Psych 101 2 test review
Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of: 1. a negative reinforcer. 2. latent learning. 3. an intrinsic reward. 4. an extrinsic reward.
an extrinsic reward.
A(n) _____ is MOST likely the prototype for the concept fruit. 1. coconut 2. blueberry 3. apple 4. persimmon
apple
A high school counselor gave Amy a test designed to predict whether she could learn to become a successful architect. Amy MOST likely took a(n) _____ test. 1. factor analysis 2. achievement 3. aptitude 4. emotional intelligence
aptitude
Henri wishes to depict the diverse array of human emotions on a two-dimensional graph. Henri labels the x-axis with the term "valence," and he labels the y-axis with the term "_____." 1. appraisal 2. activation 3. valence 4. arousal
arousal
When asked why he wanted to climb Mount Everest, George Mallory responded, "Because it is there." With respect to theories of motivation, this BEST exemplifies: 1. instinct theory. 2. drive-reduction theory. 3. arousal theory. 4. hierarchy of needs.
arousal theory.
People can overestimate gender differences in emotional literacy by making different _____ about men's and women's behaviors. 1. attributions 2. conclusions 3. theories 4. stories
attributions
the persistence of one's initial conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
belief perseverance
A train is rapidly approaching and Antonio's car stalls in the middle of the railroad tracks. His emotional arousal is likely to be accompanied by: 1. dilation of his pupils. 2. contraction of the arteries. 3. a decreased respiration rate. 4. a decreased blood sugar level.
dilation of his pupils.
the ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways
divergent thinking
The tendency to wear heavier clothes when it is cold and lighter clothes when it is warm is an example of humans trying to maintain: 1. standard deviation. 2. a prototype. 3. basal metabolic rate. 4. homeostasis.
homeostasis.
An African Grey parrot at a pet store has been trained to count objects. For example, if he is shown a tray of balls and asked how many are red, he will answer correctly about 80 percent of the time. This parrot is displaying 1. concept formation. 2. self-recognition. 3. numerical skills. 4. functional fixedness.
numerical skills.
The text suggests that first impressions may be formed in as little as: 1. 5 seconds. 2. one-half of a second. 3. 2 seconds. 4. one-tenth of a second.
one-tenth of a second.
Kala finds that by the end of each workday, she is several hours behind with respect to the to-do list she creates each morning. Kala's optimistic assessment of what she's likely to achieve each day BEST reflects the cognitive process or bias called 1. fixedness. 2. overconfidence. 3. framing. 4. belief perseverance.
overconfidence.
Prompt and clear feedback regarding one's performance on a psychology practice test is MOST likely to inhibit 1. the availability heuristic. 2. extrinsic motivation. 3. framing. 4. overconfidence.
overconfidence.
The employees were not surprised when Sharon was promoted to senior director of the organization. She has demonstrated her ability to motivate the team, delegate to the appropriate people, and promote herself. This BEST illustrates Sternberg's concept of _____ intelligence. 1. emotional 2. analytic 3. crystallized 4. practical
practical
A beach holiday may be the best example of a vacation. In this instance, a beach holiday is a(n) _____ of the concept of a vacation. 1. fixation 2. algorithm 3. heuristic 4. prototype
prototype
When someone mentions that they saw a bird out of a window, DeJuan immediately thinks of a robin. A robin is an example of the _____ of the concept of a bird. 1. algorithm 2.heuristic 3. prototype 4. fixation
prototype
a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories
prototype
Women generally are more emotionally literate because they are better at: 1. talking about their feelings. 2. expressing emotion. 3. reading nonverbal cues. 4. focusing on others.
reading nonverbal cues.
When Shawna thinks about her family, she feels secure. This is because a sense of belonging also activates feelings of _____ and _____. 1. reward; safety 2. self-esteem; competence 3. safety; self-esteem 4. reward; competence
reward; safety
Armaghan lives in a small Afghani village. She desperately wants to go to school. However, since other girls in the village have been attacked for attending school, her parents do not want to send her. Her parents are motivated by _____ needs. 1. safety 2. esteem 3. self-actualization 4. physiological
safety
Although he is unable to speak coherently and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as _____ syndrome.
savant
Immortalized in the movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This is known as: 1. g factor. 2. savant syndrome. 3. emotional intelligence. 4. Down syndrome.
savant syndrome.
