Psych 101 Exam 4

functions of peer relationships

+ support companionship

5 feature of emerging adulthood

1. age of identity explorations: explore possibilities 2. age of instability: unstable while exploring 3. self focused: self understanding , skills 4. feeling in-between: transitional points in life 5. Age of possibility: future remains

functions of emotions

1. preparing for action 2. shaping our future + open to work - narrow 3. helping us to interact more effectively

Piaget Theory of Cognitive Development:

1. sensorimotor- thinking through interactions (object per) 2. Preoperational- pictures, language (conservation) 3. Concrete Operational- logical thinking (abstract thought) 4. Formal Operational- reasoning adults

3 perspectives that shape Development

1. social contact 2. biological maturation 3. representation of self

According to Carstensen, the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory explains what about older adults and their social support? a. Older adults restrict their social life to include emotionally close friends b. Older adults restrict their social life to include people they may not be emotionally close to, but provide them with distractions c. Older adults have no restrictions on their social life; they enjoy as many friends as possible d. Older adults tend to engage in more negative interactions with friends

A

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children's cognitive development are measured by: a. How children reason, with fundamental changes tin thinking occurring in each stage b. The answers children give to each problem c. How well they work together to solve a problem

A

Davina attends school regularly and has made great strides in her understanding of material in her science classes. Being able to reason more like a mature adult, Davina is in which of Piaget's developmental stages? a. Formal operational b. Concrete operational c. Sensorimotor d. Preoperational

A

One element that shapes personality is temperament, which is related to self-regulation and is: a. biologically based b. environmentally based c. the most important part of personality development d. the least important part of personality development

A

Opal has learned a lot about housing construction in her 20 years as a realtor. Recalling facts about siding and insulation would be an example of Opal's _____ intelligence a. crystallized b. creative c. componential d. fluid

A

Peer relationships are an important part of children's social development. Peer acceptance is a source of affirmation and _____________ whereas peer rejection is a source of bullying and victimization. a. self-esteem b. friendship c. aggression d. social skills

A

Playing Chutes and Ladders gives children opportunity to be exposed to spatial, kinesthetic, verbal, and time-based cues on the size of numbers. Understanding the properties that indicate the size of numbers is also known as what? a. Numerical magnitudes b. Hypothesized mathematics c. Numerical varieties d. Multisensory activity

A

The physiological reaction we feel when we experience fear is due to the activity of the ____ nervous system. a. Sympathetic b. Parasympathetic c. Somatic d. Athalamic

A

The relation of nature to nurture is the same as the relation of _______. a. genetics to environment b. cognition to emotion c. emotion to cognition d. environment to genetics

A

What aspect did the e-module discuss as potentially also affecting cultural differences in emotion? a. biological predispositions, or temperaments b. number of siblings c. amount of hardship encountered/lived through d. medical history

A

What did Ekman find from his work with the Facial Action Coding System? a. The majority of culturally-diverse participants matched the expression with the emotion. b. North American participants were more likely to show enthusiasm over other participants. c. Only a small minority correctly matched the expression with the emotion. d. There was no variability in the results from all participants.

A

What do information processing theories focus on? a. Describing the cognitive processes that underlie thinking at any one age and cognitive growth over time b. Describing development that occurs sequentially and discontinuously that allows for strict quantitative measures when observing changes c. Development that occurs through a sequence of discontinuous stages: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages d. Emphasizing how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture influence children's development

A

When Rachel, a toddler, visits a neighbor's home with her mother, she explores the room where the adults are sitting, but she will not leave the room. When her mother leaves to inspect the garden, she gets agitated and later rushes to her immediately when mother returns. Rachel's behavior demonstrates _____ attachment. a. Secure b. Disorganized c. Insecure Ambivalent d. Insecure Avoidant

A

______________ of emotions is common among North Americans, while _____________ of emotions is more common among East Asians. a. Openness; restraint b. Expression; restraint c. Restraint; openness d. Restraint; intensity

A

Adam is upset that his twin brother Ryan has two pieces of pie while he only has one. His Mom rightly states that it's the same amount of pie it's just that Ryan's piece fell apart into two pieces as it was transferred onto the plate. Still not satisfied, Adam begins to throw a temper tantrum. In a moment of desperation, Adam's Mom cuts his piece in half saying: "There, Adam, now you have two pieces!" This worked. Adam is now happy. What Piagetian Stage is Adam in? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational

