PSYC333 Midterm 1
What was the belief of yin and yang?
"Yellow Emperor" described various sexual positions and used them as prescriptions for a healthy life. This was before Taoism was a formal religion. -It was believed that women contained yin and men contained yang. Men could obtain yin by getting a woman to orgasm, otherwise they would suffer from illness and death. They were encouraged to abstain from ejaculation until she did so. Yin was endless and Yang was limited. Homosexual men were frowned upon because their sexual encounters did not help them take in any yin and wasted yang. The same was believed of male masturbation.
What were some remedies for masturbation suggested by Tissot (6)?
-Cold bath -Practicing clean thoughts -Drinking quinine -Erection alarm -Erection ring -Cage
What are factors that can make it difficult to conduct good quality research on sexuality (4)?
-Finding research participants willing to talk about their sexuality and sexual behavior -Obtaining a random sample of people from the whole population -Finding methodologies that participants are comfortable with -Ensuring the research remains bias-free
How is investment of sexual activity is different for the sexes?
-For females, it is a far greater investment to reproduce. They must carry the offspring, live with a changed body, and typically raise them. They must be picky in their selection of mate in terms of genes, resources, and status. -For males, there is less investment and just need to make sure that their offspring survive and their genes are passed on. However, there is not always certainty that an offspring is his, especially if he has multiple partners. Males can either have multiple partners and provide little/no care in the hopes that one of their offspring survive, or they can be specific in their mate selection and dedicate time and resources to their offspring.
Henry Havelock Ellis wrote a seven-volume series called "Studies in the Psychology of Sex". What were some of his findings (4)?
-He believed that sexual behavior is determined by social and cultural context and that if there were no "norms" to live by, humans would express a far wider range of sexual desires and behaviours. -He recognized that women are their own sexual beings that have their own desires and ways to achieve orgasm. -He stated that masturbation is recognized in a range of sexual orientations. -He believed that sexual difficulties in both men and women were due to psychological difficulties.
What did Richard von Krafft-Ebing suggest in his book "Psychopathia Sexualis" (1886) (7)?
-He was the first to scientifically define sadism and masochism. -He discussed sexual function and crime. -His "scientific study" was clouded by societal norms. -He concluded that "perversions" could not cause pregnancy. -He did not believe that homosexuality was a perversion. -He stated that masturbation was the root of all sexual deviance and sexual evil. -He suggested that gender identity disorder could be fixed with gender reassignment surgery.
List the reasons that Freud has been critiqued (5).
-His heavy emphasis on sex -His male-dominant view -His theories are based upon therapy; not research -His clients were mainly female -His theories are non-falsifiable
What were some of the scientific revelations in terms of sex and sex research (4)?
-In 1677, it was recognized that semen contains millions of sperm. -In 1827, the female egg was discovered. -In 1843, conception was first understood. -Charles Darwin (1809-1882) presented his idea of natural and sexual selection, which have helped shape our understanding of sexual evolution.
What are some critiques of Masters and Johnson (5)?
-Like Kinsey, they were criticized for oversampling Caucasian individuals, as well as emphasizing orgasm as the goal of "normal" sex -Pathologizing same-sex behavior. -"Plateau" is not the right word (suggests staying on the same level, but it is actually increasing) -Chose people who were orgasmic. They had a hypothesis and almost picked people to prove it. They eliminated people who did not fit their model. -A lot of people may not respond physiologically the same way when they are being watched.
What are some limits to direct observation (3)?
-People do not act 100% naturally when they are being observed. -Sex is a private matter and occurs mostly at home. -Interpretation bias is the result of one's own beliefs and experiences that clouds the way that they interpret data.
What are criticisms of Kinsey (2)?
-Some have argued his over-sampling with Caucasian samples, therefore not properly representing the overall population. -Others have highlighted possible inaccuracies because his conclusions contrast other findings and that he emphasized sexual behavior, as opposed to how a person experiences their sexuality.
What is the difference between standardized and unstandardized questionnaires?
-Standardized questionnaires contain a fixed set of questions and response options. -Unstandardized questionnaires contain fixed questions, but leave room for individualized responses.