Though she is performing at the first grade level in most of her other classes, Sarah is doing very well in college-level algebra. This may be an example of 1. emotional intelligence. 2. creativity. 3. savant syndrome. 4. factor analysis.
savant syndrome.
Bob, a successful businessman in his late fifties, has decided that he wants to retire from work. Although he is in a position to earn a lot more money, he knows he has more than enough. Instead, Bob wants to put his skills to work helping the charities that he supports. In addition, Bob and his wife want to take an active part in the raising of their grandchildren. Bob is motivated by _____ needs. 1. safety 2. esteem 3. belongingness and love 4. self-actualization
self-actualization
In the 1990s, the U.S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Abraham Maslow's need for: 1. self-determination. 2. self-actualization. 3. self-esteem. 4. self-transcendence.
self-actualization.
A garden snake slithers past Shayla's feet as she walks to her driveway. Shayla startles, momentarily frightened. A spike of activity is probably occurring in the _____ in Shayla's brain. 1. amygdala 2. hippocampus 3. medulla 4. cerebellum
amygdala
A speeding car almost runs Lena over while she is riding her bike. The frightening experience causes a surge of activity in Lena's: 1. cerebellum. 2. hippocampus. 3. amygdala. 4. medulla.
amygdala.
With respect to Joseph LeDoux's idea of emotional processing pathways, low is to high as _____ is to _____. 1. thalamus; hippocampus 2. thalamus; amygdala 3. amygdala; cortex 4. amygdala; thalamus
amygdala; cortex
"Express as a mixed numeral: 39/8" is a problem found in a fifth-grade arithmetic textbook. This problem is BEST solved through: 1. a heuristic. 2. insight. 3. trial and error 4. an algorithm.
an algorithm.
Shelly just took an intelligence test on the internet to get a general idea of what her intelligence score is. Shelly's score was average. What was her intelligence score? 1. 80 2. 90 3. 100 4. 110
100
Lily is currently a first-year student at a local university. She is among the _____ percent of her peers who report using social networking sites at least 6 hours per week. 1. 35 2. 70 3. 25 4. 50
50
Mackay was administered an intelligence test by a pediatric psychologist to determine if he needs special education. Mackay scored lower than 98 percent of all scores. Mackay's score was: 1. 70. 2. 90. 3. 100. 4. 80
70
focuses on the priority of some needs over others.
Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs
The hospital where Jack works has specific step-by-step procedures, or _____, for treating heart attack victims. 1.Syntaxes 2.Algorithms 3.Concepts 4.Heuristics
Algorithms
Andrea participated in an experiment in which she was asked to look at photos of happy times in her life; then she was asked to view photos of people attacking harmless animals. Her brain activity was recorded throughout the experiment. Results should show that: 1. Andrea would exhibit limited brain activity for the aggressive photos but significant activity for the pleasant photos. 2. Andrea's brain areas would be equally active for both types of photos. 3. Andrea would exhibit limited brain activity for the pleasant photos but significant activity for the aggressive photos. 4. Andrea's brain would be active in different areas for the different types of photos.
Andrea's brain would be active in different areas for the different types of photos.
focuses on finding the right level of stimulation.
Arousal theory
Which individual's behavior may MOST easily be explained by the arousal theory of motivation? 1. Artie, who rode 10 different roller coasters in one day 2. Barry, who bought an expensive watch he could not resist 3. Callista, who studied for long hours to earn a good grade 4. Dharma, who ate a chocolate bar when she felt weak
Artie, who rode 10 different roller coasters in one day
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
Cannon-Bard theory
Who was the first researcher to suggest that facial expressions are preverbal? 1. Paul Ekman 2. Sigmund Freud 3. Charles Darwin 4. David Matsumoto
Charles Darwin
The assistant chief of police has decided to use a variation of a polygraph test on a suspect and will assess the suspect's physiological responses to a series of very specific crime-scene details, known only to the police and the perpetrator of the crime. This is known as the: 1. Concealed Information Test. 2. relative deprivation principle. 3. adaptation-level principle. 4. catharsis hypothesis.
Concealed Information Test.
