PSYC2301 Midterm

__________ is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.

Extinction

Nasreen and her brother Abdellah have a genetic overlap of ______ percent.

50

Which of the following is true of the immune system?

It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.

__________ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience.

Observational learning

__________ is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior.

Operant conditioning

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease?

Overeating.

Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?

People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Which of the following statements is true of clinical psychologists?

They evaluate problems such as anxiety and depression through interviews and psychological tests.

Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?

They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.

Identify a true statement about social-cognitive theorists.

They note that people engage in intentional learning by observing others.

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

They provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses.

Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.

True

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

True

_______ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

aggression

Unlike Type A people, Type B people ___________.

are less ambitious and less impatient

People with frequent nightmares:

are more likely than others to have anxiety and depression.

Episodic memory is also referred to as ________.

autobiographical memory

Psychologists with a(n) _______ perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.

cognitive

Lisa is a single parent of three children. Every day, she cooks, prepares her children for school, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like, but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting the household expenses. Lisa's condition best exemplifies __________.

daily hassles

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _________.

discrimination

Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of _______.

dopamine

In a __________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

fixed-interval schedule

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________.

fixed-ratio schedule

Psychologists with a __________ perspective are most likely to explore how individuals find meaning in their lives and seek personal growth.

humanistic-existential

Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.

increases; increases

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by ________.

insight

Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates __________.

irrational beliefs

Which of the following is considered the most complex form of conflict?

multiple approach-avoidance

Opiates are a group of __________ derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system.

narcotics

Heredity defines one's _______, which is based on biological structures and processes.

nature

A neuron sends _______ to relay its message to another neuron.

neurotransmitters

In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _________.

random amount of time has passed

Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit and implicit memories, fall under the category of __________ memory.

retrospective

Christopher knows a lot of facts about the earth. He knows that the circumference of Earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the Earth. This knowledge is referred to as __________.

semantic memory

A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep is called _______.

sleep apnea

Humor helps people cope with stress by __________.

stimulating the output of endorphins

The hearing or auditory area of the cortex lies in the _______ lobe along the lateral fissure of the cerebral cortex.

temporal

According to cognitive psychologists, _________.

the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

People with __________ find it difficult to surrender control or share power.

type A personality traits

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?

It stimulates the release of neurotransmitters.

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?

Serotonin

Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is most likely a(n) ________.

forensic psychologist

A __________ takes several X-rays to reveal deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems.

computerized axial tomography scan

Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?

They stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain.

When you are training a pet, you are most likely relying on which of the following psychological perspectives?

Behaviorist

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Money

Which of the following represents your full genetic potential?

Genotype

The electroencephalograph is a method of:

detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on the scalp.

__________ primarily study how we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan, problem solve, and use language.

Cognitive psychologists

__________ is the feeling of being pulled in two or more directions by opposing motives.

Conflict

__________ is a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced.

Continuous reinforcement

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Which of the following completed all of the academic requirements for a Ph.D. at Harvard but was never awarded it?

Mary Whiton Calkins

_____ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

Nonconscious processes

________ refers to our ability to bring about desired changes through our own efforts.

Self-efficacy

As Donna is answering this very question, she is aware of her environment. This awareness is referred to as:

consciousness

In the context of memory and forgetting, one of the cognitive explanations for infantile amnesia states that:

infants do not make reliable use of language to symbolize or classify events.

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.

interference theory

Biofeedback training, behavior modification, and programmed learning are all applications of__________.

operant conditioning

Research that is undertaken primarily because the researcher is interested in a research topic is called:

pure research.

The ________ are located within the axon terminals.

synaptic vesicles

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying __________.

tolerance

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.

True

Each kind of neurotransmitter has a unique chemical structure, and each can fit into a specifically tailored harbor, or __________, on the cell receiving a message.

receptor site

__________ intensifies most emotions and is central to the experience of fear and anxiety.

Epinephrine

In America, there are over 10 times the number of alcoholics as there are heroin users.

True

Jason, while standing on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using ________.

a visual code

Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________ resistant to extinction.

more

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of __________ is when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes."

reinforcement

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

focus on the present.

Esteban finds that he is often very anxious and not at ease. Which of the following neurotransmitters might help him the most?

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?

Growing hair

In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.

Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.

According to ________, when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced.

observational learning

While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, __________ study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.

organizational psychologists

Ally was in a severe car accident. As a result of her injuries she can no longer remember events that occurred prior to the accident. This is an example of _________.

retrograde amnesia

__________ are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders.

Counseling psychologists

According to Freud, which of the following statements is true of dreams?

