PSYC4121 EXAM

Outcome rating Scale

Per session tracking. Provides line where clients can mark how they're feeling. Can do before the session. Gives focus to the session.

The interactive Flow of compassion

Self compassion -> Compassion from others -> Compassion to others See slide Things can be faciliators or inhibitors

Alcopops Tax

Tax would encourage young drinkers to consume spirits. - Reduced consumption of alcohol pops, small increase in spirits but overall 2% reduction in alcohol use.

Health Policy

NHMRC Guidelines. 1. To reduce risk of lifetime alcohol related disease or injury 1 in 100. < 2 on any day.

ACEs - Adverse Childhood Experiences and Life Course outcomes.

Types of AECs. Abuse Neglect Household Dysfunction 12.2 times more liekly to attempt suicide. 10.3 times as likely to use injection drugs. 7.4 time as likely to be an alcoholic. 2.4 times as likely to have a stroke. 2.2 times as likely to have ischemic heart disease. 1.9 times as likely to have cancer. 1.6 times as likely to have diabetes.

Interpersonal relations with the client

Be careful of transference and counter transference. Provide compassion so that they share personal information.

Accessing the right information

Going beyond the scope of regular search engines: Cochrane, Cinahl, Medline

Alcohol consumption

Going down since 2013 - but young people drink to get drunk more. All - 2013: 40%, 2014: 34%: 2016: 37% 18-24: 2013: 63%, 2014: 50%: 2016: 51%.

MDT Case conference

Gold standard Diagnostic assessment.

Evidence from multiple sources

Use assessment measures that have been validated Use therapies that have been evaluated Track client throughout session - active scientist practitioners Multiple time points - 1st - 6th - 10th. Every session measure: - Outcome questionnaire 45 items - flags alcoholism, suicide etc. - Outcome rating scale and session rating scale Use valdiated scales.

Regulatory

Use law, policies and enforcement to reduce supply and demand. - Australia AOD policy - Harm minimisation approach

Is the subcortical pathways fast?

Used EEG. for time resolution. Emotional and neutral faces presented during passive presentations with EEG 64 channel recordings. The brain is responding very quickly to the difference in emotional expressions. We know the pathway is fast.

Observations

Watching how jacob interacts with family and friends.

Compassionate mind Model

*See slide*

Hemianopia

Blindness in one-half of the visual field

Percieved injustice.

"I didn't do anything to deserve this". Psychological risk factor. Following injury due to negligence. Associated with pain, depression, anger, catastrophic thinking. What are the factors contributing to perceived injustice? ?Communication ?Processes, procedures ? Symptoms, disability Clinical Psychologists - Ask questions - Reason - Integrate theory and research - Research training.

Gordon Paul

"Which treatment prescribed by whom, and in which circumstances, is the most effective for this particular individual?"

Cohort studies

- Also tries to determine whether there is a relationship between a certain factor and disease/outcome - Cohort is any group of people who are linked in some way and followed up over time. Researchers observe what's happened to the group exposed to some variable. - Examine the effect of a company downsizing on the health of office workers. This group is then compared to a similar group that hasnt been downsized.

Criticism of the S-P model

- Argue against training in pure science, claiming that applied work in incompatible with scientific work - Research skills are unnecessary for clinical psychologists - The S-P model does not produce many scientist practitioners. - Nevertheless, clinicians do not dismiss science. All agree about the value of a solid background in undergraduate and graduate research methods and statistics. But question whether its necessary to be both research and practice orientated.

The 5A's

- Ask the right question. - Access relevant evidence - Appraise the evidence - Apply the evidence - Assess effectiveness

Neuropsychology Assessment

- Cognitive based problems - Verbal and performance functioning. Word processing, visuo-spatial tasks. - Attention - Intelligence/academic performance - Working memory Counselling psychologists wont do these assessments.

Practitioner advice

- Consider parents goals - Timing of interventions - Therapeutic relationship - Perpetuating factors

Applying the evidence

- Do the results apply to your client - What are your clients values and preferences - Can this practice be implemented in this setting? -How can I help my client make a decision

What were the APA worried about?

- Eyesneck was a major critic of psychoanalysis for mental health problems, but the S-P approach to open the way for testing new interventions. - Eyesneck emphasized the need for control groups.

MEdicare better access

- First go to GP - Referred to Psychologist - Have to deliver an evidence based treatment - After 6 session refer back to GP - Can get an additional 4 sessions - Maximum 10 sessions per year - Rebate: $124 for clinical psychologists about $84 for a psychologist. - Doubts over whether or not 10 sessions is enough.

Test creation/administration: PPVT or Peabody Picture Vocab test

- For people aged between 2-adult. - Multiple choice and only requires finger pointing response. - Requires no reading ability though respondent must be able to hear. - Provides a rough and ready measure of IQ for people who might not be able to do other standardised tests - also quicker to administer though it's not a proper substitute. Standardization sample: 3,540. Reliability: Alternate-forms reliability was between .87 and .93, internal consistency averaged between .96 to .97, test-retest coefficients were .92 to .96. Content validity: words all in the dictionary... Empirical validity 1: test scores increase with age in the predicted way. Empirical validity 2 (convergent validity): correlates well with other established vocabulary tests, and also measures of oral language, and reading. Empirical validity 3: special populations were found to score as expected (e.g. mental retardation, developmental delay, autism, language disorder, etc).

Morbidity and Mortality

- Globally mental and substance use disorders - LEading global cause of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in the following age groups - 15-19 years - 20-29 yars - 30-39 years - 35-39 years. AOD disorders - Leading cause of disability and death in 15-29 year olds. - 24-32% of the total disability - 19-36% of deaths.

AOD treatment

- Globally: 1 in 6 people with drug use disorders access treatment services/year. - Globally nearly 50% of first time treatment seekers for cannabis - 40-80% poly-drug users. - Cannabis most common drug young people seek treatment for - # of treatment episodes increased 23,826 in 2001/02 31,449 in 2006/07

Formulate an answerable question

- Head start in finding information that is relevant (applicable to a patient/client/organisation). - Provides you with a checklist for the main concepts to be included in your search strategy - Allows you to find information quickly - if tracking down the evidence takes too long, you will probably avoid it in your professional practice.

Why to use EBP

- Health care knowledge grows rapidly; important to keep up - The health care and applied knowledge base is vast - Skills to integrate the best available information with clinical expertise, patient values and your health care environment - Avoids uncritical acceptance of usual practice. - Skills for lifelong learning and up to date practice. So much research - can be overwhelming

Role of Therapy

- Help the person narrate their story with curiosity and Socratic dialogues - Hear a story and mindfully reflect noticing themes and patterns - Move towards a collaborating shared emergent ongoing formulation.