_____ is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable. 1. Creativity 2. Expertise 3. Convergent thinking 4. Divergent thinking
Creativity
_____ intelligence increases with age, whereas _____ intelligence decreases with age. 1. Emotional; fluid 2. Crystallized; fluid 3. Fluid; crystallized 4. Crystallized; emotional
Crystallized; fluid
Dr. Lemaire and Dr. McCullough are psychologists researching emotions. Over coffee one day, Dr. Lemaire remarks that she is "experiencing a state of low arousal, with an unpleasant valence." Dr. McCullough replies that while he is similarly unaroused, he finds the valence pleasant. According to the text, which alternative BEST describes how these two psychologists are feeling in everyday terms? 1. Dr. Lemaire is bored, while Dr. McCullough is happy. 2.Dr. Lemaire is bored, while Dr. McCullough is relaxed. 3. Dr. Lemaire is depressed, while Dr. McCullough is bored. 4. Dr. Lemaire is depressed, while Dr. McCullough is happy.
Dr. Lemaire is bored, while Dr. McCullough is relaxed.
focuses on how we respond to inner pushes and external pulls.
Drive-reduction theory
An empathetic person will identify with others and can imagine what it might be like to walk in another person's shoes. There are some apparent gender differences related to empathy. Which observation supports this finding? 1. Seeing someone in distress causes a greater increase in a male's heart rate than in a female's. 2. Females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone else in distress. 3. Males react more strongly to viewing film clips that were sad, happy, or frightening. 4. There are no gender differences in relation to empathy.
Females are more likely to cry and report distress when observing someone else in distress.
Marshall was involved in a traumatic head injury that damaged the right frontal lobe of his brain. Based on the textbook's discussion, Marshall may experience which emotional change? 1. He may be less irritable and more affectionate. 2. He may be more depressed and irritable. 3. He may experience more apathy and anger. 4. He may experience less happiness and more irritability.
He may be less irritable and more affectionate.
Sade, a college student, has been getting lower grades in classes than she would like. She decides to take a vacation from social media to refocus on academics. How is this likely to impact her grades? 1. Her grades will improve. 2. Her grades will be unaffected. 3. She will not be able to detach from social media. 4. Her grades will deteriorate.
Her grades will improve.
Which statement is MOST accurate regarding intelligence over the lifespan? 1. In general, intelligence changes greatly over the lifespan, but fluid intelligence remains relatively constant. 2. In general, intelligence is relatively stable across the lifespan, but fluid intelligence decreases somewhat. 3. In general, intelligence is relatively stable across the lifespan, but crystallized intelligence decreases somewhat. 4. In general, intelligence changes greatly over the lifespan, but crystallized intelligence remains relatively constant.
In general, intelligence is relatively stable across the lifespan, but fluid intelligence decreases somewhat.
focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors.
Instinct theory
the theory that our experience of emotion occurs when we become aware of our physiological responses to an emotion-arousing stimulus.
James-Lange theory
Sometimes, books and movies surprise and intrigue people because they depict characters who put their desire for love and belongingness above their own safety. This is in contrast to the expected order in: 1. human instincts. 2. drive theory. 3. the Yerkes-Dodson law. 4. Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
Dr. Lynch shows members of a preliterate Andean culture and American college students a series of photos of either Andeans or Americans displaying emotional expressions. She asks Andeans and Americans to identify the emotion displayed in each photo. Based on Paul Ekman's results, what might Dr. Lynch predict? 1. The Americans should perform more poorly than the Andeans overall. 2. Participants should identify emotions accurately both when they are displayed by members of their own cultural group and when they are displayed by members of the other group. 3. Participants should identify emotions accurately when they are displayed by members of their own cultural group, but not when they are displayed by members of the other group. 4. The Andeans should perform more poorly than the Americans overall.
Participants should identify emotions accurately both when they are displayed by members of their own cultural group and when they are displayed by members of the other group.
Seventeen-year-old Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year. Ricky absolutely loves driving any car. His love of driving gave him the idea of getting a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for 6 months, you can predict that 1. Ricky would volunteer to drive his mother around town. 2. Ricky would seek more jobs where he could drive. 3. Ricky's love of driving would decrease. 4. Ricky would continue to love his job.
Ricky's love of driving would decrease.