B

Allison has been described by her parents, teachers, and friends as hyperactive. Therefore, her parents try to modify her environment by taking her to the park and signing her up for sports teams in order to fit her temperament. This is an example of which of the following: a. Temperament b. Goodness of fit c. Conscience d. Effortful control

B

Children's _______________ in pre-K and Kindergarten is the strongest predictor of reading ability in third and fourth grade. a. IQ b. Phonemic awareness c. Social class background d. Vocabulary

B

Chris just graduated from college, but doesn't want to show much excitement, but rather remains calm and peaceful. Which affective state does this represent? a. low arousal negative b. low arousal positive c. high arousal negative d. high arousal positive

B

Clues to the important roles both nature and nurture play in development is seen in infants as they begin to gain the ability to actively perceive the distance from themselves to objects in the environment. This ability is also known as what term? a. Light pattern response b. Depth perception c. Ocular maturation d. Parietal brain activity

B

Cynthia smiles when her friend tells her a joke. She also smiles when her boss gives her criticism. Even though Cynthia might not actually be feeling happy, she knows the ________ rules of her work environment. In other words, she knows when emotions are appropriate to show. a. Mood b. Display c. Acting d. Politeness

B

Julee's mom has noticed that her daughter has been especially good at resisting the cookies in the kitchen so she doesn't spoil her dinner each night. Julee knows if she can wait until after dinner she can eat two cookies. This successful experience of motivated self-regulation can also be referred to as what? a. conscience development b. effortful control c. genetic predisposition d. communication intelligence

B

Meika explores her environment by crawling to a new toy and putting it in her mouth. Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development model is she demonstrating? a. Concrete operational b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Formal operational

B

Michael is 70 years old and reflects on his accomplishments throughout life. He sees purpose in how he achieved his educational goals, reached his professional accomplishments in his profession, and raised his children. Michael has a positive: a. autobiographical narrative b. self-perception of aging c. self-identity d. subjective age

B

North American contexts support a(n) _____ self; East Asian contexts support a(n) _____ self. a. individualistic; independent b. independent; interdependent c. interdependent; independent d. independent; individualistic

B

Using standardized intelligence tests and validated measures to assess cognitive ability and intelligence is known as the _____________ approach. a. Psychoanalytic b. Psychometric c. Psychosocial d. Biopsychosocial

B

Which of the following statements best describes brain changes during adolescence and may be related to risky behavior? a. The limbic system goes through a "growth spurt". b. The amygdala develops before the prefrontal cortex. c. There is uniform growth through all brain structures. d. The myelin surrounding the synapses thins.

B

Alex responds well to novelty, such as starting at a new school and is willing to join two new clubs that focus on activities that she has never tried before. Alex would likely score high on which of the following Big Five personality traits? a. Neuroticism b. Agreeableness c. Openness d. Conscientiousness

C

Believing that emotions are universal because of our prehistoric ancestors is associated with _____. a. social constructivists b. universal constructivists c. universalists d. FACS

C

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter's place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan's behavior? a. Egocentrism b. Conservation c. Object permanence d. Transformation

C

Global subjective well-being is highest during ______ and lowest in ______. a. Adolescence; older adulthood b. Older adulthood; early adulthood c. Early and later adulthood; middle adulthood d. Middle adulthood; older adulthood

C

Infants develop a confidence regarding the sensitivity and responsiveness of their caregivers. This security of attachment has been recognized as a cornerstone of social and personality development for which of the following reasons? a. Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her future interaction patterns with siblings, academic intelligence, and stability of self-esteem. b. Assessing attachment relationships gives insight into strengths of marriages and parental guidance. c. Knowing a child's attachment predicts his/her emotional intelligence, strength of friendships, and positivity of one's self-concept. d. Assessing attachment relationships gives insight into understanding individual differences related to social status relationships.

C

Jane is just learning to ride a tricycle. While riding on the sidewalk the surface changes from smooth concrete to bumpy brick. Jane is unsure if she should continue and looks at her mother who is smiling and urging her forward. This is an example of: a. encouragement b. scaffolding c. social referencing d. theory of mind

C

Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) concluded what about cultural ideas involving emotions and affective states? a. Institutions, but not products, are continuing and reinforcing traditional cultural ideas about affective states. b. Institutions, practices, and products have stopped reinforcing traditional views of cultural ideas towards affective states. c. Institutions, practices, and products are continuing to reinforce cultural ideas of affective states. d. Only products are reinforcing cultural ideas of affective states.