Parental interview

- History taking (developmental, medical/surgical, social, family, psychological, goals) - Semi-structured interview using DSM-V criteria to guide questioning.

Recommendations for training:

- Improve accuracy and reliability of diagnostic procedures (assessment) - Develop better understanding of human behavior (etiology, formulation, theory) - Develop more efficient methods of treatment (intervention) - Inclusion of research training in the preparation of all clinical psychologists.

Media Campaigns

- Mass media: must consider societal attitudes and government policies. - Tobacco - every cigarette is doing you damage. - tighter regulatory controls on advertising, sponsorship, price, smoking in public places. Reduction in tobacco use.

Clinical signs of cortical blindness

- No blink response - Opto-kinetic reflex may be absent - No alpha rhythm on posterior regions (no response to opening/closing of eyes) - Photic reflex often persists

Clinical Psychology becoming apart of the APA

- Not entirely welcome - Originally founded in 1892 to promote science of psychology - Clinicians withdrew for a period of time, creating their own association - Not until 1944 that the APA accepted clin psych - taking full responsibility for credentialing and training - Not until 1949 when the S-P model became full integrated into applied training through Boulder Committee who were tasked to create the curriculum.

Common v Specific factors

- Observing the similarities among the outcomes has led to the proposal that there are commonalities (common factors) among therapies that are the real curative factors. - Factors common across treatments account for a substantial amount of improvement in people undertaking psychotherapy.

Why does psychotherapy work?

- One of the most common factors is the therapeutic alliance - Indeed, many researchers maintain that the therapeutic alliance accounts for dramatically more of the variability in outcomes than any specific factors based on theoretical approaches (Wampold, 2001)

PICO Framework

- Population/Patient/Problem: Who/What is the client/problem? - Intervention: What si the main intervention? What do you want to do for the client? - Comparison: Main alternative to intervention - Outcome: What are you hoping to accomplish? What are you trying to do for the client? EXAMPLE: In patients with binge eating disorder, is interpersonal therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy more effective in reducing the frequency of binge episodes?

Pathways to becoming a psychologist

- Postgraduate training at a university - Clinical program - Masters of psychology program - counselling - neuropsychology - sports and exercise - health Clinical endorsement program: 2 years

AOD Major preventable cause

- Range of adverse physical (e.g. brain development, injuries), social, educational and legal outcomes. - Costs the Australian Community over 23.5 Billion every year.

Disadvantages of RCTs

- Requires rigorous control of the allocation process - Can be long and or expensive - May not be ideal for rare conditions or problems with a long latency - Generalisability - often screens out vulnerable groups - Ethics: is it ethical to withhold treatment?

New research

- Role mastery is important but not sufficient. - Integrity warmth and generosity is also important - Aspirants need for a broad range of attributes explains why people ave few ole models. - Aspirants are idosyncratic in their role model selections. New research is looking at role models as an act of identification

Incorporating Maori Worldview

- Triple P principles linked to the tikanga (Maori way of doing things) - Culturally appropriate methods used to welcome participants into the group through karakia (prayer), mihi whakatau (welcome) and whakawhanaungatanaga (getting to know each other). - Culturally appropriate examples to illustrate within session exercises.

Recommendations for practice:

- Use sicentific methodology in their practice - Work with clients using scientifically valid methods, tools and techniques. - Inform clients of sicentifically based findings and approaches to their problems - Conduct practice based research.

Help Seeking

- Very few young people experiencing AOD-related problems seek help. - Why - social norms - normative - decrease in the perceived risk of AOD use. - Do not view own use as problematic - Stigma associated with AOD treatment. As a result - only 7% of young Australia males and 18% of females seek professional help.

Compassion begins with a reality check: This insight brings wisdom

- We are gene built - with evolved brains designed to struggle to survive, to want, to grasp and avoid pain. - We are all born, grow, decay, and die - and are susceptible to many diseases and injuries - life with tragedy - pain and suffering - 25,000-30,000 days if we are lucky. - We are socially shaped - from our gene expressions, to our sense of self and values - baby kidnap We are one potential version of ourselves - context is important.

Red flags for child development

- dlayed milestones - not interested in play - unusual behaviours - no gestures - loss of language

Merits of the S-P model

- making sure practitioners give the clients the best treatment possible. - practitioners can justify their treatments - Practitioners will avoid harm or unnecessary treatment.

Jacob: case study.

- screams at people - little interest in children and play. - Struggling with temper - Does not listen - Father often yells at him - when 14 months old his speech and language started to regress and turned to gibberish and only used 1 word to indicate what he wanted - did not crawl before he walked and started walking at 16 months On first appointment found out that he had difficulties sleeping through the night and sensitivity to loud noises, uneventful pregnancy, family history of autism, never attended day care

Stanford Binet (5th Edition)

1 on 1 examination session - requires highly trainer examiner - participant to complete 10 core tests. These tests yield 5 scores These 5 sub scores can be combined to give an overall score for Spearman's g (Full scale IQ). Psychometric properties: - Standardisation: reference sample - 4800 subjects between 2 and 85 years of age. Sample was stratified by age, race/ethnicity, geographical region (in US), and socioeconomic level. Reliability: The internal consistency of the overall test was .97 to .98. Inter rater reliability = .9 Validity: Criterion/convergent validity - correlates with other IQ tests. Internal structure/construct validity - factor analysis supported the five factor structure.

Functioning principles of Positive Parenting

1. A safe and engaging environment 2. Positive learning environment 3. Consistent assertive discipline 4. Reason expectations 5. Taking care of oneself. "How to be a good shopper" as opposed to "how to deal with a tantrum in a shopping center" Antecedents, behaviours, consequences.

Test creation of MMPI2

1. Created large pool of items (logic, reason, lit reviews, expert opinion) 2. They gave the preliminary questionnaire to several groups of psychiatric in-patients and a control group. 3. They used item analysis to choose the items that could discriminate the best between groups. 4. They standardised the test using a control group.

Cattel-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence

1. Fluid Intelligence 2. Crystalised Intelligence 3. Quantitative Reasoning 4. Visual- spatial reasoning 5. Working Memory

Youth AOD Treatment

1. Regulatory: Encourage current users to reduce risky patterns of use. 2. Prevention: Delay age of onset of substance abuse. 3. Early intervention: Reduce the number who progress to regualr and problematic use. 4. Treatment of AOD dependence

Autism prevalence

10:10,000 -> 16: 10000 children aged 8 years 164000 Austrlins with autism. Rates are going up. Maybe the environment. Maybe broadening of the diagnosis. Maybe awareness

Test interpreation of Standford Binet IQ scores

145-160: Very gifted or highly advanced. 130-144: Gifted or very advanced. 120-129: Superior 110-119: High average 90-109: Average 80-89: Low average 70-79: Borderline impaired or delayed 55-69: Mildly impaired or delayed 40-54: Moderately impaired or delayed

Statistics of AOD in young people

15-25 year olds - 26.4% have anxiety (15%), substance (13%) and depression (6%) most common. Suicide is leading cause of death. The need 75% of mental illness emerges befre age 25. 20% males and 30% females aged 16-24 seek help.