Which person is NOT demonstrating creative thinking? 1.Fifteen-year-old Tang plays the violin and writes his own composition whenever a melody comes to him. 2.Seventeen-year-old Jason is an excellent test-taker and does very well on aptitude tests. 3.Ten-year-old Amelia is always using various discarded objects from the garage for her own inspired art projects. 4.Twenty-five-year-old LaRon is a gifted young architect who is relied upon by his firm because he can find alternative solutions to spacing issues.
Seventeen-year-old Jason is an excellent test-taker and does very well on aptitude tests.
Alone in her house, Shanita hears a noise in the middle of the night. She tells a friend that her heart started to pound and she jumped out of bed trembling. If an emotional response is made up of physiological arousal, expressive behavior, and conscious experience, which element is missing from Shanita's description of the event? 1. She hides under the covers. 2. Her breathing increases. 3. Her eyes dilate. 4. She feels fear.
She feels fear.
Randy has an above average intelligence quotient (IQ) but average motivation. In contrast, his brother Steven has an average IQ but high motivation. According to research results, which brother is likely to have higher achievement in his lifetime? 1. Both will excel. 2. They will have the same level of achievement. 3. Randy will achieve more. 4. Steven will achieve more.
Steven will achieve more.
Why, specifically, is allowing time for incubation an important element for boosting the creativity process? 1. The unconscious needs to engage in convergent thinking, which takes time. 2. The extra time forces the mind to stay active with other tasks, and when reviewing a problem later it will be seen in a new light. 3. Individuals have a tendency of putting things off until the very last moment. 4. The extra time allows the unconscious to form new associations between novel connections.
The extra time allows the unconscious to form new associations between novel connections.
Careema and Ava are riding on a roller coaster. Both girls' sympathetic nervous systems are active. Careema, though, feels apprehensive, whereas Ava is exhilarated. Which statement is true? 1. Careema is experiencing emotion via the fast pathway, whereas Ava is experiencing emotion via the slow pathway. 2. The girls differ in their overall levels of arousal. 3. The girls differ in physiological activity. 4. The girls differ in the valence of their emotions.
The girls differ in the valence of their emotions.
Nikolas is suspected of a crime and is asked to take a polygraph test. Although he is innocent, what are the chances that he will be falsely accused? 1. These tests are rarely wrong, especially if the person is innocent. 2. These tests err about one-third of the time. 3. These tests err about one-half of the time. 4. These tests err about two-thirds of the time.
These tests err about one-third of the time.
Last week, Marianne was administered a test by her boss, who claimed to be interested in predicting employee success. During the test, she was required to compare words, arrange photos into a story, make patterns from shapes, and solve math problems. Most likely, Marianne was administered the: 1. Stanford-Binet. 2. WISC. 3. Creative Thinking Test. 4. WAIS.
WAIS.
Eleven-year-old Hector was given a test by his school district to measure his intelligence. During the test, he was required to define words, describe the similarities among objects, make patterns from blocks, and arrange numbers in a sequence. Most likely, Hector was administered a well-known test called the: 1. Stanford-Binet. 2. WAIS. 3. WISC. 4. Creative Thinking Test.
WISC.
Joan was very happy on the day of her wedding. What is the valence of her emotion? 1. physiologically aroused 2. an unpleasant experience 3. a pleasant experience 4. physiologically depressed
a pleasant experience
Strangers placed in male-female pairs were instructed to stare into each other's eyes for 2 minutes. They reported feeling: 1. a tingle of attraction and affection. 2. uncomfortable. 3. heartfelt longing for each other. 4. threatened.
a tingle of attraction and affection.
A test on chapter 9 of a psychology textbook would be an example of a(n): 1. achievement test. 2. aptitude test. 3. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). 4. Stanford-Binet test.
achievement test.
Rob is assigned the task of coordinating a fundraiser. He does not feel particularly competent at the task. He will do best on these coordinating activities when he is: 1. very relaxed. 2. alert and anxious. 3. bored. 4. alert, but not "stressed."
alert, but not "stressed."
A high school physics teacher reassures his class that no matter how confusing this week's word problems appear, they all may be solved quite handily through the use of the formula F = MA. The teacher has offered his students a 1.heuristic. 2.algorithm. 3.analogy. 4.insight.
algorithm.
