PSYC4032 Exam 4

What are the major points that distinguish the behavioral and cognitive/constructivist accounts of human learning?

Behavioral: classifies learning as a change in behavior, such as learning that the red button will give you food as opposed to the blue, while regarding the mental processes behind the behavior being demonstrated Cognitive/constructivist: focused on goals/memory/attention, more of a focus on the mental processes and comprehension than outward behavior

What is remarkable about the EEG signal during REM sleep?

Brain waves during REM sleep are similar to brain waves while one is awake. Brain is very active in both with many quick bursts of energy, as opposed to the slow/steady brain waves during deep sleep.

What differentiates cognitivist and constructionist accounts of learning?

Cognitive learning: similar to connectionism, focuses on how humans sort concepts into different concepts, and how these concepts connect inside of our minds to form our views of the world, like "if it walks like a duck and talks like a duck it must be a duck" type of logic Constructionist learning: focuses on how we construct our knowledge through trial-and-error/hypothesis testing throughout our lives, such as "I think this fire is pretty so if I touch it, it will feel nice" and then realizing you shouldn't touch fire

Why is retrieval practice more effective than studying on its own?

Compare memory in the brain to muscle memory/working out: more effort yields more payoff Retrieval learning is more effortful than passively reading old material, and since the brain is being tested and forced to recall facts, it is being challenged and will better hold the facts, just like someone who gives 100% in all of their workouts will have better results than someone who gives 50%.

What is the Hippocampus responsible for in regard to learning?

Episodic memory, learning that happens fast and is event-specific

Sleep only helps when learning non-declarative skills/memories. Declarative memories are not strengthened by sleep. True or false?

False

What is the Neocortex responsible for in regard to learning?

Generalized, slow and steady learning

Why is interleaving helpful for learning?

Having a delay between study sessions and utilizing retrieval practice is better for learning because retrieval increases learning, but also sleeping between days helps the brain to refresh and retain

What are the systems that make up the Complimentary Learning System (CLS)?

Hippocampus and Neocortex

What is meant by storage strength?

How well the information is organized and how long it can be kept long-term

Give an example where learning is good, but performance is bad

Kindergarteners might not perform the alphabet perfectly every time, which is poor performance. However, over time you can see that they get better and better, signifying learning

What is meant by interleaved learning?

Learning with a delay between sessions, while also learning/doing other tasks during breaks Example: M/T/W, you study each day math for 1 hour, psych for 1 hour, and spanish for 1 hour instead of only math monday, only psych tuesday, and only spanish wednesday

What are some ways that machine learning relates to the behaviorist science of behavior?

Machine learning benefits from making a change in a behavior, such as learning that there is a more effective path from A to B and taking that path instead. In addition, machine learning deals with probability matching, which is a concept we learned about for a previous exam

What are some ways that machine learning relates to the cognitivist perspective?

Machines are given a heap of knowledge and understand that things are statistically related, but have no knowledge of deeper concepts. This is similar to cognitivist learning, because humans learn through relating concepts together and sorting knowledge. However, humans have a deeper understanding of why concepts are related, which is superior to machine learning.

What are some limitations of machine learning?

Machines are only capable of specialized intelligence right now, meaning they can do one specialized task extremely well, but don't know how to apply problem-solving processes across multiple circumstances

What are the three types of learning that sleeping enhances?

Motor learning, learning detailed perceptual discrimination, learning of semantic categories

Are deep neural networks constructed to learn based on logic and rules?

No, deep neural networks only ever build probabilistic models because they don't understand language and relationships the way that humans do Think of the king/queen model

Describe the mechanics of a sleep study.

Participants in a sleep study need to be monitored overnight and sleep wired up to an EEG, while getting a very precise amount of sleep. When paired with a control group, both groups have to stay up for the same amount of time for accurate results. If a participant can't sleep, they have to come back for the study at a specific time

Which sleep stage is when you dream?

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

How can learning and performance dissociate?

They aren't always the same thing, performance is how quick you're able to repeat something/give a desired answer, but learning is how you are able to comprehend it and retain the information long-term

What are some ways to utilize retrieval practice in your college life?

Using apps like quizlet and using flashcards to test yourself instead of just passively re-reading notes

Give an example where performance is good, but learning is bad

When you meet someone at a bar, you might be able to say "nice to meet you ___" and repeat their name back. However, when you see them a few days later, you don't remember their name. You performed their name accurately, but didn't really learn it

Which of the sleep stages is associated with brain activity most similar to when awake? a. rapid eye movement (REM) b. stage 1 c. stage 2 d. slow-wave sleep

a. rapid eye movement (REM)

When learning a new skill or working to remember new and complex information, it is best to: a. spread the material out over multiple says, and allow yourself to interleave other learning tasks in the spaces between study sessions. b. spread the material out over multiple days, but it's important not to work on other things during this period of focused learning. c. work on just that task for a long period of time, and try to cover as much of the material at once as possible.

a. spread the material out over multiple says, and allow yourself to interleave other learning tasks in the spaces between study sessions

Retrieval practice involves: a. testing that you can retrieve documents you need in a file system or by using the internet in case of an emergency. b. accessing and utilizing information to help remember it. c. re-reading materials and transcribing notes to support later retrieval.

b. accessing and utilizing information to help remember it.

An expanding retrieval schedule involves: a. retrieving more of the answer after each retrieval attempt b. increasing the delay between study and retrieval attempts after each successful retrieval. c. increasing the number of questions asked after each round of retrieval practice

b. increasing the delay between study and retrieval attempts after each successful retrieval.

Retrieval practice is most effective when: a. when the wrong memory is accessed, and feedback is provided after a delay b. it requires effort to access the correct memory c. when the wrong memory is accessed, and immediate feedback is available d. it is effortless to access the correct memory

b. it requires effort to access the correct memory

How can sleep enhance learning? a. sleep that occurs before learning prepares your brain to learn b. sleep that occurs after learning contributes to additional learning c. all of the above/both

c. all of the above/both

When is the best time to provide feedback about incorrect answers to foster the most effective learning during retrieval practice? a. immediately after a response has been given. b. after the specifics of the questions have been forgotten (long delay) c. never---feedback interferes with retrieval practice d. after all the questions have been asked (delayed feedback).

d. after all the questions have been asked (delayed feedback)

People are more confident that they have learned the studied material after massed practice, but people tend to actually learn more after interleaved practice. A person's beliefs about what they do and do not know is called: a. interactionism b. constructivism c. perception d. metacognition

d. metacognition

Memory in the brain can be broadly split into two types. The first type can be accessed intentionally, and includes memories for facts and events of your life. The second type cannot be intentionally accessed, but is triggered by environmental stimuli. Answer the two types

declarative and non-declarative memory

Performance is always an accurate indication of what has been learned. true or false?

false

What is meant by "retrieval strength"

how rapidly the information can be brought forward

What is the zone of proximal development?

the difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help, the area between is the ZPD