Dreams express impulses we would censor during the day.

In the context of stress and the immune system, which of the following is true of steroids?

Their persistent secretion interferes with the formation of antibodies.

The _______ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain.

biological

If you have a(n) _______ locus of control you tend to believe that you can influence when you receive reinforcers.

internal

Essay tests are examples of _________.

recall

Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered is a process that occurs in ________.

sensory memory

One of the concepts of evolutionary psychology is that not only physical traits but also many patterns of behavior, including social behavior, evolve and can be transmitted genetically from generation to generation.

True

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?

People need more sleep when they are under stress.

__________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.

Retrieval

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds (e.g. contacted vs. smashed).

Which of the following is an important factor emphasized by the sociocultural perspective in understanding behavior and mental processes?

Gender

Which of the following is true of B. F. Skinner's contribution to behaviorism?

He believed that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because they have been reinforced for doing so.

Which of the following is a principle of critical thinking?

Insist on evidence.

Which of the following techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow to create a brain scan?

Magnetic resonance imaging

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?

Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.

The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are most likely to do one of the following to cope with stress?

Music and exercise

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

Nembutal

Sleepwalking typically occurs during:

Stage 4

In the context of long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory?

Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory.

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleepwalking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

True

How long can information be stored in short-term memory without being rehearsed?

about 12 seconds

The capacity of short-term memory is approximately:

about 7 items at one time.

According to the psychoanalytic approach, a good majority of what influences our behavior is:

an emphasis on unconscious ideas and impulses that originate in childhood conflicts.

Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss.

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to __________.

priming

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life-change units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:

some of them considered academic success to be stressful.

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _________.

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

_________ is the process by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Memory

Which of the following statements is true in the context of the effects of violent video games?

Moderating variables such as social connectedness figure into the effects of media violence.

__________ is an application of operant conditioning that assumes that any complex task can be broken down into a number of small steps that can be shaped individually and then combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain.

Programmed learning

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT

Reduced probability of aggressive behavior.

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

Some stress is healthful and necessary to keep us alert and occupied.

True

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective.

biological

Type A behavior, job strain, chronic fatigue, and having an inactive physical lifestyle are all risk factors for ___________.

coronary heart disease

In every experiment, the ______ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.

dependent variable

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to ________.

higher-order conditioning

Carole is a healthy teenager. She is able to resist illness despite being severely stressed at times. She believes that change is normal and can face adverse situations well. Psychologists would say that Carole __________.

is psychologically hardy

In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:

media violence contributes to aggression among people.

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?

noise

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as ________.

procedural memories

When Angelica studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Angelica is:

processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory

Many health problems are affected by __________ such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.

psychological factors

_________ is the type of emotional support that provides feedback from others about how one is doing.

Appraisal

__________are addictive depressants used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep.

Barbiturates

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes.

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?

Both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable.

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

_________ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.

Dissociative amnesia

Kevin is in the exhaustion stage of Selye's general adaptation syndrome. Which of the following is most likely to occur?

His heart and respiration rates slow down and his muscles become fatigued.

Which of the following statements is true of instinctive behavior?

Instinctive behavior tends to resist modification, even when it serves no purpose.

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations.

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

It reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal.

In the context of processes of memory, the first stage of information processing:

encodes stimuli so that one can place them in memory.

Derek is working on a thesis on the changes in social behavior in the context of finding partners. An important part of his study concerns the various practices followed by males and females over the course of generations and how they have gradually transformed into our current social norms. Derek can be called a(n) _______ psychologist.

evolutionary

In the context of organization in long-term memory, a(n) __________ is an arrangement of items into groups or classes according to common or distinct features.

hierarchy

How to perform different skills and actions is a component of _________.

implicit memory

Ashton was trying to work on an assignment that was due the next day. However, he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend. He consciously pushed these thoughts away and tried to focus on the assignment. In this scenario, Ashton was using __________ to eject the disturbing thoughts.

suppression

One of the advantages of __________ is that by distributing questionnaires and analyzing answers with a computer, psychologists can study many thousands of people at a time.

surveys

When a neural impulse reaches the axon terminal of a neuron, the vesicles release varying amounts of neurotransmitters into the __________.

synaptic cleft

As she was listening to her psychology professor discuss ways to improve memory, Ebony thought of different ways she could apply the suggestions to herself. Later that day she was trying to recall the different techniques, but she could only recall the first couple. This reflects ___________.

the serial-position effect