C

Lilly is trying different sports throughout the summer to determine which team she would like to try out for in high school. Lilly would likely fall in which of Marcia's identity statuses? a. Foreclosure b. Diffusion c. Moratorium d. Achievement

C

Piaget's stage theory can be described as which of the following? a. Continuous and qualitative b. Continuous and quantitative c. Discontinuous and qualitative d. Discontinuous and quantitative

C

Research on cognitive abilities in late adulthood suggests that as we age, a. both fluid and crystallized intelligence will decline. b. crystallized intelligence will decline and fluid intelligence will remain steady. c. fluid intelligence will decline and crystallized intelligence will remain steady. d. both fluid and crystallized intelligence will remain steady.

C

The biological changes of puberty and the cognitive changes that occur during adolescence: a. Are environmentally variable, occurring only in certain adolescents b. Are characteristic of the differential susceptibility model c. Are universal, occurring in all adolescents d. Are occurring at a later age today than in previous decades

C

__________________ emphasizes how other people and the attitudes, values, and beliefs of the surrounding culture, influence children's development. a. Piaget's stage theory b. Information processing theory c. Sociocultural theory d. Conservation operations theory

C

A preschooler who watches an adult empty a small pitcher of water into a glass believes that: a. Although the liquid looks different, the volume remains the same b. Solids and liquids are convertible through reversible operations c. The adult controls magic that shrinks or expands the liquid's volume during pouring d. The poured volume increases or decreased depending on the appearance of the container

D

Dr. Koothrappali is interested in studying the emotions of people across cultures. He believes that even though people show similar physiological responses, they can experience emotions very differently depending on how they were raised and where they grew up. What approach to emotions is Dr. Koothrappali demonstrating? a. Universalist b. Socioculturalist c. Developmentalist d. Social constructivist

D

Due to the chronic conflict and anger in their relationship Bernadette's parents decided to get a divorce. However, they are now having trouble paying Bernadette's school fees to allow her to continue attending class at Spoke's Elementary School. Which of the following models is designed to describe the potential negative effects caused by these circumstances? a. Child Adjustment Model b. Socioeconomic State Model c. Relationship Quality Model d. Family Stress Model

D

Family adversity, abuse, and parental psychopathology are predictors of _____________ during adolescence. a. Antisocial behavior b. Academic achievement c. Identity diffusion d. Suicide

D

Francisco refuses to wear the color yellow because he's convinced, "That color is for girls." Francisco has developed this idea from interacting with his sister whose favorite color is yellow. This example of Francisco's beliefs and expectations about the attributes associated with maleness and femaleness best describes which concept? a. evolutionary differences b. sexual identity c. publicly constructed conceptions d. gender schemas

D

Hector is a strict father who demands and expects obedience from his children. What is his style of parenting known as? a. permissive b. authoritative c. neglectful d. authoritarian

D

Memory recall, processing speed, and inhibitory functioning are all cognitive abilities that ____ in older adulthood. a. Incline, or get better b. Remain steady c. Decrease and then increase d. Decreases, or get worse

D

The idea that on the object permanence task, infants perform better when the waiting period is shorter at just six months of age supports which of the following problems with Piaget's theory? a. Life experiences/culture play a role on cognitive development b. Piaget underestimated children's cognitive abilities c. Many adults do not reach formal operations d. Cognitive development is more continuous than Piaget thought

D

What resolution have developmental psychologists come to when it comes to the nature vs. nurture debate? a. Our biological endowments have a much larger effect on our growth and behavior than our current environment b. Our social and physical worlds cannot match the developmental factors preset by our heritable characteristics c. Our environments and genes are still under investigation to resolve the debate of which is more influential in our development d. Our biological endowment, along with our social and physical environments, interact to determine developmental outcomes

D

Which of the following is true of the parent-child relationship during adolescence? a. Parents exhibit only control, rather than warmth toward their adolescent b. Parental supervision becomes less important, as adolescents spend more time away from home c. There are no changes in the parent-child relationship during adolescence d. Parents' distal supervision becomes more important, as adolescents spend more time away from home