The formula, two parts alcohol to one part aloe vera gel, is guaranteed to produce an equivalent to commercially available hand sanitizer. In problem-solving terms, this formula is a(n) 1. heuristic. 2. algorithm. 3. prototype. 4. insight.
algorithm.
a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem
algorithms
When Judy's professor failed to recognize that Judy had her hand raised to answer a question, Judy began to think her professor was unfriendly. Judy later learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, but she continued to think he was unfriendly. Judy's reaction BEST illustrates: 1.framing. 2.belief perseverance. 3.fixation. 4.the availability heuristic.
belief perseverance.
Which cognitive process or strategy is correctly defined 1. algorithm—a simple thinking shortcut that lets us act quickly and efficiently 2. framing—fast, automatic feelings and thoughts 3. belief perseverance—the tendency to maintain one's opinions and ideas in the face of opposing evidence 4. functional fixedness—our overestimation of the accuracy of our thoughts and judgment
belief perseverance—the tendency to maintain one's opinions and ideas in the face of opposing evidence
Maia has plenty of food and lives in a nice house. Now, she feels she needs to find a soul mate, or even a close friend or two, with whom she can share her life. According to Abraham Maslow, Maia is currently motivated by _____ needs. 1. self-actualization 2. esteem 3. safety 4. belongingness and love
belongingness and love
Dr. LaGrange is skeptical of drive theories of motivation. He argues that drive-reduction theory can't explain: 1. having sex. 2. bungee jumping. 3. eating a quick meal. 4. gulping water after a strenuous run.
bungee jumping.
Wolfgang Köhler studied insight by observing: 1. cats escaping from puzzle boxes. 2. dogs salivating when fed. 3. chimpanzees obtaining bananas. 4. rats running mazes.
chimpanzees obtaining bananas.
all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
cognition
Shawna is about to graduate with a bachelor's degree in psychology and is planning to attend graduate school. Her primary interests are how people store new information in memory, solve problems, and communicate with others. She is MOST interested in mental activities known as: 1. cognition. 2. availability heuristics. 3. intuition. 4. prototypes.
cognition.
In her research, Professor Kyoto seeks to identify mental biases that are likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is MOST likely in the area of _____ psychology. 1. cognitive 2. biological 3. developmental 4. personality
cognitive
The developmental psychologist Lev Vygotsky was one of a group of people born in Russia in the late nineteenth century. As a group, they experienced war, starvation, and revolution. The term _____ refers to a group of people born within a few years of each other. 1.SES group 2. generation 3. ingroup 4. cohort
cohort
the same group of people
cohort
Baby boomers, generation X, and millennials refer to groups of people born within several years of each other; that is, they refer to: 1. ingroups. 2. cohorts. 3. subcultures. 4. generations.
cohorts.
a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
concepts
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
confirmation bias
Because they mistakenly believe that older workers are not as motivated to work as hard as younger workers, a factory foreman is especially vigilant for signs of laziness among their senior employees. When she sees a younger employee slacking off, she usually assumes that he is taking a well-deserved break. Her supervision strategy BEST illustrates 1. linguistic determinism. 2. the availability heuristic. 3. belief perseverance. 4. confirmation bias.
confirmation bias.
an ability to provide a single correct answer
convergent thinking
A person who can effectively identify the best possible answers to multiple-choice test questions is using 1. belief perseverance. 2. fixation. 3. divergent thinking. 4. convergent thinking.
convergent thinking.
Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at 1. creative problem solving. 2. fluid intelligence. 3. belief perseverance. 4. convergent thinking.
creative problem solving.
the ability to produce new and valuable ideas.
creativity
A task that requires naming the European capitals in alphabetical order measures _____ intelligence. 1. practical 2. crystallized 3. fluid 4. emotional
crystallized
our accumulated knowledge as reflected in vocabulary and applied skills
crystallized intelligence
Researchers studying chimpanzees in the wild report that they have found many customs that are specific to local chimpanzee groups. Differences in tool use, grooming, and courtship rituals can be accounted for by 1. cultural diversity. 2. confirmation bias. 3. genetics. 4. linguistics.
cultural diversity.
