unconscious
Sigmund Freud suggested that an individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are mostly determined by
forces in the unconscious
A person typically has _____ sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep.
four
People who suffer damage to the __________ often show deficits in attention, planning, and getting organized.
frontal lobe (prefrontal cortex)
You have a nail and a sign that you want to put on a wooden post. You are upset because you don't have a hammer to pound the nail and cannot do the job. Your inability to perceive the rock on the ground next to the post as a makeshift hammer shows that you are unable to overcome __________.
functional fixedness
The _____ believed that consciousness developed in humans because it serves a useful purpose.
functionalists
Donald and Ronald are identical twins who have been raised apart, in separate adoptive homes. However, both brothers have developed the same psychological disorder. This information could be used as evidence to suggest that
genetic factors have more influence than environmental factors in this disorder
Stan has been wearing red goggles for the past 30 minutes. Based on the opponent-process theory of color vision, when he takes off the red goggles he should expect that objects will temporarily appear to be
green
Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the printout from the EEG, delta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude that Rebecca
has just entered stage 3 sleep.
The fact that a child's inherited temperament elicits different reactions from each parent, depending on the parents' personalities and expectations, illustrates which of the following ideas:
heredity and environment interact to affect development
A tentative answer to the heredity versus environment question with respect to intelligence is that
heredity may set certain limits on intelligence, and environmental factors determine where we fall within those limits
Sam watched as a researcher placed three quarters and five pennies on a table. The researcher asked him if there were more pennies or more coins, and Sam correctly answered that there were more coins. Sam's answer indicates that he has mastered
hierarchical classification problems
Which of the following statements is NOT correct concerning the correlation coefficient?
high values indicate that the two variables have a cause-and-effect relationship
Preschool children who had secure attachments during infancy tend to display all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
higher levels of moral reasoning
Six-year-old Daniel is afraid of swimming pools because he went in the "deep end" of the pool once and nearly drowned. Last week he went to a park where there was a large pond. Now he is also afraid to go to the park, even though there were no swimming pools. Daniel's fear of the park illustrates the classical conditioning process of
higher-order conditioning
Six-year-old Kristen is afraid of balloons because a balloon once popped in her face while she was holding it. Last week she went to the circus and there was a clown holding a huge assortment of helium balloons. Now she is also afraid of clowns, even though none of the balloons the clown was holding popped. Kristen"s fear of clowns illustrates the classical conditioning process of
higher-order conditioning
Ken has been conditioned to be afraid of snow. For a number of weeks during November and December snow is repeatedly presented with Santa Claus; now Ken is also fearful of Santa Claus. This example illustrates the classical conditioning process of
higher-order conditioning.
The severe memory impairment that occurs in Alzheimer's disease is associated with which of the following areas of the brain?
hippocampal region
Brice is currently 20 years old. When he was 10 years old, he took the WISC and was told that his score was 100. If he retakes the intelligence test now (WAIS), he would likely discover that his current IQ score
is similar to his previous score of 100
Consider the following relationship: you discover that the more money people make, the greater their happiness. Which of the following conclusions is most correct?
it cannot be concluded that money causes people to be happy
A disadvantage or limitation of the experimental research method is
it cannot be used to study some research questions for practical or ethical reasons.
REM sleep is sometimes referred to as "parodoxical sleep" because
it is a deep sleep, but the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual.
A researcher plans to study the relationship between people's smoking behavior and their tendency to have minor physical illnesses (such as colds or the flu). Most likely he will use correlational research for the study because
it is not practical or ethical to manipulate people's smoking behavior.
The main advantage associated with the experimental method is
its precise control
One the advantages of the experimental method is
its precise control over variables
People having difficulty with language and speech following an accident that resulted in injury to the brain are most likely to have sustained damage in the
left cerebral hemisphere
Persons having difficulty with language and speech following an accident that resulted in injury to the brain are MOST likely to have sustained damage in the
left cerebral hemisphere.
REM periods of sleep tend to _____ as the night goes on.
lengthen
The so-called "seat of emotion" is to be found in the
limbic system.
Timothy was painting a picture of a jet on a runway; however, in his painting the sides of the runway are parallel to each other. Timothy's picture will seem to lack depth because he has failed to make use of the monocular depth cue of
linear perspective.