What are the components of social exchange theory (4)?
-The balance of costs and rewards -Equity/Equality -Comparison level -Comparison level for alternatives
What are interviews used for?
-Used in clinical settings and help to establish whether or not a person's behavior and dysfunction require a diagnosis. -Can gain a lot of information quickly pertaining to sexual history, behavior, fantasies, and relationships.
What is the dual model of sexuality?
A theory that an individual's sexual responses are influenced by the balance between sexual excitatory and sexual inhibitory neurological processes.
What is Mangania? A. An island in the South Pacific that is very sexually open. B. An island in Ireland that is very conservative in terms of sex. C. A manual written in Sanskrit describing sexual positions. D. A type of couples therapy
A. An island in the South Pacific that is very sexually open.
Masturbation has been found in art depictions from... A. Ancient Greece B. Medieval times C. Cavemen D. 1800's
A. Ancient Greece
"The type of learning that happens when a neutral stimulus alters the response that was previously triggered by another stimulus" refers to what? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Both D. Neither
A. Classical conditioning
______ is "the degree to which observed behavior is representative of what occurs in the real world". A. Ecological validity B. Generalizability C. Correlation D. Anthromorphizing
A. Ecological validity
What are Freud's three levels of the unconscious? A. Id, Ego, Superego B. Erogenous zones, Oedipus Complex, Castration anxiety C. Id, Electra Complex, Psychoanalysis D. Id, Ego, Psychoanalysis
A. Id, Ego, Superego
_________ refers to "competition between members of the same sex for access to breed with members of the opposite sex, such as male deer using their antlers to decide who has the most power and can therefore mate with the best females. " _________ refers to picking one mate over another, such as a female bird choosing to mate with the male with the most colourful feathers. A. Instrasexual selection; Intersexual selection B. Sexual selection; Intrasexual selection C. Intrasexual selection; Sexual evolution D. Intersexual selection; Intrasexual selection
A. Instrasexual selection; Intersexual selection
Why was "Inspiration" (1915) important? A. It was the first non-pornographic movie with nudity. B. It was the first film directed by a woman. C. It showed a quick kiss between a man and a woman. D. It was the first time sexual language was used in film.
A. It was the first non-pornographic movie with nudity.
Why was sexuality feared in the Victorian Age? A. It would lead to an increased population, which would decrease resources. B. It was thought of as sinful. C. The spread of disease. D. Sex was thought of as a power relationship and not a pleasurable experience.
A. It would lead to an increased population, which would decrease resources.
"Onania: The Heinous Sin of Self-Pollution" was a pamphlet that had what effect? A. Made people fear masturbation B. Made people fear sex C. Made people fear homosexuality D. Made people fear interracial sex
A. Made people fear masturbation
_________ is "bias that is the result of a person's cognitive processes that may alter their memories of a particular event". A. Memory bias B. Interpretation bias C. Responder bias D. Theoretical bias
A. Memory bias
Which province has the most sex per month? A. Newfoundland B. Quebec C. Ontario D. New Brunswick
A. Newfoundland
What is self-efficacy? A. One's belief in their ability to perform a specific behaviour B. One's sense of independence C. One's ability to teach others D. All of the above E. None of the above
A. One's belief in their ability to perform a specific behaviour
What was Freud's view of masturbation? A. Part of psychosexual stages B. Showed that the individual had a fixation C. Showed some kind of complex D. Was evidence of castration anxiety in boys
A. Part of psychosexual stages (practice makes perfect)
What is the relationship between exposure to sexual content and risky teenage behaviour? A. Positively correlated B. Negatively correlated C. No correlation D. No study has been done
A. Positively correlated
_______ refers "naturally occurring variations in which the researcher can look at objectively". A. Quantitative data B. Qualitative data C. Self-report data D. Interviews
A. Quantitative data
"The explanation of a given phenomenon based on thorough research, educated discussions, and mutual understandings" is the definition of what? A. Scientific theory B. Psychodynamic theory C. Social learning Theory D. None of the above
A. Scientific theory
What is a common false belief that causes cognitive problems in terms of sex? A. That women should orgasm from each sexual encounter. B. That a man's needs should be satisfied first. C. That oral sex cannot lead to STIs. D. That sex during pregnancy can cause a miscarriage.