Fluid intelligence _____ with age. Crystallized intelligence _____ with age. 1. declines; declines 2. does not decline; does not decline 3. declines; does not decline 4. does not decline; declines
declines; does not decline
Lara's mouth is dry and she realizes that she has not had anything to drink all morning. The water level in her cells has dropped and she feels thirsty. Watching people drink large glasses of soda is upsetting her and, at the next opportunity, she will take an extra-large drink. Which concept can be used to explain why Lara is motivated to get a drink? 1. human factor 2. set-point theory 3. basal metabolic rate 4. drive-reduction theory
drive-reduction theory
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
emotional intelligence
The effect of vivid images on thinking and decision making is BEST described as 1. enduring. 2. fleeting. 3. harmful. 4. minimal.
enduring.
Mark is driven to excel at everything he does. As a child, he received high grades in all of his classes. In Boy Scouts, he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. Now, as an adult, Mark constantly beats everyone at work in reaching the monthly sales quota. Mark seems to be primarily motivated by _____ needs. 1. belongingness and love 2. esteem 3. safety 4. physiological
esteem
An experimenter visits a preschool with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoy the task very much. On another visit, the children were told that, for every picture they drew, they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and paper for play but said that no prizes would be given. The children drew very few pictures because: 1. excessive rewards can undermine extrinsic motivation. 2. the rewards were no longer reinforcing. 3. excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. 4. of the law of effect
excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
An experimenter visits a preschool with a big box of magic markers and paper. The children are told that they can draw as many pictures as they want. The children enjoy the task very much. On another visit, the children were told that, for every picture they drew, they would earn a prize. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned, he offered up the markers and paper for play but said that no prizes would be given. The children drew very few pictures because: 1. excessive rewards can undermine extrinsic motivation. 2. the rewards were no longer reinforcing. 3. excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation. 4. of the law of effect.
excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation.
Sarah is wondering what happens to a person after death. She is demonstrating which of Gardner's types of intelligence? 1. practical 2. analytical 3. creative 4. existential
existential
the desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.
extrinsic motivation
Declan, a Ph.D. candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating the: 1. ability to generate new solutions to problems. 2. factors that energize and direct behavior. 3. process whereby information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. 4. process whereby behavior changes as a result of experience.
factors that energize and direct behavior.
Which facial expression is one of the proposed six basic facial expressions of emotions? 1. contempt 2. curiosity 3. fear 4. inquisitiveness
fear
(1) in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving. (2) in psychoanalytic theory, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.
fixation
A problem requiring an individual to find the next letter and number that completes a pattern measures _____ intelligence. 1. practical 2. fluid 3. crystallized 4. emotional
fluid
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly, as when solving logic problems
fluid intelligence
Ground beef that is described as 75 percent lean seems much more appealing than beef that is 25 percent fat. This is an example of the _____ effect.
framing
the way an issue is posed;
framing
Aidan is a bright young man, who scored very high on both the critical reading and mathematics sections of the SAT. He is an excellent map reader and his reasoning abilities are fantastic. According to Charles Spearman, what is likely underlying these abilities? 1. general intelligence (g) factor 2. a secure family background 3. enriched school environment 4. crystallized intelligence
general intelligence (g) factor
With respect to culture and emotion, the meaning of _____ varies from culture to culture. 1. gestures, but not facial expressions 2. neither gestures nor facial expressions 3. gestures and facial expressions 4. facial expressions, but not gestures
gestures, but not facial expressions
Susan's determination to finish college is evident in the hours she spends studying every night after working long hours at a full-time job. Susan's passionate dedication is known as: 1. engagement. 2. achievement motivation. 3. flow. 4. grit.
grit.
a simple thinking strategy—a mental shortcut—that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
heuristics
Mary's bathroom scale always overstates people's actual weight by exactly six pounds. The scale has _____ reliability and _____ validity. 1. low; high 2. high; low 3. low; low 4. high; high
high; low
Two longtime friends were remarking on a new friend they had made on social media. They agreed that the person seemed quite self-focused and posted many selfie glam shots. How likely is it that the new friend is presenting her true personality? 1. unclear from prior research 2. it depends on the situation 3.highly likely 4. unlikely, as social media distorts personality
highly likely
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state
homeostasis
In an advertising agency, account executives work hard to secure accounts because the value of their annual bonuses is based on the value of the accounts they bring to the agency. With respect to the psychology of motivation, the effect of the bonuses on executives' work behavior reflects the importance of: 1. curiosity. 2. physiological needs. 3. homeostasis. 4. incentives.
incentives.