A massive stroke that damages which of the following brain structures is MOST likely to be fatal since the structure regulates breathing and circulation?
medulla
Benji has been in a coma since his skiing accident. He is on a respirator because he is unable to breathe and his heart will not beat without assistance. The accident likely caused damage to Benji's
medulla
Regulation of basic bodily functions, such as heart rate and breathing, is largely the role of the _______________, which is a region located in the______________.
medulla; hindbrain
Deterioration of a structure in the ____ that contains dopamine-releasing neurons is involved in Parkinson's disease.
midbrain
Artists use _____ cues to create a perception of depth on a two-dimensional surface.
monocular
Painters use_____________in order to create the illusion of three-dimensional reality on a two-dimensional canvas.
monocular depth cues
With respect to the repressed memories controversy, the "represssion" of a traumatic memory was described by Freud as being a type of
motivated forgetting.
Insulation is to hot water pipes as the ______ is to an axon
myelin sheath
Valerie has episodes in which she experiences a sudden and irresistible urge to sleep during normal waking periods. Valerie MOST likely suffers from
narcolepsy
Dr. Xiong thinks that people who drive red cars often violate the rules of the road. He sets up a hidden camera at a four-way stop sign to see what cars fail to make complete stops.Dr. Xiong's research is an example of a(n) __________type of study.
naturalistic observation
When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus it is called
negative reinforcement.
As the number of bystanders at an car accident decreases, people are more likely to help someone who is injured. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are
negatively correlated
As Cindy ate more popcorn her interest in candy decreased, but as she ate more popcorn her interest in soda increased. Cindy's interest in candy is ________ correlated with her interest in popcorn, while her interest in soda is _________ correlated.
negatively; positively
The cells of the nervous system that do the work of receiving, integrating, and transmitting information are the
neurons
Seven-year-old Samantha suffered trauma to the language centers in the left hemisphere of her brain as a result of a bicycle accident. Although she did have some language deficits after the trauma, she eventually was able to recover much of what she'd lost because new growth in non-affected areas brain made up for the damage. This ability to recover from brain trauma in this fashion is an example of______________________.
neuroplasticity
The chemicals that are secreted from the terminal buttons into the synapse are
neurotransmitters.
Petra looked directly into a very bright light and damaged her retina. The ophthalmologist has told her that she has sustained massive damage to her cones, but for the most part her rods have not been affected. One change that you could predict for Petra's vision is that she will now have
no color vision.
Skinner believed that reinforcement was necessary for an operant behavior to be acquired. Observational learning, however, demonstrates that a behavior can also be acquired as a result of
observing another individual's behavior and the reinforcement of his behavior.
After having your picture taken with a blue flash, you momentarily see yellow spots floating before your eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by
opponent process theory
After having your picture taken with a yellow flash, you momentarily see blue spots floating before your eyes. This phenomenon is best explained by
opponent process theory
Which theory of color vision states that color perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colors?
opponent process theory
The blind spot in the eye is
optic nerve
Perceptual constancy refers to
our perception of objects remaining stable despite the fact that sensory information changes.
When you look at a door from an angle, you interpret the trapezoidal shape projected on your retina as a rectangular door. In this case the_______________ you've formed is accurate.
perceptual hypothesis
You may interpret the trapezoid shape projected on your retina as a rectangular book, in which case you are formulating a
perceptual hypothesis.
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are the two major dividsions of the
peripheral nervous system
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system comprise the
peripheral nervous system
Compared to the other scientific research methods, the principal advantage of the experimental method is it
permits conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.
Freud concluded that psychological disturbances are largely caused by
personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level.
Which of the following is NOT a major area of specialization of applied psychology?
personality psychology
Which of the following areas of research in psychology is concerned with understanding the role of neurotransmitters in the regulation of behavior?
physiological psychology
If a patient has severe damage to the prefrontal cortex, you would predict that he might also have difficulty
planning, paying attention, and getting organized.
Both _____ increase the probability that a response will be repeated.
positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
A student who studies in order to earn high grades is working for _____; a student who studies in order to avoid low grades is working for _____.
positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
Dr. Samson predicts that people who feel crowded will act more aggressively than they will when they feel less crowded. This suggests that Dr. Samosn believes that feeling crowded and level of aggression are
positively correlated
The technique in which radioactively tagged chemicals are introduced into the brain and then equipment monitors where the chemicals appear in the brain is
positron emission tomography (PET scan).