D

Which of the following is true regarding current research on cultural differences in physiological arousal? a. European Americans show greater physiological arousal than Hmong Americans b. Hmong Americans show greater physiological arousal than European Americans c. Neither European Americans or Hmong Americans show high levels of physiological arousal d. European Americans and Hmong Americans show similar levels of physiological arousal

D

Affective States

HAN- fear, hostile LAN- dull, sleepy HAP-excited enthusiastic LAP- calm peaceful

openness restraint

North Americans Eas Asians

Application to education

Phonemic awareness- sounds of words Mathematics- abilities of income kids differ Brain activity- continues to change (prefrontal Cortex)

Cognitive aging

Psychometric approach: fluid intelligence: processing abilities lists, reacting time crystalized: build on experience vocab

Association of early attachment with later outcomes

Secure attachment-> stronger friendships, advanced emotional understanding, early conscience development, more positive self concepts

Personality

Temperament: emerging differences in reactivity goodness of fit: match temperament with activities

Hedonic well-being

Young and old more positive emotion experiences

Moffitts

adolescents engage in behavior to get away form parental monitoring

universalities `

all humans experience emotions similarly

suppression of emotions

associated with depression in NA's but normal for EA cultures

Parenting styles

authoritative: warm ^ control ^ Authoritarian: warm (down) control ^ Permissive: warm ^ control (down) Uninvited: warm (down) control (down)

Changes in self-related knowledge

autobiographical narratives: distinguishing characters subjective age: how old/ young one feels Age identity: subjective age compared to actual age

Nature vs. nurture

biological endowment social and environment influence

Social and emotional competence

conscious : cognitive, emotional, social influences Effort control: quality enables success in child self regulation Gender schemas: beliefs and expectations of genders

Problems with Piaget's Theory

continuity- cognitive delveoplement more continuous Life experiences/cultures- play a role in changes underestimate children abilities not all reach formal operational

Cognitive development

development of thinking across lifespan (problem solving, reasoning, understanding)

Emotional Expressiveness

differences with expression Independent self- express emotions to influence others (high arousal state) Interdependent self- suppress emotions to adjust to others (low arsousal)

Patterson

earlier likely to carry to future long-term antisocial behavior o Lack or parental supervision or monitoring allows adolescents to start this behavior

Social Constructivists

emotions are culturally variable

Family Stress model

family financial problems negatively affect child adjustment through stressed and depressed parents, which leads to marital problems and poor parenting

emotions are

feeling that have physiological (heart rate) and cognitive (evaluation of situation) elements and influence behavior

Marcia's Identity Status:

foreclosure: explore (down) commit ^ Diffusion: explore (down) commit (down) Moratorium: explore^ commit (down) Achievement: explore ^ commit ^

Peer relationships

foundational skills: support, conflict management challenges: rejection, bullying, pressure

Development Continuous change vs. discontinuous change

gradual manner (ABC, small words, sentences) fundamental changes (jumps)

Academic Achievement:

interpersonal: parent engagement Intrapersonal:Intrinsic motivation

Suicide

leading cause in adolescent death factors Family adversity, abuse

Physiological Arousal

more similarities than differences across cultures

Age related personality changes

neuroticism: tendency to experience negative emotions, decreases overtime Openness: appreciate new things, decrease with age Conscientiousness: tendency to be on time, careful, increases overtime

Differential Susceptibility model:

particular genetics make adolescents more/ less susceptible to environment

Socioemotional Selectivity Theory

partners who satisfy emotional needs

Adolescents

physical change: puberty etc. Cognitive: transition to abstract thining social: parent-chil relationship strive more autonomy peer: unsupervised, mixed genders

Cognitive abilities that decline with age

recall of info working memory processing speed inhibitory functions

Cognitive abilities that remain

recognition memory tasks

Social understanding

referencing: child looks at parent Theory of mind: necklace to cup

Deviant peer

reinforcing behavior by signs of approval

Early Attachment

secure- parent: sensitive, consistent insecure ambivalent- inconsistent, child angry at return Insecure avoidant- parent rejection child avoids diorganized- parent scary, child overwhelmed

Homophily

simliar adolescents spend more time together

Lifespan Developmental Psych

study patterns of growth an change womb-death

Edman's Study Facial Action Coding System

universal- everyone recognized emotions constructivist- reaction rates were different

Display rules

what emotions are appropriate in a situation