Cannabis

18-24 year olds. 23% in the past year. 47% in the past month. Declining since 1998. 2nd highest rates of past month use. Risk dependence. - 1 out of every 11 people (9%) ever used. - 1 out of every 6 people (17%) who begin in adolescence. - 25-50% of daily cannabis users.

Beck Depression Inventory

21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used psychometric tests for measuring the severity of depression.

Co-morbidity.

3-4 x AOD disorders (Blanco et al., 2016) 1-2x depression symptoms & disorders (Lev-Ran et al., 2014) 4.3x psychotic experiences (Rössler et al., 2007) 2.6x psychotic disorders (Moore et al., 2007).

Affective Blindsight case example - emotional faces

52 year old patient (TN) suffered two consecutive CVAs. - Left temporo-occipito-parietal - right occipital Had full cortical blindness - Responded to a smile and nod His performance was at 45% when guessing shapes or faces Responded slightly better to emotion - 60% roughly. Maybe clever hans effect. after controlling for this, still above chance. Emotional faces presented in blocks in MRI machine contrasted with neutral faces. Amygdala was activated - amygdala important for emotion understanding. Sub cortical pathway

Relationship Quality Index

6 item scale measuring quality of relationship between a couple.

Test interpretation for WISC-V IQ Scores

>130: Very superior 120-129: Superior 110-119: High average 90-109: Average 80-89: Low average 70-79: Borderline 69 and below: Extremely low

Austism Spectrum Disorder on DSM-V

A - Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by all of the following: 1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity 2. Deficits in non verbal communicative behaviours used for social interaction 3. Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding relationships. B - restricted repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by *at least 2* of the following: 1. Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech 2. Insistence on sameness, inflexible adherence to routines or ritualised patterns or verbal non verbal behaviour. 3. Highly restricted fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus 4. Hyper-or hypo reactivity to sensory input or usual interests in sensory aspects of the environment (new to DSM-V). C - symptoms must be present in the early developmental period. D - Symptoms cause clinically significant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of current functioning E - These disturbances are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delay

Guided discovery

A form of exploration with the intention/result of discovering something new - making connections or reframing The process involved when exploring and understanding material world from psychological world include: - Social interest, empathy, mentalising - Helps build intuitive wisdom and validate that for client Its an exploratative journey.

Criterion group

A reference group of test takers who share characteristics and whose responses to test items serve as a standard by which items will be included or discarded from the final version of a scale.

Social role

A social category that captures one of the complementary tasks and responsibilities of people in different positions within a social system.

Proof of retino-tectal pathway

A subset of angry faces associated with 95dB white noise. Masked presentations of conditioned faces (compared to unconditioned faces) activated the right amygdala subset of angry faces associated with 95dB white noise. Pair angry face with loud noise. Other angry face not conditioned. Found activation in amygdala in conditioned group even though as the stimulus was only mildly threatening. For the conditioned, non seen faces, activity is found in the superior colliculus and pulvinar. This activity is correlated with activity in the amygdala.

Appraise the evidence

A top down approach to looking at the best evidence starting with well-conducted systematic review and meta analyses to RCTs and so on. The higher in the hierarchy, the less bias. Systematic reviews and meta analysis *gold standard. - evaluates strengths and weaknesses of studies - DV is the effect size - outcome or result of each study - IV relates to study characteristics - participants, interventions and outcome measures. A systematic review answers a defined question by collecting and summarising all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria. A meta analysis is the use of statistical methods to summarise the results of these studies. Sometimes the top of the hierarchy isn't absolute - a large and well controlled RCT may provide more convincing evidence than a systematic review of several RCTs.

Affective or Relevance blindsight

Actually threatening stimuli. Man with blindsight could avoid obstacles.

NHMRC Guidelines (2007)

Adults - To reduce the risk of injury on a single occasion < 4 on any day Drinking > 4 doubles the relative risk of injury in th next 6 hours.

Socratic dialogue

Advanced open questions that enable and encourage the patient to discover connections in their meaning-making. Socratic questions are designed to help clients explore in more detail their meanings and the implications of what they are saying. "What did that mean to you?" "What your worst fear?"

Dodo bird

All therapies are equal because they achieve the same goal. Not all agree. What are the key ingredients that make psychotherapy work? - Inclusion of homework the key, cognitive restructuring, behavioural activation. - Motivational interviewing (incentive) - Mechanism and moderator analyses are needed to determine what those key ingredients might be - area of emerging research.

Case control studdies

Allows you to determine whether exposure to something is linked to an outcome. Using existing records to identify people with a problem or condition. Example: comparing people with the condition - lung cancer - to people without, to see if they differ on a risk, such as smoking. - Useful to investigate outbreaks of a disease and rare diseases. - By definition is always retrospective because it starts with an outcome then traces back to exposure. Advantages: quick, simple, inexpensive Disadvantages: Proves an association not causality, and weaker because retrospective

Absolute risk reduction

Also known as risk difference is the difference between the event rates in the two groups or size of difference between 2 treatments - it tells you the size of the treatment effect E.g. If 20% of patients die with no treatment (a) and 15% die with treatment (B) - there is a 5% absolute risk reduction with treatment B. - CER - EER - 20% - 15% = 5% This means that for every 100 patients enrolled in the treatment groups, about 5 bad outcomes would be averted.

How are role models portrayed

Any perusal of the media reveals a multitude of stories — like those above — that implicate role models in people's acquisition of roles that are valued by society (e.g., parent, leader, innovator), as well as roles that are not (school drop-out, rogue trader, criminal). Indeed, according to the Trove archive and Google, since 2010 the term 'role model' has appeared in 3,500 Australian radio programmes and almost 1,000 Australian news articles. This points to a widespread belief that role models matter.

Role Models

Are individuals that have mastered a given social role. And who facilitates a role aspirant's acquisition of this.

Absolute risk v Relative risk

Asbolute risk is your risk of developing a disease over a period of time. We all have absolute risks of developing various diseases such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, etc. The same absolute risk can be expressed in different ways - for example - you have a 1 in 10 risk of developing something this can also be said as 10%, or 0.1 risk. Relative risk is used to compare the risk in two different groups of people. Smokers v non smokers to see if one group has a higher relative risk of developing lung cancer.

Peters, Tee and Paladino (2015)

Asked 100 students to read about a Brisbane based social entrepeneur. Jean Madden set up the charity which manufactures street swags for homeless people.