Your friend James tells you that his neurologist has recommended that he have a test in which images of his brain will be recorded. James is concerned because the test requires radioactive chemicals to be injected into his bloodstream. It appears that James' neurologist is planning to use
positron emission tomography (PET)
Jake objects to war because he's convinced it is wrong under any circumstances, a postiion that reflects his personal code of ethics. What level of moral development is Jake lilely to be at?
postconventional
Reinforcers that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs are called
primary reinforcers.
Cartwright theorized that dreams
provide a practical approach to problem-solving
After being deprived of REM sleep for several days, when first allowed uninterrupted sleep people tend to spend additional time in REM sleep. This increase in REM sleep is called the
rebound effect.
The function of dendrites is to________________ information from neighboring neurons, whereas the function of an axon is to _________________ information.
receive; transmit
Eric has been wearing green welding goggles for the past 30 minutes. Based on the opponent-process theory of color vision, when Eric takes off the green goggles he should expect that objects will temporarily appear to be
red
Hering's opponent-process theory suggests that receptors are linked antagonistically in pairs. His opposed pairs were
red-green; yellow-blue; black-white
According to Darwin's theory of evolution, which of the following is the key factor in evolutionary change?
reproductive success (fitness), or lack of it
The structure of the eye that absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain is the
retina.
The difference in the visual image of an object projected to each eye provides an important cue for depth that is referred to as
retinal (binocular) disparity.
Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on _____, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on _____.
rod cells; cone cells
Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on __________, while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on __________.
rod cells; cone cells
An animal species normally active at night (or nocturnal) would be expected to have a visual system that consists primarily of
rods.
Primary reinforcers __________, while secondary reinforcers __________.
satisfy biological needs; depend on learning
The purity of light corresponds to the perception of
saturation
A___________ is an organized cluster of knowledge based on experience.
schema
Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips which could be eaten. The coins served as a
secondary reinforcer.
When under the influence of a "perceptual set," people often
see what they expect to see.
If the occipital lobe of the brain is stimulated a person would be MOST likely to report
seeing a flash of light.
Your psychology professor asks you for the name of the individual who started the behavioral approach to the study of psychology. To answer this question correctly, you need to rely on your
semantic memory
Jane has autistic disorder and she was mute. A therapist working with her initially gave her a cookie any time she made a sound with her lips. This slowly changed until Jane only received a cookie for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example, the therapist used_________to develop Jane's speech skills.
shaping
Nicolas has autistic disorder and he was mute. A therapist working with Nicolas initially gave him a piece of chocolate any time he made a sound with his lips. This slowly changed until Nicolas only received a piece of chocolate for saying complete words, and eventually only for saying complete sentences. In this example, Nicolas developed speech skills through the use of
shaping
Reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior is called
shaping.
Jasmin takes her 1-year-old son, Randy, to visit a day-care center where she plans to enroll him. Randy eagerly explores the playroom, and when his mom leaves the room to fill out some forms he shows no signs of concern. When Jasmin returns, he shows little interest and continues to play with the toys he has collected. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who
share an avoidant attachment relationship
Jose is wearing a blue shirt, and Evan is wearing a red shirt. In this case, Jose"s shirt is reflecting
shorter light waves than Evan"s shirt
Stella is wearing a red dress and Evan is wearing a blue shirt. In this case, Evan's shirt is reflecting
shorter light waves than Stella's dress.
At what age will an infant will typically first exhibit separation anxiety?
six to eight months
Martin wakes up hundreds of times each night gasping for air. He suffers from
sleep apnea.
Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep?
sleep supports creative problem solving
The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense out of bursts of general firing from lower brain centers is the core of
the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.
When Diana was three years old, she became terrified when the neighbor"s budgie bird kept flying near her head. Today she is afraid of all birds, including robins, pigeons, and blue jays. Diana"s fear illustrates the classical conditioning process of
stimulus generalization
An animal will give a conditioned response to a stimulus that has never been associated with the presentation of the original UCS in both
stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning.
Watson's famous "Little Albert" experiment demonstrated both classical conditioning and
stimulus generalization.
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
stopping nagging a child when he finally cleans his room
In a discussion with your professor, she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor's idea MOST indicative of?
structuralism
Historically speaking, the first two major perspectives in the new science of psychology were
structuralism and functionalism
The school of psychology that states "the task of psychology is to analyze conscious experience into its basic elements" is
structuralism.
Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to objectively report on his own sensations, which is similar to how the __________ investigated consciousness...
structuralists
James believed that psychology should
study the function or purpose of consciousness.
Which of the following terms perhaps best describes human perception?
subjective
The __________ nervous system mobilizes the body when one needs to exert tremendous energy (such as flee from an attacker).
sympathetic
The space between a terminal button and a dendrite is referred to as the
synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters are stored in
synaptic vesicles.
An experimenter tests the hypothesis that caffeine improves student's performance on tests. Subjects in the experimental group drank three cups of coffee and then took a test on Monday or Tuesday. Subjects in the control group drank only water prior to the test, which occurred on Wednesday and Thursday. What is the dependent variable?
test performance
Perhaps the greatest advantage associated with descriptive research methods is
the ability to explore questions that cannot be examined using experimental procedures.
The central nervous system consists of
the brain and spinal cord.
A group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room with red decorations than in a room that is decorated blue. Half the participants in this study ate in a red decorated room and half ate in a blue decorated room. The researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study, the independent variable was
the color of the decorations in the room.
Freud called the contents of our waking life that spill into our dreams
the day residue.
A psychologist who specializes in psychometrics is MOST likely to be interested in
the development of psychological tests to measure intelligence or personality traits.
When Skyler was first training his dog, Smooches, to heel he would give Smooches a treat when she stayed close during walks. Now Smooches stays right by Skyler"s side, even when she is not on her leash. In this case,
the dog treats were positive reinforcers for staying close
Current thinking on the topic suggests that ethnic differences in IQ are MOST likely attributable to which of the following?
the economic and other disadvantages associated with a lower-class upbringing
Perhaps the greatest disadvantage or limitation associated with descriptive/correlational research methods is
the inability to control events and isolate cause and effect linkages
Marie is a graduate student whose major area of interest is personality psychology. You should expect that Marie is most interested in
the internal factors that lead people to act consistently across a variety of situations
Susan is a psychologist whose major area of interest is personality psychology. You should expect that she is most interested in studying
the internal factors that lead people to act consistently over time and across a variety of situations
A correlation coefficient of zero describes
the lack of a relationship between two variables.
Susan witnessed an automobile accident and heard one of the bystanders casually mention that the driver was probably drunk. Even though the driver had not been drinking, and had never crossed the center line, Susan tells the police officer who is investigating the accident that the car had been "weaving all over the road." Susan's faulty recall illustrates
the misinformation effect
A group of researchers is investigating the effects of vitamin B on memory. During the first part of the study, one groups of lab rats learns to run a maze while they are not receiving the vitamin; in the second part of the study another group of animals learns to runs the maze while they are receiving the vitamin. In each case the researchers count how many trials it takes before the animals can run the maze pattern without making any errors. In this study, the independent variable is
the presence or absence of vitamin B in the animal's diet
Our perception of the richness, or saturation of a color is affected mainly by
the purity of light waves.
Richard has been watching his new neighbor for a week. She drives an SUV, carries a cell phone and wears nothing but sweat pants. Richard decides his new neighbor must be a "soccer mom." In this case, Richard seems to have formed an opinion about his new neighbor based on
the representativeness heuristic
What is the major disadvantage of the case study method?
the results are highly subjective
In classical conditioning, spontaneous recovery refers to
the return of a conditioned response that had been extinguished, after a period of non-exposure to the conditioned stimulus
This view states that hypnosis produces a normal mental state in which people behave as they think hypnotized people are supposed to:
the role playing view
If A and B are highly correlated, which statement MOST accurately describes the relationship between A and B?
the score on A can be used to predict the score on B
One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is
the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring.
Which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate?
there appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking
Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that
they do not manipulate the variables under study.
In Pavlov's principle experiment the conditioned stimulus was the
tone.
As literate adults, the ability to rapidly process whole words while reading, without attending to each individual letter depends most on
top-down processing
Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the MOST dreaming
toward the end of the night's sleep
Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called
trichromatic theory
The action of the visual receptors in the first stages of processing tends to support the
trichromatic theory of color vision.
According to Erikson ________________ is the first (birth to one year) of eight stages of personality development.
trust versus mistrust
If you project a red, a green, and a blue light into space, the point at which the three lights cross will lead to the perception of
white light.
According to Freud, a sexually frustrated person would probably have highly erotic dreams because, according to him, the principal purpose of a dream is
wish-fulfillment.