Research suggests that during early and middle adulthood crystallized intelligence _____ and fluid intelligence _____. 1. decreases; increases 2. increases; decreases 3. decreases; decreases 4. increases; increases
increases; decreases
a sudden realization of a problem's solution
insight
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
instinct
the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.
intrinsic motivation
Isaac Newton stated that he was able to solve difficult scientific problems by thinking about them all the time. This BEST demonstrates: 1.expertise. 2.imaginative thinking skills. 3.a creative environment. 4.intrinsic motivation.
intrinsic motivation.
Ty's mother is frustrated that he will not spend the time on his schoolwork that he does practicing and playing baseball. Ty will spend hours practicing in the hot sun every summer day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by: 1. instinctual drift. 2. classical conditioning. 3. intrinsic motivation. 4. extrinsic motivation.
intrinsic motivation.
Shalin is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Shalin is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____. 1. basic needs; self-actualization 2. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation 3. physiological needs; self-actualizing needs 4. extrinsic motivation; intrinsic motivation
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
According to Ambady and colleagues, _____ people were much better at reading the emotions being expressed than _____ people. 1. depressed; extroverted 2. extroverted; introverted 3. obsessive-compulsive; extroverted 4. introverted; extroverted
introverted; extroverted
Some people are better at detecting other people's emotions. For example, shown a 2-second scene of an upset woman, people who are _____ are better able to detect her emotion. 1. introverts 2. extroverts 3. younger 4. sad
introverts
A(n) _____ is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought. 1. prototype 2. insight 3. heuristic 4. intuition
intuition
an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
intuition
After gathering extensive information about the colleges she was interested in attending, Krista let the information incubate outside her conscious awareness for several days. This provided time for her decision to be potentially enhanced by 1. convergent thinking. 2. intuition. 3. fixation. 4. insight.
intuition.
An effortless, immediate, and automatic thought or feeling is known as 1. convergent thinking. 2. fixation. 3. intuition. 4. insight.
intuition.
Tara lived in various foster homes as a child. Now an adult, she is likely to have _____ relationships. 1. less satisfying and close 2. stormy 3. fewer 4. many
less satisfying and close
If people hold smiles too _____, they may be detected as feigned. 1. long 2. wide 3. briefly 4. tightly
long
In 1932, every child born in Scotland in 1921 was given an intelligence test. At age 80, the survivors were tested again. Finally, at age 90, the remaining survivors were again retested. This investigation exemplifies a _____ study. 1. case 2. factor analysis 3. cross-sectional 4. longitudinal
longitudinal
Imagine that, on average 6-year-olds can complete a particular block design puzzle in 5 minutes. It takes 6-year-old Bailey almost 8 minutes to complete the task. In Binet's terms, Bailey's _____ age is _____ than 6. 1. mental; lower 2. chronological; higher 3. chronological; lower 4. mental; higher
mental; lower
"beyond cognition
metacognition
Elsie's friend is going through a romantic breakup. Elsie really does not understand the reason for the breakup. According to Vaughn and Lanzetta, what could Elsie do to increase her empathy with her friend's situation? 1. play some sad music while her friend explains her situation 2. mimic her friend's facial expressions and body language 3. give her friend a card to communicate her concern 4. ask her friend detailed questions about the breakup
mimic her friend's facial expressions and body language
Research suggests that women are better than men at decoding the emotions of others. This partly explains why women have _____ than men. 1. less emotional responsiveness to positive and negative situations 2. less success explaining the emotions being observed in others 3. difficulty emotionally responding to a tragedy experienced by another 4. more emotional responsiveness to positive and negative situations
more emotional responsiveness to positive and negative situations
Beethoven is to _____ intelligence as Van Gogh is to _____ intelligence. 1. musical; kinesthetic 2. naturalistic; spatial 3. musical; spatial 4. spatial; musical
musical; spatial
Matt is a 14-year-old who is unpopular with his classmates. They often taunt him by calling him a freak or a nerd and generally will have nothing to do with him. According to the textbook, these experiences may cause Matt to engage in _____ behavior and to _____ on aptitude tests. 1. self-defeating; do well 2. self-defeating; underperform 3. positive; do well 4. positive; underperform
self-defeating; underperform
Nina was almost hit by a bus. However, she is okay and her parasympathetic system is responding accordingly. It is: 1. slowing her heart rate and inhibiting her digestion. 2. contracting her pupils and increasing respiration. 3. slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion. 4. contracting her pupils and increasing secretion of stress hormones.
slowing her heart rate and activating her digestion.