Steffens, Rees, and Peters (2015)

Asked 206 participants to nomiate a person who was a model for them in their life. There were 4 types of models. 1. Positive 2. Negative 3. Ambivalent 4. Neutral Respondents described their model and the relationship with him or her. People most likely to nominate family members , especially as positive/ambivalent models. More likely to characterise their models in terms of warmth and assertiveness. Positive and ambivalent models more likely to be ingroup members. Positive and ambivaent models boost self-efficacy Positive and ambivalent role models are emulated, inspiring Negative models motivate avoidance behaviours,

Peters and Steffens (2015)

Asked 400 working adults to reflect on a manger who came out closet to matching one description. 1. A competent and moral person. 2. Competent but immoral Both competence and morals were valued for a manger. Both competence and morality were important for boosting self efficacy and emulating and inspiring. Investigated the impact of the role of the occupant manipulations on participants' responses to the question about their manager's impact on their career. Used linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software to classify the percentage of works in participants career impact statement that related to morality, competence and role modeling functions. In order to create these categories, we identified concepts that were core to our understanding of each category and used the online reference tool thesaurus.com to identify synonyms. Competent immoral models were described as competent. Moral incompetent models were described as moral. Immoral incompetent and moral and competent were most motivating. Morality might be more important.

Taylor, Lord, McIntyre and Paulson (2011)

Asked female participants to rate how deserving Hillary Clinton was of hr success. One month later they took a maths test under one of three conditions: 1. Test only 2. Stereotype threat + biography of business 3. Stereotype threat + biography of Hillary Clinton Women who believed Hillary Clinton was deserving of her success performed as well as the control. (Inspired by Clinton)

WHO global status on alcohol

Australians, south Americans and European and russians drink the heaviest.

Psychological assessment: ADOS

Autism Diagnostic Observation scale - Social situations that are standardised and then jacob is scored on his behaviour.

Bordin's Model (1979;1994)

Bond goals and Tasks. Bond: Bond you have with client - percieved safeness of relationship. Goals to be agreed on with the client. Think with the client. Tasks to achieve with client.

Compassion focused therpy

CFT: Focused on theraputic relationship Can be applied to any therpay modality - Underpinned by evolutionary models - The science of neuro, affective and developmental psychology - Unique elements: - Psychoeducation - the tricky brain. - Model of affect regulation - Evolutionary Functional Analysis (EFA) to case conceptualisation - Building of compassion-focused motives as an organising system - Works with fears, Blocks and resistances to compassion and positive emotion.

Collaborative Partnership Adaptation Model

CPAM Establishment of collaboration with Maori partnership organisation Review evidence on programme effectiveness Review evidence on cultural adaptation Assess cultural acceptability of existing programme Adapt programme Evaluate adapted programme Scale up programme

Tobacco

Cig tax: 12.5% increase in December 2013; indexed 12.5% increase September 2014, 2015, and 2016. $1 per cig Cost $7000 per year to smoke. Expect 1 billion less cigs sold 2013/14

Types of Psychologists

Clinical Neuropsychologists Clinical Psychologists Counselling Psychologists Health Psychologists Sports & Exercise Psychologists Educational and Developmental Psychologists Forensic Psychologists Organisational Psychologists Community Psychologists

Austism

Coined 1943. Distinct lack of interest in other people. Couldn't deal with change in envionment. Preferred sameness. Possible child psychosis. By 1970s autism paired with learning difficulties no longer seen as psychiatric disorder. 1980 in DSM-III in 2013 DSM III massive change in definition of autism - Austism spectrum disorder.

Teaching new skills/behaviours

Communication, problem solving, self-regulation. Talking about the problem might be helpful.

Test creation: MMPI-2

Comprehensive personality test used to diagnose abnormal groups. Most frequently used test used by psychologists (Camara, Nathan, & Puente, 2000). Used for various purposes including: - Differentiating between "organic" and psychiatric disorders. - Detecting personality changes following head injury - Assessing the validity of a patient's self-report (includes "lie scales". It used the criterion groups method of development, also known as "empirical criterion keying".

CONSORT

Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials

Test creation: The NEO-PI-3

Currently there is general consensus in the literature that a big five factor solution is the best: the Five Factor Model or the Big Five. Note that the 16PF can be scored to yield these five factors instead of its 16 factors. - Neuroticism - Extroversion - Openness to experience -Agreeableness -Conscientiousness The most well known test to test the big five is the NEO-PI-3 inventory: By Costa and McCrae. It has 240 items, takes 30-40 minutes, uses T scores, has different self-report and observer rating versions. Psychometric properties: - 5 factors correlate with other personality factors and established personality tests as well as social outcomes and behaviors - Conscientiousness found to predict the GPA of University students beyond entrance exam mark (Conrad 2005).

DSM-IV and DSM-V Criteria for Substance Abuse Disorders

DSM-IV ABUSE: Hazardous use Social/interpersonal problems related to use Neglected major roles to use Legal Problems DEPENDENCE Widthdrawal Tolerance Used larger amounts/longer Repeated attempts to quit/control Much time spent using Physical/psychological problems related to use. Activities given up to use. DSM-V Encompasses all in "Substance use disorders - adding "Craving" as a criterion.

Anton's syndrome

Denial of blindness; anosognosia - can be associated with cortical blindness As the lesions are posterior, if they are large the 2 hippocampi might be affected, -> possible amnesia associated. Recovery can occur [in this order] " 1. Presence/absence of light but without form 2. Primitive movement 3. Contours 4. Colours

DASS

Depression anxiety stress scale.

Efficacy

Determined by clinical trial or trials in which many variables are carefully controlled to demonstrate that the relationship between the treatment and outcome are relatively unambiguous. Efficacy studies emphasise internal validity of the experimental design. - controlling for types of patients included in the study - Using manuals to standardise treatment delivery - Training and monitoring therapists - Controlling the number of treatment sessions - Random assignment to conditions and the use of blinding procedures for raters.

Standard Stepping Stones Triple P

Developed for parents with children with a developmental disability. The focus is on understanding the function of the problem behaviour and teaching child skills that can be used to replace misbehaviour. Over ten one on one sessions, parents learn to set their own goals, work out what changes they would like to see in their child's behaviour, learn strategies to promote positive behaviour and deal with misbehaviour. Meta analysis 12 studies included the review, 659 families participants. 10 studies in Australia, 1 Germany and 1 in Canada. Sample size ranged 17 to 118 For child problems, parenting style, program satisfaction, parental relationship moderate to large effect sizes.

Positive parenting strategies for children aged 2-12 years.

