psyc soci exam 2

Suggests that in addition to attitudes toward a given behavior and subjective norms about it, individuals also consider their ability to perform the behavior

Theory of planned behavior

Judy has recently been reflecting about all of the positive personal and professional life changes she has experienced over the past decade. The MOST likely reason she is engaging in this reflection is because she

finds it gratifying to see improvement over time.

The lowered capacity to exert subsequent self-control following earlier efforts to exert self-control.

Ego-depletion

Negative emotional responses based on group membership

Prejudice

Which of the following is an example of a stereotype?

A person thinks that all Asians are good at math.

A belief about social groups in terms of the traits or characteristics that they are believed to share.

Stereotype

Evaluation of various aspects of the social world

Attutides

By having seen before, but not necessarily remembering having done so, attitudes toward an object can be formed

Mere exposure

People who are convicted of violence and theft-related crimes view themselves as being higher than the average community member in terms of morality, kindness, generosity, trustworthiness, and honesty. What is the cause of this?

Above average effect

Which of the following is usually true of a persuasive communicator?

An attractive communicator is more persuasive than an unattractive communicator.

An internal state that results when individuals notice inconsistency between two or more attitudes or between their attitudes and their behavior

Cognitive dissonance

The emotion that can be experienced when confronted with the harmful actions done by ingroups against outgroups.

Collective guilt

A theory suggesting that to the extent individuals in different groups view themselves as members of a single social entity, intergroup bias will be reduced.

Common group identity model

Which of the following is an example of an intragroup comparison?

Dan, a firefighter, compares himself to Bill, his colleague.

Differential behaviors directed toward members of different social groups

Discrimination

A comparison of the self to another who does less well than or is inferior to us

Downward social comparison

Which of the following can contribute to a person showing attitudinal change when confronted with a counterattitudinal message?

Ego-depletion

Barriers based on attitudinal or organizational bias that present qualified women from advancing to top-level positions

Glass ceiling

Choosing women for leadership positions that are risky, precarious, or when the outcomes is more likely to results in failure

Glass cliff

Wendy, Greta, Tom, and Bill have all made New Year's resolutions to lose weight. Based on the information below, which of them is MOST likely to lose weight?

Greta, who intends to dramatically reduce her fat intake and tells others that she is greatly committed to her diet.

Processing of information in a persuasive message that involves the use of simple rules of thumb or mental shortcuts

Heuristic processing

Judgments that result from comparisons between individuals who are members of the same group

Intragroup comparison

When we collectively misunderstand what attitudes others hold and believe erroneously that others have different attitudes than us

Pluralistic ignorance

Which form of conditioning causes many children and young teens to hold political, religious, and social views that are very similar to those of their parents?

Instrumental conditioning

Judgments that result from comparisons between groups

Intergroup comparison

Next week, there will be a debate on campus. The topic of the debate will be, "Is Climate Change a Threat?" The debate will have three participants: Jim, a scientist from Harvard University; Caroline, a science writer from the Huffington Post; Ed, a conservative representative on the House Science Committee; and Janet, a science historian. Who will likely be more persuasive during the debate and why?

Jim, because his educational and professional background lend him credibility.

Thinking minorities are seeking and receiving more benefits than they deserve and a denial that discrimination affects their outcomes

Modern racism

Due to the fact that we can define ourselves differently at any time, we have many selves. Can we say that one of these selves is the "true" self? Why or why not?

No, because all selves can be accurate, depending on the context and comparative dimension.

Efforts to change others' attitudes through the use of various kinds of messages

Persuasion

Image of how we might be in the future - either a "dreaded" potential to be avoided or "desired" potential that can be strived for

Possible selves

Rachel has been with XYZ Corp. for over 20 years. During her time there, she has been promoted many times. She began her career as an assistant and is now a middle manager. However, in the last 10 years, she has not moved above her current role into the upper echelons of management positions at the corporation. Which of the following explains this slowdown?

Rachel has hit a glass ceiling at the corporation.

A tendency to direct attention away from information that challenges existing attitudes.

