Psyc320 Ch14 TB

Which of the following is a neural structure located behind the main olfactory bulb?

Accessory olfactory bulb

Meet John. All food tastes pretty bland to him—he can only sense the sweetness, saltiness, bitterness, or sourness of food, but none of the other complexities. What is the best diagnosis for John?

Anosmia

_______ is the total inability to smell, most often resulting from sinus illness or head trauma.

Anosmia

_______ are the precursor cells to olfactory sensory neurons.

Basal cells

If a different scent is presented to each of your nostrils at the same time, what will you most likely experience?

Binaral rivalry

_______ is the competition between two nostrils for odor perception.

Binaral rivalry

Suppose you leave town for a few weeks and when you return, your house has a strange smell that you didn't notice before you left. What might be the explanation?

Cognitive habituation

_______ is the psychological process by which, after long-term exposure to an odorant, one is no longer able to detect that odorant, or has very diminished detection ability.

Cognitive habituation

_______ might cause a wine to taste very different when you are sampling many other wines at the same time, compared to drinking the wine on its own.

Cross-adaptation

_______ form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. They comprise an extensive network of inhibitory neurons, integrate input from all the earlier projections, and are thought to be the basis of specific odorant identification.

Granule cells

Why is olfaction unique among all of the senses in terms of its neural wiring?

It has a direct connection to the limbic system.

Suppose a person's olfactory system is "rewired" such that olfactory signals pass through the thalamus and are processed more in the left hemisphere of the brain. What might be a consequence?

It would be easier for them to verbally label smells.

_______ are the first layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. They are a mixture of excitatory and inhibitory cells and respond to a wide range of odorants.

Juxtaglomerular neurons

The _______ occurs when women who live in close proximity to one another begin to have menstrual cycles that coincide over time.

McClintock effect

Which cells are not found in the olfactory epithelium?

Mitral cells

_______ form part of the deepest layer of cells in the olfactory bulb. Each of these cells responds only to a few specific odorants.

Mitral cells

If somebody wears the same perfume or cologne every day, they may start to put on more and more after several weeks because it doesn't smell as strongly to them as it used to. This is due to

NOT receptor adaptation

Which of the following is the translation of a chemical stimulus into a smell sensation?

Odor

Which structure(s) is/are sometimes called the "retina of the nose"?

Olfactory epithelium

This odor is created when at least 30 odorants of equal intensity that span olfactory physiochemical and psychological (perceptual) space are mixed. The resultant odor percept is the same as every other mixture of 30 odorants meeting the span and equivalent intensity criteria, even though the various mixtures do not share any common odorants.

Olfactory white

When you smell a candle, what kind of olfaction are you engaging in?

Orthonasal

_______ olfaction refers to sniffing in and perceiving odors through the nostrils, while _______ olfaction refers to perceiving odors through the mouth while chewing.

Orthonasal; retronasal

_______ are chemicals emitted by one member of a species that trigger a psychological or behavioral response in another member of the same species.

Pheromones

Suppose you enter a hair salon and the smell of the hair dyes and other chemicals is very strong and distinctive at first. However, after a few minutes you no longer smell those chemicals. What process is responsible for this phenomenon?

Receptor adaptation

_______ is the biochemical phenomenon, occurring after continual exposure to an odorant, whereby receptors stop responding to an odorant and detection ceases.

Receptor adaptation

If you taste the fruit characteristics of a fine wine, what kind of olfaction are you engaging in?

Retronasal

Suppose you have to smell three perfumes, two of which are the same and one of which is different. How would you determine which perfume is different?

Triangle test

_______ are the second layer of cells surrounding the glomeruli. They respond to fewer odorants than the first layer, but to more than the neurons at the deepest layer of cells.

Tufted cells

Which of the following is a chemical-sensing organ in non-human animals located at the base of the nasal cavity, with a curved, tubular shape?

Vomeronasal organ

The processing of components in an odorant mixture is completed by using

analysis and synthesis.

Cutting onions makes you cry because chemicals in the onions

create a burning sensation via the trigeminal nerve.

The _______ is a bony structure riddled with tiny holes, at the level of the eyebrows, which separates the nose from the brain.

cribriform plate

The limbic system is a group of neural structures that is involved in many aspects of

emotion and memory

Each olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) converges onto two

glomeruli

If your friend is wearing a new perfume and you decide you really like it, you have just made a _______ judgment.

hedonic

Contrary to vision and audition, odor _______ is not possible in olfaction.

imagery

A(n) _______ is often responsible for our disliking of a particular food after gastric illness.

learned taste aversion

When people are going through chemotherapy, they often feel very nauseous. Because of this, they are instructed to avoid eating foods they normally like because they might acquire a(n) _______ and not want to eat their favorite foods again.

learned taste aversion

If you got carsick while eating gummy bears as a child and haven't wanted to eat them ever since, you have a(n)

learned taste aversion.

An _______ is a molecule defined by its physiochemical characteristics and is capable of being translated by the nervous system into the perception of a smell.

odorant

The shape-pattern theory of olfaction is based on the idea that

odorants' shapes fit into the olfactory receptors' shapes.

The _______ is the blueberry-sized extension of the brain, just above the nose, where olfactory information is first processed.

olfactory bulb

The _______ is a narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows and where the main olfactory epithelium is located.

olfactory cleft

One explanation for why our senses of smell and language are so disconnected is that

olfactory information is not integrated in the thalamus prior to processing in the cortex.

The _______ is the part of the brain responsible for processing olfaction and for assigning affective value to stimuli.

orbitofrontal cortex

If you are stung by a honeybee, many other bees nearby may be cued to sting you because the first bee emitted a(n)

releaser pheromone.

Over the course of 30 days, the percentage of correct recognitions of an odor

remains relatively constant.

Refer to the figure. This figure illustrates the concept of

stereoisomers.

Odor hedonics is

the "liking" dimension of odor perception.

The cilia are

the first structures involved in olfactory signal transduction

The vibration theory of olfaction contends that

there is a different vibrational frequency for every perceived smell.

If you are in a food court and recognize the smell of a particular dish but cannot name it, you are experiencing the _______ phenomenon.

tip-of-the-nose

The _______ phenomenon is the inability to name an odorant, even though it is very familiar.

tip-of-the-nose

Sometimes odorants can stimulate the somatosensory system through polymodal nociceptors. These sensations are mediated by the _______, which transmits information about the "feel" of an odorant.

trigeminal nerve

Specific anosmia and the study of stereoisomers provide evidence against the _______ theory of olfactory perception.

vibration