A. That women should orgasm from each sexual encounter.
What belief did the "Eve versus Mary" narrative in the Christian tradition substantiate? A. The belief that women are either Madonnas or whores B. The belief that sexuality is a necessary part of every good woman C. The belief that women are ultimately more powerful than men D. The belief that sexually corrupt women can still be morally righteous
A. The belief that women are either Madonnas or whores
In Ancient Greece, large penises represented _________. A. defence B. stupidity C. fertility D. sterility
A. defence
Vibrators used to be disguised as ______ in advertising campaigns. A. home massagers B. buffers C. cramp relievers D. skin enhancers
A. home massagers
Validity and reliability are dependent upon ________ in surveys. A. how the question is worded B. who is asking C. repeating D. the writer
A. how the question is worded
Early texts of sexuality were... A. instructional, cultural, and religious. B. demonizing of sex. C. ignorant. D. sexist.
A. instructional, cultural, and religious.
Interviews are vulnerable to... A. memory bias and responder bias. B. interpretation bias and memory bias C. responder bias and theoretical bias D. memory bias and theoretical bias
A. memory bias and responder bias.
_______ is going through previously collected data and discovering new insights into past phenomena. A. Content analysis B. Archival data-mining C. Qualitative research D. Demand characteristics
B. Archival data-mining
Classical conditioning can be used in clinical settings in terms of what? A. Premature ejaculation B. Fetishes C. Sexual orientation D. A and B. E. B and C
B. Fetishes
_______ "looks at the role of genes in sexual behavior and activity, such as orientation, hormone production, reproductive cycles, ovulation, ejaculation, conception, and pregnancy." A. Social exchange theory B. Genetic theory C. Cognitive theory D. Scientific theory E. None of the above
B. Genetic theory
In 1996, Gwen Jacobs successfully challenged Canadian Courts and won the right for women across Canada to do what? A. Have abortions B. Go topless in public C. Work legally in the sex trade D. Claim birth control as a healthcare expense
B. Go topless in public
"Lysistrata" by Aristophanes is important because... A. It was one of the first times sex education was presented. B. It is one of the earliest documents with sexual innuendo. C. It proves that masturbation took place in Ancient Greece. D. It shows the sexual values of the time.
B. It is one of the earliest documents with sexual innuendo.
Samuel-Auguste Tissot wrote ________, which was a medical treatise and the most damning literature against masturbation. It stated that it could cause weakness, memory loss, blurred vision, gout and headaches. A. Onania B. L'Onanisme C. Psychopathia Sexualis D. Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male
B. L'Onanisme
Where does Ontario tend to fall in terms of sex rates across the country? A. High range B. Middle range C. Low range D. Outlier
B. Middle range
"The formation of an individual's behavior by means of punishments and reinforcements" refers to what? A. Classical conditioning B. Operant conditioning C. Both D. Neither
B. Operant conditioning
___________ refers to "subjective factors that are difficult to measure and the variation in people/groups by using flexible, open-ended questions". A. Quantitative data B. Qualitative data C. Self-report data D. Interviews
B. Qualitative data
_____ and ______ are most favourable of female toplessness in public. A. Ontario and Quebec B. Quebec and BC C. BC and Alberta D. Alberta and Ontario
B. Quebec and BC
What method did Alfred Kinsey use to gather his data? A. Field research B. Self-report C. Observational D. A and B E. B and C
B. Self-report
What is important to keep in mind when setting up a direct observation? A. To keep distance B. Set up the observation at a time and place when the behavior is most likely to occur C. How long to watch D. A and B E. All of the above
B. Set up the observation at a time and place when the behavior is most likely to occur
Whose definition of sexuality is "More than what you do with another person sexuality. It is about the person you feel you (boy/girl/trans, etc.) All parts of who you are as a person. Not about what you do sexually, but who you are sexually." A. UN B. Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States/Canada (SIECUS/SIECCAN) C. Health Protection Branch of Health Canada definition D. StatsCanada
B. Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States/Canada (SIECUS/SIECCAN)
What is "the idea that interpersonal relationships operate on a system of costs (or losses) and rewards (or gains) within which individuals try to maximize rewards and minimize costs, or at least find a balance between the two"? A. Operant Conditioning B. Social exchange theory C. Psychodynamic theory D. None of the above
B. Social exchange theory
_______ "is a theory based on the idea that the way we behave in social situations is influenced by our biological makeup, which has evolved over the history of our species." A. Scientific theory B. Sociobiological theory C. Genetic theory D. None of the above
B. Sociobiological theory
How did Galen view masturbation? A. Sinful B. Wasn't seen as too big of a deal. C. Healthy and encouraged D. Viewed as desperate