Developing a positive relationship: - Brief quality time - Talking to child - showing affection Encouraging desirable behaviour - Praising children. - Giving positive attention - Providing engaging activities. Teaching new skills and behaviour - Setting a good example - Using incidental teaching - Using ask, say, do. Using behaviour charts. Promoting Self control - Establishing ground rules - Directed discussion - Planned ignoring - Clear, calm instructions - Logical consequences - Quiet time - Time out.

Compassion Focused Therapy (2)

Developing compassionate mind involves two main elements working together: 1. "Sensitivity to the suffering of self and others..." - Turning towards, and connecting with, our difficult experiences. Engaging with our distress and needs in a non judgmental manner. COURAGE 2. "With a commitment to try and relieve it" - Making a commitment to relieve our distress: using strength, care and wisdom. Taking action in a skillful way, motivated by our well being. DEDICATION

Promoting children's development

Developing positive relationships and encouraging desirable behaviours.

Advantages and disadvantages of a classification for mental health disorders

Disadvantages: - Too narrow focused - Stigma - Too medically categorised Spend too much time trying to diagnose. Advantages: - Managing medicare rebates - Having models to draw upon - Good for research

Daily Smoking

Down - 24% in 1991 to 15% in 2010. Less people smoking. 20% of 20-24 year olds 12-17 years: girls more likely to smoke daily than boys (3.2% to 1.8%).

Differences between counselling psychologist and clinical psychologist

Essentially none other than medicare rebate. Counselling: more holistic, more integrative. Clinical: expert in assessment, fixed on medical model.

Randomised Controlled Trials

Experimental study where participants are randomly assigned to recieve one of several interventions. Often considered the gold standard in applied research. Purpose: - eliminates bias in treatment assignment. - facilitates blinding of treatments to in vestigators, participants and assessors including the possible use of a placebo. Single blind: participant unaware Double blind: participant and experimenter unaware

Lockwood and Kunda (2007)

Explored the impact of exposing participants to high achieving others. In study 2, accounting students who were in their 1st or 4th year of study were asked to read a newspaper article describing a stellar 4th year student (in control they did not read the article). Were then asked to rate themselves on positive and negative career success traits. Model had positive effects for 1st years and negative effects for 4th years.

Session rating scale

Feedback informed therapy. Good for therapist to see where they're going with the client.

Test creation: 16PF

For the 16PF, cattell reviewed earlier work which identified 18000 names for personality traits for personality traits in the English language (lexical approach). Of these, 1 quater were real traits rather than temporary or specific behaviours. Cattell got people to rate just distinguishable differences between the words This reduced the list to 171 trait names Students were asked to rate their friends on these 171 traits. This data was put into a factor analysis which reduced the traits to 36. Further research reduced these to 16 basic traits - though some were interrcorrelated This led to the publication of the self report 16 personality factor questionnaire (16PF).

But why is this child having this type of this type of problem now?

Formulation: Hypotheses about cases and maintaing factors. Treatment planning.

Visual processing

From retina -> LGN -> V1 V1 - responding to bars V2 - Responding to illsuions and generating shapes V4 - Responding to shapes and colour Associative areas - Responding to specific stimuli i.e Grandma

Cortical blindness and residual vision

Gordon Holmes in 1918 describes loss of vision in WW1 soldiers. He describes that in the blind field, blindness is not complete but form, movement or colours may be perceived. Poppel, Held et Frost 1973 then find that war veterans can orient their direction of gaze towards a stimulus stimulated in the blind field even though they cannot report seeing the stimulus.

Eysenck Personality Inventory test creation

Hans Eyesneck used a combination of a factor analytical and theoretical approach to producing a comprehensive personality test. He produced a detailed biologically based theoretical model that mapped onto a 3 factor model solution generated by a factor analysis.

History of S-P model

Has origin in clinical psych practice in the US. - Freud & Jung introduce psychoanalysis, with medical doctors believing they should be exclusive practitioners of psychotherapy. - Social movements of the time raising awareness of mental health issues (National Committee for Mental Hygiene). - Major problems in managing shell shock in WWII veterans

Research and Evidence in Practice model (Cadwell et al., 2011)

Health professionals as... Research consumers Research participators Research generators.

Planning ahead

High risk situations, routines, tips for parents.

Can poor stimulus still affect blindsight

High spatial frequencies that show details could not retrieve amygdala activation, but low spatial frequencies that conveys crude information could activate the amygdala. Difference between neutral and conditioned faces stronger when stimuli has low spatial frequency information. A quick and dirty pathway. Not concerned with details. Processes threatening stimuli, but maybe not necessarily?

Multi-disciplinary workforce needed

Home coaching University Clinic Hospitals Pediatric/General Practice settings Prisons Early learning centres Schools Local government facilities/NGO's Work places Media Primary Care health settings Online

Event rate

How often the outcome is observed in control and treatment conditions. Proportion of people in control/treatment conditions of an experiment who experience a particular event (i.e response to a drug/treatment/adverse event/death). CER: Control event rate EER: experiemntal event rate

Residual vision in Monkeys

Humphrey shows that when V1 is destroyed, correct saccades pointing and navigational capacities remain present. This is processed by input to the superior colliculus. Helen the monkey because famous because she couldn't identify things that were familiar to her. After 6 years she still couldn't identify anything.

Clinical psychology coined

In 20th century ) Witmer 1907) who also edited the Psychological Clinic.

Assumptions in the literature

In basic literature there is an assumption that structural positions make role models - that is, a role model by virtue of being a visible and extraordinarily successful individual.

Odds ratio (OR)

Is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure. Example: Recruited 100 participants with lung cancer, and 100 participants without. Questioned their tobacco use over the last 20 years. 90 of those with lung cancer, and 10 without lung cancer reported smoking. OR = exposure to smoking and having lung cancer / exposed to smoking and not having lung cancer. - Calculate cross product. - OR = 90 x 90 / 10 x 10 = *81* - If you have lung cancer you're 81 times more likely to have smoked than if you don't have lung cancer.

Weaknesses of MMPI

Item overlap - items appearing higher than 1 leading to artificially high correlations between the different correlations Response style: acquiescence is the willingness to choose true Many demographic variables correlate with MMPI scales which has implications for interpretation Clinical samples are not nationally represented

Jacob is now 7

Jacob is complaining of pain in the stomach. Translating Research into Practice - Limited access to psychologists. Long waiting lists Population increase 2.6%.

The low road and the high road

Ledoux suggested the existence of a rapid, subcortical pathway for stimuli representing a threat. Not necessary for consciousness. See slide. Subcortical pathway means the amydgala can respond to emotion even though the sensory cortex didn't see it.

