Psych 101 Final MSU

a heuristic

A method of problem solving that involves using simple thinking strategies to solve problems efficiently is

he relationship between wavelength of light and the experience of color

A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with

Population

A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a larger

Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A subliminal message is one that is presented

Organizes; predicts

A theory is an explanation using an intewrgrated set of principles that _______ observations and __________ behavior or events

stimulus discrimination

An organism's ability to learn that one event signals the arrival of another event whereas another event does NOT is called:

Temporal

Auditory stimulation is processed in the ___ lobes

Brainstem

Basic automatic survival functions such as heartbeat and breathing are controlled by the

Being shocked by the present situation

Consciousness contributes to all of the following EXCEPT

Increases or at least stabilizes in old age

Crystalized intelligence

Social-Cultural

Dr. Renk is studying how people interact and react in the presence of others. she is examining the ______ influence on behavior and mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial perspective

Developmental

Dr. Santaniello conducts research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. it is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) __________ psychologist

brainstem

During REM sleep, your skeletal muscles are relaxed because messages from the motor cortex are blocked by the

exaggerate their ability to have foreseen an outcome after the fact

Hindsight bias refers to people's tendency to

Substantially heritable (50%-70%)

IQ is

50%

Identical twins share 100% of their genes, whereas fraternal twins share only ______, on average.

Reliable

If you take the SAT three times and score very similarly in each attempt, then this is evidence that the test is

Operational definition

In a published report of a research study on social anxiety, psychologists included a 30-item questionnaire, which they had used to assess levels of social anxiety. the psychologists have thus provided their readers with a(n)

conditioned stimulus

In classical conditioning, an event that is initially neutral for the organism but gains the potential to elicit some response is called the

projective

In the Rorschach inkblot task, people describe what the see in ambiguous inkblots. This is an example of which type of test?

Experimentation

In which type of research would an investigator manipulate at least one factor and observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?

observational learning

Luke shows an increase in aggressive behavior after playing violent video games with his friends. This is a possibly due to:

availability heuristic

Many people fear flying even though it is safer than driving. This behavior can be explained by _______

Our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Most psychologists define consciousness as

Neurotransmitters

Neuron-produced chemicals that carry messages to other neurons or to muscles and glands are called

selective attention

Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the need for

Kinesthesia

Our sense of the position and movement of individual body parts is called

framing

People's interpretation of information is influenced by the presentation of information. This is called

increases

Positive reinforcement _____ the likelihood of a behavior recurring.

Evolutionary

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and psychical strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. this viewpoint best illustrates _______ perspective

Control

Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. those who received the decaffeinated drinks were assigned to the ________ group.

Skepticism

Rhonda insists that Dr. Phillips' theory of aggression be checked against observer evidence. she is demonstrating g the scientific attitude of:

More light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than cones

Rods are

Detection; interpretation

Sensation refers to the _____ of physical energy and perception refers to the _____ of resulting information

detection;interpretation

Sensation refers to the _____ of physical energy and perception refers to the _____ of resulting information

Nociceptors

Sensory receptors in our skin that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called

Parallel Processing

Simultaneously analyzing distinct subunits of information received by different areas of the brain is known as

Extraversion

Someone who is quiet and reserved probably ranks low on which personality trait?

Validity

The SAT was designed to predict success in college. If students who score high on the SAT are later shown to succeed in college, then the test has high

Cannon-Bard Theory

The ___________ theory of emotion states that physiological arousal and subjective experience of emotions occur simultaneously.

cerebral cortex

The brain's thin surface layer, which serves as your body's ultimate information processing center is the

Cognitive Neuroscience

The branch of psychology that can be considered a marriage between the science of the mind and the science of the brain is called

The brain and spinal cord

The central nervous system includes

alter one's personality

The classic case of railroad worker Phineas Gage best illustrated that frontal lobe damage can

a fluid-filled tube in the inner ear

The cochlea consists of

receiving incoming signals from other neurons

The function of dendrites is to

The pleasure principle

The id operates according to

Freud

The id, the ego, and the superego are the components of personality according to ______

The same for those using handheld and those using hands-free phones

The increased risk of car accidents for drivers talking on a cell phone is

Association areas

The most extensive regions of the brain are involved in higher mental functions such as memory and reasoning. These regions are called the

Transduction

The process by which our sensory systems transform stimulus energy into neural impulses is called

Taste

The sense of _______ is a so-called chemical sense

Morpheme

The smallest unit of language that carries meaning, such as "cat" or "non" is called

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

The two divisions of the peripheral nervous system are

Hue

The wavelength of visible light determines its

Albert Bandura

This psychologist pioneered the study of observational learning as a possible cause of violent behavior in children

Working Memory

This stage of memory contains the "contents" of consciousness:

B.F. Skinner

This theorist developed principles of operant conditioning through research on animals such as rats and pigeons

random assignment

To help control for possible confounding variables, researchers assign research participants to different experimental groups using

Creative, practical, and analytical

What are the three types of intelligence according to Sternberg's theory?

Rods and Cones

Which cells for visual processing are located closest to the back of the retina?

Edward Titchener

Which early psychologist aimed to discover the mind's structure

Freudian Psychology

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?

Cognitive Processing

Which of the following is NOT a biological influence on behavior or mental processes, according to the biopsychosocial approach?

Experiment

Which of the following is NOT a descriptive method?

Agressiveness

Which of the following is NOT one of the "Big Five" personality traits?

correlation coefficient

Which of the following is a statistical measure of both the direction and strength of a relationship between two variables

Children are born with a "language acquisition device" that allows them to understand and produce language

Which of the following is consistent with Noam Chomsky's beliefs about language?

Frontal lobes

Which portion of the cerebral cortex lies directly behind the forehead and is involved in speaking, muscle movements, and making plans?

Industrial-organizational

Which psychologists are MOST likely to be involved in applied research

Wundt

Who developed the first psychological laboratory

Francis Galton

Who first imagined using the "natural experiment" comparing identical twins and fraternal twins to estimate the role of nature and nurture in psychological differences?

Spearman

Who proposed that we have one general intelligence?

Ebbinghaus

Who was a pioneer of the scientific study of memory?

achievement

Your exam in this course is an example of which type of test?

Heritability

_____ is a statistic that captures the degree of genetic influence on variation across people in a psychological trait.

testable prediction that gives direction to research

a hypothesis is a(n)

Layer of fatty tissue encasing the axons of some nerve cells

a myelin sheath is a

A pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle

circadian rhythm refers to

Naturalistic observation

in a research study in which participants were fitted with electronically activated recorders so that researchers could sample their everyday activities, researchers employed a scientific method known as

Mistaken eyewitness identification

leading cause of wrongful convictions

Nerve cells that function as the building blocks of the nervous system

neurons are best described as

behavior and mental processes

psychology is best described as the science of

Correlation does not imply causation

the conclusion that "playing violent video games leads to violent crimes" has been refuted by the American Psychological Association. why is this statement problematic?

Operant conditioning

A type of learning that occurs when an organism forms an association between a behavior and an outcome of that behavior is called

You would feel afraid after becoming aware of your racing heart

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, if you saw a bear coming at you

You experience fear because your heart starts pounding and you give it a cognitive label

According to the two-factor theory of emotion

Debriefing

After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is called

localization of function

Although phrenology incorrectly suggested that bumps on the skull revealed a person's character traits, phrenology did succeed in focusing attention on