B. Wasn't seen as too big of a deal.
What is the relationship between sexual satisfaction and self-efficacy, according to research at UOttawa? A. When a young man has higher levels of self-efficacy, he has lower levels of sexual satisfaction. B. When a young woman has higher levels of self-efficacy she has higher levels of sexual satisfaction. C. When a young man has higher levels of self-efficacy, his partner has lower levels of sexual satisfaction. D. When a young woman has higher levels of self-efficacy, her partner has lower levels of sexual satisfaction.
B. When a young woman has higher levels of self-efficacy she has higher levels of sexual satisfaction.
What can decrease sexual self-efficacy? A. Homosexuality B. Fetishes C. A bad experience losing your virginity D. Watching pornography
C. A bad experience losing your virginity
What is theoretical bias? A. A bias that is the result of a person's cognitive processes that may alter their memories of a particular event. B. Answering a question in a way that the participant believes that (s)he should. C. A type of bias that can result from an individual's strict adherence to a specific theoretical approach. D. The result of one's own beliefs and experiences that clouds the way that they interpret data.
C. A type of bias that can result from an individual's strict adherence to a specific theoretical approach.
__________ allow a researchers to summarize data through observation and self-report. A. Direct observation B. Qualitative data C. Descriptive designs D. Interviews
C. Descriptive designs
What is the definition of a hypothesis? A. The explanation of a given phenomenon based on thorough research, educated discussions, and mutual understandings. B. Used in the common vernacular to describe a hunch or an idea about something that has yet to be proven. C. Educated guesses of research that is the expected result. D. Behaviours E. None of the above
C. Educated guesses of research that is the expected result.
Which of the following is not one of Dr. Kellogg's "cures" for masturbation? A. He suggested burning off girls' clitorises and sewing shut the foreskin of a boy's penis. B. He invented Corn Flakes to have a bland taste and decrease arousal. C. He suggested severe punishment for children who explore themselves sexually. D. A and B E. A and C
C. He suggested severe punishment for children who explore themselves sexually.
Whose definition of sexuality is "Integral part of the person that cannot be separated from other aspects of life. Includes physical, psychological, biological, cultural, social, etc. aspects of life." A. UN B. Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States/Canada (SIECUS/SIECCAN) C. Health Protection Branch of Health Canada definition D. StatsCanada
C. Health Protection Branch of Health Canada definition
According to Galen, what was masturbation curing? A. Sexual dysfunction B. Marital problems C. Hysteria D. None of the above E. All of the above
C. Hysteria
_______ refers to "a controversial diagnosis in women describing physical symptoms (such as gastrointestinal and nervous system problems) and psychological symptoms (such as sexual frustration, volatile emotions, and attention-seeking behaviours)." A. Masturbation B. Orgasmic disorder C. Hysteria D. Sexual dysfunction
C. Hysteria
Where is there no knowledge of sexual activities, no sex education, menstruation and menopause are feared, and intercourse is believed to be bad for health? A. Bangkok B. The Vatican C. Inis Beag D. PEI
C. Inis Beag
Why was "The Kiss" (1896) important? A. It was the first non-pornographic movie with nudity. B. It was the first film directed by a woman. C. It showed a quick kiss between a man and a woman. D. It was the first time sexual language was used in film.