Cortically blind

Lesions in both Corteses

A multi level system was needed to avoid one size fits all

Level 1: Communication strategy: universal: low intensity Level 2: Brief parenting advice: individual/group: Low/light touch intensity Level 3: Narrow focus parenting support: Individual, group, online: low intensity or light touch. Level 4: Broad focused parenting support: individual, group, self help, online. Medium and high intensity - standard Triple P. Level 5: Intensive family intervention: Individual, group: High intensity. High levels have small levels of breach. Hard to get parents on board - because it might mean that they've failed as a parent. First most preferred advice: TV Second: internet Third: Home visit 4: attending group session 5: Seeing practitioner. `

Parenting Scale

Looks at different styles of parenting. 3 Subscales. 1. Laxness: Passive parenting 2. Verbosity: How often you talk or reason with a child. 3. Over reactivity and measuring emotions of parents when their child does something wrong.

Population approach is needed: how to have a generalised parenting program.

MAking it work: - Multi level system - Multidisciplinary - Inclusive - Culturally appropriate - Effective - Different outcomes. How to have effect globally across all populations. All life phases are important. We need treatments for all ages.

Wechslet Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) - short version

MEasures intelligence in all groups

Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)

Measures academic achievement in all groups

Test of Everyday Attention (TEA)

Measures attention in adults

Test of Everyday Attention in Children (TEA-CH)

Measures attention in children

Hayling and Brixton Clinical Assessment of Executive Functioning (Hayling and Brixton Tests)

Measures executive function in ADULTS

Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS)

Measures executive function targets all groups

Wechsler Intelligence scale for Children (WISC)

Measures intelligence from primary to highschool

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Measures intelligence in adults

Raven's Progressive Matrices (RPM)

Measures intelligence in all groups

Standford Binet Intelligence Scales

Measures intelligence in all groups

Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence(WPPSI)

Measures intelligence in pre-school to primary school children

Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML)

Measures memory and attention in all groups.

Test administration: Neale analysis of reading ability

Measures oral reading, comprehension and fluency of students aged 6-12 years. May also be used to diagnose reading difficulties in older readers. Children read a selection of stories out loud and then completes a comprehension test on the story. The test administrator notes down any errors and how long the child took to read it. These are scored to give measures of: 1. Reading accuracy, 2. Reading rate, and 3. Comprehension.

Cattell's 16 Personality factor questionnaire (16PF)

Measures personality (non clinical) targets adults

NEO-PI-3 (NEO) - Covers the big 5.

Measures personality for adults

Minnesota Multiphastic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Measures personality in adults - (MMPI-A avalible for adolescents)

Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI)

Measures personality measures all groups - has adult and child versions

Child Behaviour Checklists (CBCL)

Measures problem behaviour targets children

Neale Analysis of Reading (Neale)

Measures reading for all groups but mainly children

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT)

Measures vocabulary in all groups but mainly children

Future of health in 2050

Micro chips monitorings obs. Diagnosed right amount of sleep. Good dose of therapy. If health care moves quickly we need to be quick with providing good mental health care.

Medical assessment

More detailed medical history important to rule out hearing and seeing tests as potential diagnoses. Might also see as occupational therapists: sensitivities and fine motor movement. Speech and language pathologist. Physio assessment.

Test creation/administration of RPM

Non-verbal group ability test - "research supports use of (the test) as a measure of... Spearman's g" Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001, p.363 (designed to measure g by Raven). Age 5 upwards. No language needed (can in principle be used to compare intelligence of people who speak different languages). Designed to assess military recruits independent of educational factors. Psychometric properties: "Impressive set" of norms from all around the world (Kaplan & Saccuzzo, 2001, p.364). Alternate forms reliability coefficient .90, internal reliability .94, test-retest between .71 to .86. Validity - correlates with other aptitude tests and to a lesser degree with academic ability (though correlations not high).

Carl Rogers

Not interpretation but the creation of interpersonal context. Create the conditions for change. - Positive regard - Genuineness - Empathy - Openness - Curiousity

Number needed to treat (NNT)

Number of patients that need to be treated in order to have an impact on one person (to prevent additional bad outcome). NNT = 1/ARR EXAMPLE: In the clinical trial of a drug preventing migraines, 2 of 100 people taking the drug experience migraines, compared to 4 out of 100 recieving placebo. ARR = CER-EER = .02 NNT = 1/.02 = 50. So the number you need to treat for one person to benefit is 50, Does this benefit outweigh the cost of the drug?

MMPI-2 lie scales

Other multiple validity scales - not psychometric. - ? Cannot say - a count of missing response L (lie) scale - negative statements that apply to most people - "i do not always tel lthe truth" F (infrequency scale) - "eccentric" statements with low endorsement rates - it would be better if all laws were thrown away K (correction) scale - willing to admit deviancy/defensiveness (statements that may be considered embarrassing but are actually normal - I feel useless at times).

Planned activites routine.

Planned activities routine. The Positive Parenting Program. Three follow up consultations. Phone consultations.

Children's relationships matter

Positive, nurturing relationships lay the foundation (Biglan, 2015). Secure bonding. Better self regulation. Fewer SEB. Academic success. Good life course outcomes. OR. Dysfunctional relationships cause toxic stress. -> Poorer self regulation. Increased risk of SEB problems. Greater risk of anti-social behaviours, substance abuse. Poor life outcomes.

Alternative to the S-P model

Practitioner scholar model (Vespia and Sauer, 2006) - Greater emphasis on service delivery - Practitioners taught to be producers of small-scale clinical science rather than traditional research science (McFall, 2006). - Model of a clinician working scientifically: - Applied scientist who uses theory and validated principles of assessment and validated treatments where they exist. - Where they don't exist apply scientific methods and principles of observation, hypothesis generation with testing applied in individual cases and client groups. - Duty to pursue ideas derived from psychological science to improve upon existing assessments/treatments, develop new procedures and investigate the nature of clinical problems that bring people to the clinic. - This ensures that public money is spent on procedures that are justified by a scientific body of knowledge.

5 Ps

Predisposing: what has made this child vulnerable? Precipitants: Why now? What is the Problem> Positives: What are the childs strengths? Perpetuating: What keeps the problem going ?

Positive Parenting

Principles, causes of child behaviour. Ask parents what they think positive parenting is.

Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory

Problem score as well as frequency score.

Standard Effect Size

Provides and indication of the size of treatment effects - is the magnitude sufficient to be a part of practical relevance? Becoming more common in reporting of psychological interventions - so where reported in papers look for the data or calculate it yourself. ES proposed by Cohen, and calculated by taking the mean difference between two treatments and dividing by their pooled variance. Cohen's d = M1 - M2 / SDpooled. Small effect size: .2 Moderate: .5 Large: .8

Qualitative research

Provides us with some guidance in deciding whether we can apply the findings from quantitative studies to our clients. Qualitative methods also used to determine client's experience of, and with, the intervention. If this negative (e.g., side effects of medication, behavioural intervention too time consuming) it will impact on treatment uptake.