Charles looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. He immediately feels his heart start to pound, and he simultaneously experiences fear. Which theory BEST explains this emotional response? 1. the Cannon-Bard theory 2. the James-Lange theory 3. the two-factor theory 4. the Schachter-Singer theory
the Cannon-Bard theory
Darnell was accused of a crime and asserts that he is innocent. Familiar with the unreliability of polygraph tests, he asked for a more reliable test. What is likely to be the MOST reliable test of his guilt or innocence? 1. galvanic skin response 2. EEG 3. the Concealed Information Test 4. CAT scan
the Concealed Information Test
As she was riding her bicycle down a hill, Wendy hit a large rock and lost her balance. She managed to come to a stop without falling. Once she was stopped, she noticed her heart was racing and she was shaking. After that, she realized she was frightened. Which theory of emotion BEST explains this sequence of events? 1. the two-factor theory 2. the James-Lange theory 3. the Cannon-Bard theory 4. the Schachter-Singer theory
the James-Lange theory
In the last few months of 2001, after the 9/11 attacks, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as 1. confirmation bias. 2. the availability heuristic. 3. belief bias. 4. framing.
the availability heuristic.
Ashley, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. Thus, Ashley is interested in 1. obtaining, using, and converting knowledge. 2. how behavior changes as a result of experience. 3. the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience. 4. the ability to generate valuable and original solutions to problems.
the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience.
Seven-year-old Jarrod is in the second grade. He is quite bright and can do the work of a 9-year-old child in the fourth grade. If Jarrod was scored based on Alfred Binet's original scoring system, he would have: 1. an IQ of 100. 2. the mental age of 7. 3. the mental age of 9. 4. an IQ of 115.
the mental age of 9.
Ava looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. She immediately feels her heart start to pound. She is confused by this response until she remembers her last experience on a Ferris wheel. During that experience, the wind started to blow, the seats began to rock, and she thought she was going to die. Ava realizes her heart is pounding because she is afraid. Which theory BEST explains this sequence of events? 1. the two-factor theory 2. the Watson-Rayner theory 3. the Cannon-Bard theory 4. the James-Lange theory
the two-factor theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal
two-factor theory
When Greg's autonomic nervous system was aroused, he misinterpreted the harmless symptoms as indicators of an impending heart attack. This misinterpretation caused him to experience an unusually intense level of fear. His emotional response is BEST understood in terms of the: 1. relative deprivation principle. 2. James-Lange theory. 3. catharsis hypothesis. 4. two-factor theory.
two-factor theory.
Scores on a test of _____ will probably be at LEAST as high when one is in one's 90s as when one is in one's 20s. 1. vocabulary 2. processing speed 3. reasoning 4. spatial visualization
vocabulary
Scores on a test of _____ will probably be at LEAST as high when one is in one's nineties as when one is in one's twenties. 1. spatial visualization 2. vocabulary 3. processing speed 4. reasoning
vocabulary
According to the behavior feedback effect, what could one do to improve a depressed mood? 1. walk briskly while swinging one's arms and looking forward 2. take a long shower 3. slowly eat a large meal 4. walk slowly while looking at the ground
walk briskly while swinging one's arms and looking forward
In research studies in which subjects were asked to make a choice regarding a complex problem, they made the best decision when they 1. were slightly distracted. 2. went with their gut instinct. 3. made an immediate decision. 4. thought about it for a few minutes.
were slightly distracted.
Liam has been ostracized by a group of peers who were previously his friends. He is likely to respond by trying to regain their favor, and if he is unsuccessful, he will 1. become anxious. 2. withdraw. 3. feel resentful. 4. have an explosive outburst.
withdraw.
According to cross-cultural research, women are generally perceived as having higher levels of emotionality. Some researchers suggest that this perception is caused by: 1. women's greater openness to feelings. 2. maternal behavior toward children. 3. women being unaware of emotional situations. 4. women's low emotional literacy.
women's greater openness to feelings.