C. It showed a quick kiss between a man and a woman.
When a person has chromosomes XXY, is is known as what? A. Homosexuality B. Bisexuality C. Klinefelter's syndrome D. Dyspareunia
C. Klinefelter's syndrome
_______ is "a philosophy, lifestyle, or pattern of behavior, characterized by self-indulgence and lack of restraint, especially one involving sexual promiscuity". A. The Kama Sutra B. Yin and Yang C. Libertinism D. Ethnocentrism
C. Libertinism
What was the focus of sex education in Canadian public schools in the 1950s and 1960s? A. Preventing premarital sex B. Educating youth about the reproductive systems in their own bodies C. Preventing premarital sex and educating youth about reproductive biology D. Educating youth about the dangers of masturbation
C. Preventing premarital sex and educating youth about reproductive biology
______ powerful rewards that are intrinsically satisfying, such as food and sex. A. Reinforcements B. Punishments C. Primary reinforcements D. Conditioned stimulus
C. Primary reinforcements
Which of the following is not one of the components of social exchange theory? A. The balance of costs and rewards B. Comparison levels of alternatives C. Primary reinforcers D. Equity/Equality E. B and C
C. Primary reinforcers
Which province is the least sexually satisfied? A. Manitoba B. BC C. Quebec D. New Brunswick
C. Quebec
Which province has the least sex per month? A. Nova Scotia B. Ontario C. Saskatchewan D. Newfoundland
C. Saskatchewan
_________ is "a theory based on the idea that the observing another person's behavior is a means of learning". A. EBE theory B. Psychodynamic theory C. Social learning theory D. None of the above
C. Social learning theory
_______ "suggests that patterns and influences in social contexts can explain behavior." A. Cognitive theory B. Social learning theory C. Sociological theory D. Sociobiological theory
C. Sociological theory
Which of the following is not one of Freud's erogenous zones? A. Phallic B. Genital C. Tectile D. A and B E. A and C
C. Tectile
Why was sex education introduced to Canadian curriculums in the 1940's? A. It was feared that sexuality would lead to an increased population, which would decrease resources. B. The decrease in population due to WWII caused the government to push for baby boomers. C. The spread of "venereal diseases" (STIs) was becoming an issue, especially among men in the military. This caused people to fear Canada's victory in WWII. D. B and C E. None of the above
C. The spread of "venereal diseases" (STIs) was becoming an issue, especially among men in the military. This caused people to fear Canada's victory in WWII.
What used to cause a movie to be R-rated that no longer does? A. Full frontal nudity B. Topless men C. Topless women D. Profanity
C. Topless women
Compared to Krafft-Ebing, Iwan Bloch took a much more ______ approach to his book. A. sexist B. pathological C. continuum D. instructional
C. continuum
The early 1900's saw an increase in popularity of ________ that criticized earlier beliefs. A. pornography B. sex in art C. sex manuals D. sex education
C. sex manuals
Anna O. is Freud's classic case of... A. content analysis B. generalizability C. theoretical bias D. memory bias
C. theoretical bias They inferred that her hysteria was caused by childhood sexual abuse. Whether they meant it or not, they were LOOKING for a causal relationship and a theoretical approach.
Describe the exotic becomes erotic (EBE) theory.
Claims that cultures that place higher emphasis on the difference between men and women end up polarizing the two, which consequently makes the other gender seem foreign and interesting. EBE theory proposes that biological factors (such as genes) do not directly cause sexual orientation, but do indirectly. Genes determine one's disposition and activity choice, which can be viewed in patterns in both sexes. Children seek out playmates of similar dispositions and interests. If a child is gender conforming and plays with same-sex children, then the other sex will seem exotic. If a child is non-gender conforming and plays with non-same-sex children, then the same-sex children will seem exotic.