What is a psychologist? (Couselling Lecture)

Psychologists study the way people feel, think, act and interact. Through a range of strategies and therapies they aim to reduce distress and to enhance and promote emotional wellbeing. Psychologists are experts in human behaviour, and have studied the brain, memory, learning and human development. Psychologists can assist people who are having difficulty controlling their emotions, thinking and behaviour, including those with mental health problems such as anxiety and depression, serious and enduring mental illness, addictive behaviours and childhood behaviour disorders. All psychologists are legally required to be registered with the national registration board, the Psychology Board of Australia, in the same way medical practitioners must be registered. This means that they must be competent and follow a strict Code of Conduct.

Research capacity and culture tool

Rate your own success or skill level for each of the following aspects by circling a score on a 1-10 scale. Psychologists rated themselves as 5.5/10. Higher than other health professionals.

Test administration MMPI-2

Raw scores converted to T scores (mean 50, s.d. 10). Standardised sample = 2600 people. True/false questions, 10 clinical scales (10 criterion groups): 1) hypocondriasis 2) depression 3) hysteria 4) psychopathic deviate 5) masculinity/femininity 6) paranoia 7) psychasthenia 8) schizophrenia, 9) hypomania 10) social introversion. A seperate adolescent version is avaliable.

RAMM(bo)

Recruitment: Are p's representitive of target population? Allocation: Was the assignment to treatments randomised? Maintenance: Were the individuals within groups treated equally? Were the outcomes ascertained and analysed for most p's? Measurement: Were the ps and clinicians blinded to treatment? Were measurements objective and standardised?

Aims of Triple P System

Reduce the prevalence rates of serious social, emotional and behavioural problems in children and the level of child maltreatment in the community. - Increase the number of parents who have the knowledge, skills and confidence to to parent their children and adolescents well by increasing the number of parents who complete an evidence-based, culturally appropriate parenting program. Increase the number of children and adolescents who are thriving socially, emotionally and academically.

Psychometric properties of MMPI-2

Reliability: test retest & internal consistency .58-.92 (control). Construct valdiity: >10,000 studies have mapped specific MMPI profiles onto specific behaviours (e.g. alcoholism, eating disorders, posttraumatic stress, delinquency, neurological disorders Criterion validity: MPI scores for a non clinical sample mapped onto ratings by their spouses. Also, MMPI scores for psychiatric patients mapped onto ratings by the professionals treating them.

Parental interview continued

Reported he has poor eye contact, which has improved slightly over time. His play skills are behind of his peers; he tends to dictate play and does not like to sit and play with other children. Prefers chasing games and seems to wander around by himself. Does not want to communicate with other children Preoccupation with trucks - likes counting. If anything is disturbed in line of trucks he can throw tantrum. Looks at a wall from corner of his eye. His mum has been having down days - her husband and her can find it hard to manage tantrums. Struggling to give her son time because she's trying to take care of herself.

Defining role models

Role aspirant - self efficacy - inspiration - emulation.

Role models in popular culture

Role models are implied to have a lot to do with being a person with high visibility. This belief that role models matter underpins a range of policies and programmes.

Tailoring the Triple P experience.

SEE SLIDE

Prevalence of past-year cannibis use in Australia, The US, and the EU 1979-2014

SEE SLIDE Young adults aged 18-24 have the highest rates of past year cannabis use in Australia (Australian Insitute of Health and Welfare, 2014), which accounts for 10.8% and 6.2% of the health burden in males and females respectively.

Effects of Triple P Discussion Groups

SEE SLIDE - End of Lecture 9

Broader ecological context matters.

SEE SLIDE. Parenting programs should include kindship - have grandparents come along. Benefits must be achieved. Enhance parental motivation Activation of parental cognitions or affect Enabling social contexts Program itself Addressing parental concerns about their children.

Circle of Security

Secure base: for children to explore and learn. and save haven for children to feel protected.

Three circles model and motivation

See slide

Gaze Blindsight

Shown faces with their gaze directed towards or averted from the viewer. His score was 57%. p = .06.

How is blindsight possible?

Since there is no striate cortex, Weiskrantz suggested that an alternate system: input to the superior colliculus, was processing the information. In fact, around 10% of the fibers from the retina project to the superior colliculus (100,000 fibers = size of auditory nerve). The 2 pathways (retino-geniculo-striate and retino-tectal) are visible in the diagram that was shown above. It is hypothesised that the superior colliculus is responsible for blindsight: 1. The colliculus is the 2nd system that works in parallel with the geniculoi-striate one. Less used in humans but monkeys appear to rely on it (=encephalisation of visual function) 2. In monkeys, destruction of the superior colliculus makes blindsight disappear. 3. In humans, a distractor presented to the blind field slows saccades towards targets in the sighted field (Rafal et al., 1990). Others suggest that blindsight might occur through geniuclorextrastriate pathways (Cowey, 2010).

Managing misbehaviour and routines

Strategies to manage behaviour.

More MMPI scales

TRIN - True response inconsistency: Number of true responses to items with opposite content (ought to yield opposite responses but don't). VRIN (variable response inconsistency) - another measure of response consistency across items Fb (Back F) - are later responses similar to earlier responses? Do these valdiity scales work in detecting fakers? People without mental health disorders were asked to fill in the MMPI as if they had a mental disorder Lie scales successfully detected them.

CONSORT checklist

The CONSORT (CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) 2010 guideline is intended to improve the reporting of parallel-group randomized controlled trial (RCT), enabling readers to understand a trial's design, conduct, analysis and interpretation, and to assess the validity of its results.

DASS - Depression anxiety Stress scales

The DASS is a 42-item self report instrument designed to measure the three related negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and tension/stress.

The Scientist Practitioner Model

The S-P model in psychology is an integrative approach to science and practice wherein each must continually inform the other.

Difference between ARR and RRR

The absolute risk is the simple difference between rates. Relative risk describes the relative or proportional difference. Notice that a 25% difference is more impressive than a 5% difference. Knowing that a treatment reduces your relative risk of dying by 25%(RRR) may lead you to make a different decision to the one you might make if told that the treatment reduces your risk of dying by 5%. How meaningful this is will depend on consideration of some other factors - such as the consequences of the event, the cost of treatment and any unwanted (side) effects.

Defining compassion

The awareness and sensitivity to the suffering of self and others - with a commitment to try and alleviate and prevent it

The relative risk reduction (RRR)

The difference in event rates between two groups, expressed as a proportion of the event rate in the untreated group. i.e the relative or proportional difference. If 20% of participants die with no treatment (A) and 15% die with treatment (B) the absolute risk reduction is 5% and the relative risk reduction is 25%. RRR = (CER - EER)/ CER = (0.20 - 0.15)/0.20 = 0.25 this means that the disease/disorder was reduced by 25% in the treatment group compared with the control group.