Selective avoidance

Putting ourselves down or implying that we are not as good as someone else

Self-depreciate

Attempting to present ourselves to others as having positive qualities

Self-promotion

Theory that addresses the process by which we lead others to agree with our views of ourselves; wanting others to agree with how we see ourselves

Self-verification

Marion hopes to come to a deeper sense of self-understanding. Which of the following, according to research, should Marion do to gain self-insight?

She should try to view herself as others do.

When we use one group as the standard but shift to use another group as the comparison standard when judging members of a different group

Shifting standards

Can occur when people believe that they might be judged in light of a negative stereotype about their group or that, because of their performance, they may in some way confirm a negative stereotype of their group

Stereotype threat

Processing information in a persuasive message that involves careful consideration of message content and ideas.

Systematic processing

A theory suggesting that the decision to engage in a particular behavior is the result of a rational process in which behavioral options are considered, consequences or outcomes of each are evaluated, and a decision is reached to act or not act. That decision is then reflected in behavioral intentions, which strongly influence overt behavior

Theory of reasoned action

How do prejudiced people come to perceive themselves as unprejudiced?

They compare themselves to extreme bigots and feel that they don't match up.

Can refer to instances when individuals perform trivial positive actions for members of outgroups that are later used as an excuse for refusing more meaningful beneficial actions for members of these groups

Tokenism

A comparison of the self to another who does better than or is superior to us

Upward social comparison

When are women more likely to gain access to high-status positions?

When companies are in a time of crisis

In general, which gender do people tend to feel more positively about and why?

Women, because women are viewed as kind and nurturing.

When Matt was married to Kim, he sometimes wondered what it would feel like to get divorced. When, 10 years later, he actually did get divorced, he found out that what he thought he would feel was completely wrong. Matt's post-divorce feelings didn't match his

affective forecasting.

Suppose John has completed a study where he engaged in stereotype negation training. Given this scenario, John will likely

be much less inclined to associate the racial stereotype with the picture of the member of the matching race.

Promoting one or a very few women into high-status positions in an organization has the result of

causing women not promoted to be more likely to blame themselves for not being promoted.

Upon learning that soda sales are in decline, a soda manufacturer, ABC Fizz, decides upon a new advertising tactic. Using demographic data, ABC Fizz discovers that 30-34-year-olds show a strong affiliation with Apple products. In the new advertising campaign, the company repeatedly pairs images of its soda with 30-34-year-olds using Apple products. Before long, they find that sales of their soda increase within this demographic. This is an example of ________ conditioning.

classical

One approach to reducing prejudice and bias is to encourage individuals to recategorize outgroup members and ingroup members as both being part of a larger single social entity. This approach is known as the ________ model.

common ingroup identity

A campaign manager has advised the candidate he represents to make sure there is a "spontaneous" demonstration of support for him during the candidate's next major speech. Given that the candidate relies on his audience's peripheral processing of his emotion-laden persuasive messages, the demonstration is useful because

distractions can increase the persuasiveness of a speech.

Some people feel that certain groups of people have some underlying, biologically-based features that distinguish that group from other groups. These supposed distinguishing features are known as

essences

Marcus felt clearer about his attitude regarding a school policy after meeting with other students about it. The change came about because

he was able to repeatedly express his own attitude about the policy.

One result of tokenism is that it

helps to maintain the perception that the existing system is fair.

Patty is a politician running for public office. At a town hall meeting, she claims that she has always fought for and will continue to fight for the LGBT community. At this, a person who does not support Patty stands up and claims that Patty only began to support marriage equality after the majority of U.S. states had legalized same-sex marriage. This person is trying to generate feelings of

hypocrisy.

Dan, an admissions officer at a private university, is informed by human resources that he is discriminating against black applicants. Dan cannot believe this, as he has no knowledge that he did such a thing and knows he wouldn't do something like this intentionally. Human resources informs him that he rejected outright the applications of nearly every applicant with a name that "sounded" black. It's likely that Dan holds ________ attitudes toward black people.

implicit

If one reflects on achievements, self-esteem ________. If one reflects on failures, self-esteem ________.

increases; decreases

In a study, participants were told an African American student had been discriminated against in the grading of a paper, and had either complained about it or dealt with it by accepting responsibility. Participants evaluated the student ________ in the complaint condition than in the responsibility condition.

more negatively

Joanna is part of a writer's group that meets each week. A friend of Joanna's recently asked her about the group, saying that she'd like to join, but she had also heard of another writer's group in town. Joanna knew the other group and said, "Don't join that one. Ours is focused on workshopping each other's work and providing constructive feedback. The other one just meets once a week to drink. They barely even talk about writing, let alone workshop anyone's work." This is an example of a(n)

intergroup comparison.