Quantitative data is useful for what? A. Discovering cause-and-effect relationships B. Classifying certain types of behaviour C. Finding causation D. A and B E. B and C
D. A and B
Which of the following is one of Dr. Kellogg's "cures" for masturbation? A. He suggested burning off girls' clitorises and sewing shut the foreskin of a boy's penis. B. He invented Corn Flakes to have a bland taste and decrease arousal. C. He suggested severe punishment for children who explore themselves sexually. D. A and B E. A and C
D. A and B
Which of the following is one of Freud's erogenous zones? A. Anal B. Latency C. Tectile D. A and B E. A and C
D. A and B
Which of the following is one of the components of social exchange theory? A. The balance of costs and rewards B. Comparison levels of alternatives C. Primary reinforcers D. A and B E. B and C
D. A and B
________ used interviews and __________ used electronic to gather information. A. Kinsey; Freud B. Freud; Masters and Johnson C. Bloch, Krafft-Ebing D. Kinsey; Masters and Johnson
D. Kinsey; Masters and Johnson
Which province is the most sexually satisfied? A. Nova Scotia B. Ontario C. Saskatchewan D. Newfoundland
D. Newfoundland
_________ is "a theory based on the idea that the observing another person's behavior is a means of learning". A. EBE theory B. Psychodynamic theory C. Operant conditioning D. None of the above
D. None of the above
Which province accepts accept common-law marriage as a more acceptable institution for regulating sexuality than do other parts of Canada? A. Ontario B. Nova Scotia C. BC D. Quebec
D. Quebec
________ is least favourable of female toplessness in public. A. PEI B. New Brunswick C. Newfoundland D. Saskatchewan
D. Saskatchewan
What is interpretation bias? A. A bias that is the result of a person's cognitive processes that may alter their memories of a particular event. B. Answering a question in a way that the participant believes that (s)he should. C. A type of bias that can result from an individual's strict adherence to a specific theoretical approach. D. The result of one's own beliefs and experiences that clouds the way that they interpret data.
D. The result of one's own beliefs and experiences that clouds the way that they interpret data.
What is the data relating to "sex sells"? A. Sex sells B. Sex doesn't sell C. More data is needed D. There is support for both
D. There is support for both
Research has shown that ________ decreases with more exposure to sex education. A. STI's B. rape C. divorce rates D. teen pregnancy
D. teen pregnancy
Surveys, like all self-reports, can fall under the trap of _______. A. memory bias B. responder bias C. demand characteristics D. None of the above E. All of the above
E. All of the above
What is the problem with case studies? A. Interpretation bias B. Generalizability C. Lack a control group or experimental design D. A and B E. B and C
E. B and C
What is the definition of a hypothesis? A. The explanation of a given phenomenon based on thorough research, educated discussions, and mutual understandings. B. Used in the common vernacular to describe a hunch or an idea about something that has yet to be proven. C. Support of a theory D. Behaviours E. None of the above
E. None of the above
What is the difference between experimental and quasi-experimental?
Experimental research designs use standardized procedures and randomization to evaluate causal relationships between two variables. Quasi-experimental research designs use standardized procedures, but do not use random assignment. -Because there is no random assignment, it is unclear as to whether or not there are any confounding variables. -They are used to look at pre-existing subject characteristics (age, sex, behavioural history, etc.). Researchers will identify naturally occurring groups of interest within a population and assign individuals to either an experimental or a non-randomly selected group. Members of control groups can be selected based on how well their characteristics match those in the experimental group to reduce the confounding effects of these characteristics.
What was Kinsey's approach?
He had a goal of interviewing people from all demographics, sexual history, sexual interests, etc. and hoped to create a classification system based on the data received. He mainly conducted interviews that spanned a wide array of topics. Over the course of 18 years, he and his colleagues conducted 17,500 interviews.
What are the pros and cons of the internet in terms of sex?
PROS: -Sexual resources are more readily available. -LGBTQ communities are becoming more normalized. CONS: -False information may be presented. -Chatrooms and social networks have made it easier for sexual predators to lure in victims.
What did John Grottman's work show?
The benefits of direct observation are evident in John Grottman's work. He recorded 15-minute interviews about marital conflict with same-sex and mixed-sex couples. He then went back and recorded which participant's showed positive and negative emotions. Using this data, he was able to predict the likelihood that the couple would be divorced in the following years.