Effectiveness

The effectiveness of a treatment is considered in clinical situations when the intervention is implemented without the same level of internal validity - is the treatment beneficial in a clinical setting? Effectiveness studies seek to examine the outcomes of interventions under circumstances that more closely approximate the real world - that is, they empahsise the external validity of the experimental design. - THUS clients may be more heterogenous, the number of treatment sessions may not be fully controlled, and may reflect delivery that is more routine in clinical settings (e.g. therapy is not manualised, therapist adherence is not monitored).

Evidence based practice

The integration of best research with clinical expertise and patient values - Sackkett and Straus.

Calcarine fissure

The left cortex is recieving information from the right hemisphere. Top of horizon represented below calcarine fissure, bottom of horizon represented on the top. Meaning that images are upside down. Top down processing.

Number needed to treat

The number you need to treat to prevent a bad outcome

Who are our role models>

The people who influence who we want to be (and wish not to be) are people we know well. Competence seems to be less important than motivational factors (friendliness and determination). Positive models are inspiring, increase our confidence and provide us with a model to emulate. Negative models show us what not to do.

Empirical criterion keying

The process of using criterion groups to develop test items, wherein the scoring or keying of items has been demonstrated empirically to differentiate among groups of test takers.

Parenting based interventions

The single most important thing we can do as a community to promote the well being of children and reduce child maltreatment is increase the knowledge, skill, and confidence of parents in the task of raising our children.

Criterion

The standard against which a test or test score is evaluated - this standard may take many forms including a specific behaviour or set of behaviours

The primary visual cortex: V1

The visual field is represented retinotopically, inverted both along the top down and left right axes. When something moves in your periphery - being aware of the stimulus is due to superior colliculus. The left generates information in the right.

Duncan and Miller (1999); LAmbert and Barley (2001)

Therapeutic alliance: 30% Extra therapeutic change: 40% Expectancy effect: 15% Techniques: 15% Critiqued but also appraised.

Test creation/administration: WISC-V

There are 10 core subsets that can be arranged into 4 groups/indexes. 1. Verbal comprehension 2. Perceptual reasoning 3. Working Memory 4. Processing speed These 4 indexes can be combined to form a full measure of general intellectual functioning (Full scale IQ or FSIQ) One on one examination sessions (45-65 minutes) with highly trained examiner. Standardisation: Reference sample = 2200 children (6 through to 16 years. Reliability: Test-retest = .71 to .90, 1 month, interrater = .98-.99, internal consistency = .88 - .93. Validity: Evidence for convergent/discriminant validity found through inspecting correlations with other IQ tests and achievement tests. Construct validity evidence: factor analysis confirms 4 groups; comparisons between clinical and non-clinical samples as expected.

Role model interventions.

There is also evidence that this belief underpins a range of policies and programmes: in 2002 researchers identified 400 concurrent role model programmes directed towards helping Australian adolescents and young adults acquire valued roles (MacCallum & Beltman, 2002). One such programme, Role Models and Leaders Australia, aims to help Indigenous youth facing poverty and other challenges. At the governmental level, The Australian of the Year Awards recognise Australian role models as a way of promoting active citizenship. The Department of Health raises the visibility of female athletes as role models as a way of encouraging girls and women to exercise. In 2013, the Australian Human Rights Commission published strategies for attracting women into male-dominated industries — role modelling was heavily advocated here too. Evaluations of role model programmes are extremely rare (Byrne, 1989). Where they occur, they tend to lack rigor, relying on the self-reports of programme managers or on measures of participants' enjoyment of activities (e.g., MacCallum & Beltman, 2002). Consequently, there is little evidence that role model programmes alleviate the social problems they are meant to address (e.g., Armour & Duncombe, 2012; Carrington & Skelton, 2003).

Micro skills: Integration with Compassion Focused Therapy Basic Listening Sequence

These skills are critical for alliance building and maintenance. - Alliance is fragile in the presence of shame and relentless self attacking - Basic listening skills helps create a safe and gentle pace - slow down! - Use voice and body language to create safeness - Important to use before gearing up

The cognitive triangle

Thoughts, feelings, behaviour. To help the mother.

Absolute and relative risk

To allow comparison between control and treatment groups

Empirically Supported Treatments

Treatments and therapies that have research based medical and scientific evidence showing that they work. - US: Division 12 from the APA: Society for Clinical Psychology. - UK: NICE guidleines Australia: APS

Reflection of emotion

Trying to predict emotion on the client

Item discrimination index

Used for empirical criterion keying. Example: HAving two groups: one with psychasthenia and one without. Create 4 True or False statements and give them to both groups - discriminate what groups give what answers. D = IDI U = Number of people in upper group who rated item true L = Number of people in lower gorup who rated item true nU = Total number in upper group nL = Total number in lower group The direction of d does not matter.

Wechsler Tests

WPPSI-IV: Wechsler Pre-School and Primary Scale of Intelligence (4th edition). For 3-7 year olds. WISC-V: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (5th edition). For 6-16 year olds. WAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th edition). For 16 upwards. WASI-II: Wechsler Abbreviation Scale of Intelligence (2nd edition) -30 min and 15 min versions.

Marx and Roman (2002)

Wanted to explore whether presenting women with a mathematically competent female model could reduce the typical stereotype threat effect. In study 2, male and female participants completed a maths test with a female experimenter who was either high (math PhD) or low (english major) in maths competence. Women did worse when female experimenter was incompetent. Men did significantly better.

Blindisght in humans

Weiskrantz, Warringotn, Sanders and Marshall (1974) Describes patient D.D who present left hemianopia. After an operation in the right occipital area he presents left hemianopia, which develops into an inferior left quadrantopia. DB can: Orient his gaze towards a stimulus in his blind field (25~) - Point to the stimulus (localisation) - Is above chance when asked to guess if a stimulus is horizontal or vertical (orientation) DB can identify Xs and Os more often than chance. Can identified movement more often than chance. Almost at 100% rate - did not think he could see. Something other than the visual cortex accounting for seeing. Could also see colours, direction of movement, spatial frequency and flicker.

Systems of care.

What if children were referred to a psychologist before GP. SEE SLIDE.

Stereotype threat

When negative stereotypes are made salient.

Remember

You're only an hour in someone's life: you might not be a life changing pivotal point for them

Lexical Approach

approach proposing that the most crucial features of personality are embedded in our language.

Quadrantopia

blindness or loss of vision in a quarter sector of the visual field of one or both eyes

Shame

makes people avoid situations. Bipolar patient couldn't tell psychologist that she was addicted to ice due to shame.