Research on self-control has demonstrated that engaging in self-regulation

is like a muscle in that the more we practice self-control, the easier it becomes to self-regulate.

Mrs. Smith has a son, Brad, who is in the military and who is specially trained in interrogation tactics. Brad is currently on duty in Afghanistan. Mrs. Smith cannot fathom her own son being tortured, but she feels that his torturing of terrorist operatives is warranted. Mrs. Smith is experiencing

moral disengagement.

Erin works at a think tank in Washington, DC. She is a progressive liberal and, as most of her colleagues are around her age and come from similar backgrounds, she makes the assumption that her colleagues are too, even though a large percentage of them do not identify as such. Erin has fallen susceptible to

pluralistic ignorance.

Thom is a junior in college who is studying creative writing. He often daydreams about what he will be like when he is in his 30s. He usually imagines himself siting at a writing desk in the attic of a house surrounded by a dense forest and a lake. On the desk is his Nobel Prize for Literature award, and downstairs are his wife and two children. Thom has constructed a(n)

possible self.

Ingratiation involves __________, whereas self-deprecation involves __________.

praising another person or using flattering language; lowering an audience's expectations of one's abilities

Marlon is a liberal. When he wants to watch the news on television, he only watches MSNBC. On the Internet, he only views popular liberal sites such as The Nation, Salon, and Slate. When he's using Facebook, if any of his friends posts links with conservative viewpoints, he hides these from his feed. Marlon is resisting persuasion through the use of

selective avoidance.

Irene considers herself to be an environmentalist, and she wants to reduce her carbon footprint. One day, her husband comes home and says that he sold their electric lawn mower and used the money, plus some savings, to by a new, powerful gasoline-powered mower. Irene is shocked, but when she uses the mower, she decides that she really likes it. This makes her feel uneasy, so she reminds herself of all the good environmental work she has done in the past. Irene is engaging in

self-affirmation.

The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as

self-efficacy.

Terrence, a black man, just moved to a new town. The town is predominantly white. Terrence realizes that he needs to get a job, so he visits a few of the town's manufacturing companies. With each application, Terrence is asked to note his race. With each application he completes and submits, Terrence experiences

stereotype threat.

Jason has been listening to a talk show concerning animal rights. This is an issue that he cares deeply about and he is very knowledgeable about the topic. Jason is most likely to be persuaded by

strong, convincing arguments from a speaker delivering a message.

A film studio pairs with a brewery and exclusively includes scenes of people drinking this beer or the beer standing in the background of scenes throughout many of its summer blockbusters. Sales of the brewery's line of beers skyrocket. The increased sales were likely due to ________ conditioning.

subliminal

Mike believes that men are generally better at math and engineering than are women. He also tends to think of women as being emotional and a bit "soft." Mike recently met Karen, an attractive woman who is also a civil engineer. In most other respects, Karen fits Mike's ideas about women. Rather than revise his stereotype of women, Mike probably assumed that Karen represents a(n)

subtype.

According to __________, events trigger our attitudes and, simultaneously, the appropriate norms for how people should or typically do behave in a given situation.

the attitude-to-behavior process

The performance of relatively trivial positive actions for members of a minority group can be later used as an excuse for later discriminatory treatment. This is known as

tokenism.

Dr. Hammouda surveyed the graduating class of a small private university. One of his findings was that over 50 percent of the graduating class expected to receive a salary of at least $100,000 a year within 5 years of graduation. Dr. Hammouda knows that the actual percentage of recent graduates attaining that level of salary is much lower than 50 percent. The students are displaying

unrealistic optimism.

Recently, Annabelle got a short story published in an online literary magazine. She was very excited because this was her first publication. However, 2 weeks later, she read a masterful story by Toni Morrison, one of the most famous writers in America. Annabelle then didn't feel so great about her own story or the fact that it was accepted for publication. This is an example of ________ social comparison.

upward