PSYCH 111 Chapter 5 Exam #2
How much sleep do we get across our entire lifetime?
1 hour of sleep for every 2 awake
What are the two dimensions of mind?
1. Experience 2. agency
What are the five characteristics that distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness?
1. Intense emotion 2. Illogical thought 3. Meaningful sensation 4. Uncritical acceptance 5. Difficulty remembering
What are the four basic properties of consciousness?
1. Intentionality 2. Unity 3. Selectivity 4. Transience
What are the three levels of consciousness?
1. Minimal consciousness 2. Full consciousness 3. Self-consciousness
What are the best indicators to whether someone is hypnotizable?
1. the person's judgment 2. People with active imaginations
How old are infants when they are able to recognize themselves in a mirror?
18 months
Which are the deepest stages of sleep?
3 and 4
How many stages of sleep do we have?
5
What is a psychoactive drug?
A chemical that influences consciousness or behavior by altering the brain's chemical system
What is latent content?
A dream's true underlying meaning
What does fMRI research show on daydreaming?
A widespread pattern of brain activation known as the default network
What are night terrors?
Abrupt awakenings with panic and intense emotional arousal
How do people judge minds?
According to the capacity for experience and agency
Which wave-patterns are shown during meditation?
Alpha waves
What is an electrooculograph?
An instrument that measures eye movements.
What drugs are prescribed to treat anxiety or sleep problems? (3)
Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and toxic inhalants
When we are sleeping what does the brain show EEG changes in?
Beta, alpha, theta, and delta waves
What is the order of brain activity and conscious activity?
Brain activity may precede conscious activity
Which species are able to identify themselves in a mirror? Which ones cant?
CAN: chimps, orangutangs, dolphins, elephants, humans. CANT: Dogs, cats, monkeys, gorillas
What is Obama's new harm reduction approach?
Challenges the notion that the only solution to addiction is prohibition.
Who originally proposed the mind/body problem?
Descartes
How are narcotics related to endorphins?
Drug properties
People who experience religious fervor show the same type of brain activation that occurs in cases of.....?
Epilepsy
What types of emotions do stimulants elicit?
Euphoria, confidence, motivation
What is narcolepsy?
Falling asleep randomly throughout the day
Who believed in dynamic unconscious and repression?
Freud
Alcohol increases the activity of which neurotransmitter?
GABA--acts as a disinhibitor when alcohol is consumed
Which drug will animals NOT self-administer, suggesting that the drug is not addictive?
Hallucinogens
Define phenomenology
How things seem to the conscious person
Where did Descartes say the seat of the soul and consciousness might reside?
In the pineal gland
What does the mind continue to do even while we are dreaming?
Interpreting information
In 1957, James Vicary claimed that he flashed the phrases "Eat Popcorn" and "Drink Coke" briefly on-screen during movies. What were the results of this study?
It was a failure and similar methods have often failed. Did not increase sales. Subliminal Perception has nearly no effect on behavior.
What is the essence of hypnosis?
Leading people to expect that certain things will happen outside of their conscious will
What is the "safest" drug?
Marijuana
Do adults who have been age-regressed through hyponotism truly convert back to a childlike mental state?
No
What type of person is more susceptible to hypnosis?
People with active imaginations, or who are easily absorbed in activities such as watching a movie, are also somewhat more prone to be good candidates for hypnosis.
What are altered states of consciousness associated with?
Religious practices around the world
What are some effects of meditation?
Rest, revitalization, and psychological well-being.
What is somnambulism?
Sleep walking
What are stimulants?
Substances that excite the central nervous system, heightening arousal and activity levels
Across cultures, what do the majority of people think about dreams?
That dreams contain something deep and relevant
What did the Bellotto's Dresden and Close-up picture represent?
That our consciousness "fills in" details
What is consciousness dominated by?
The immediate environment
What is the mind/body problem?
The issue of how the mind is related to the brain and the body
What is transience?
The tendency to change. Our attention changes alot
What is ironic processes of mental control?
When trying not to think of something, you end up thinking about it
What is manifest content?
a dreams apparent topic/superficial meaning
What is minimal consciousness?
a low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior
What is circadian rhythm?
a naturally occurring 24-hour cycle
Define consciousness
a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind
What does REM deprivation cause?
a rebound of more REM sleep the next night
what is a "freudian slip"?
a slip that seems to have special meaning
What is psychological dependence?
a strong desire to return to the drug even when physical withdrawal symptoms are gone.
What is subliminal perception?
a thought/behavior influenced by a stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving.
What happens if you take marijuana?
affects your: short-term memory, judgment, and motor skills.
What is the main cause of auto accidents?
alcohol
Who is the king of depressants?
alcohol
What is the expectancy theory?
alcohol effects can be exaggerated by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them
what are low frequency waves called in our sleeping patterns?
alpha waves
What is ecstacy?
an amphetamine derivative but acts like a hallucinogen
Hypnosis has been proven to have
an analgesic effect.
What is the balanced placebo design?
behavior is observed following the presence/absence of an actual stimulus as well as a placebo stimulus
What is intentionality?
being directed toward an object
what are high frequency waves called in our sleeping patterns?
beta waves
What of the following is NOT supported as a method for pain relief?
cocaine
The_______unconscious is at work when subliminal and unconscious processes influence thought and behavior.
cognitive
What is thought suppression?
conscious avoidance of thought
the tendency to be chronically self conscious may lead to what?
depression
What is the activation-synthesis model?
dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of activations that occur randomly during sleep
what areas are involved while dreaming?
emotion and visual imagery. NOT prefrontal cortex (planning)
What is posthypnotic amnesia?
failure to retrieve memories following hypnotic suggestions
What are stimulants withdrawal symptoms?
fatigue and negative emotions
What is an altered state of consciousness?
forms of experience that depart from the normal subjective experience of the world and mind
What did Robert Stickgold find?
found that when people learning a difficult perceptual task are kept up all night after they finished practicing the task, their learning of the task is wiped out.
Animals will work to self-administer most drugs EXCEPT _____ , which are also not likely to be addictive or produce dependence or overdoses in humans.
hallucinogens
When does sleep paralysis occur?
happens in hypnagogic or hypnopompic sleep
Types of narcotics (4)
heroine, morphine, methadone, and codeine
What is dynamic unconscious?
hidden memories. The person's deepest instincts and desires and the struggle to control these forces.
What are narcotics?
highly addictive drugs derived from opium that relieve pain
Some claim that _____ is the best solution to pain
hypnosis
When does our mind most often wander?
in automated, repetitive tasks or in difficult/complex tasks
How do Amphetamines affect the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain?
increases the levels which induces higher levels of activity in the brain circuits that depend on these neurotransmitters. As a result, they increase alertness and energy in the user, often producing a euphoric sense of confidence and a kind of agitated motivation to get things done.
What did Wilhelm Wundt believe was the best method of research?
introspection
What deteriorates if we dont get sleep?
memories
What is cognitive unconscious?
mental processes that give rise to someones thoughts, choices, emotions, etc even though they are not experienced by the person
What are Benzodiazepines?
minor tranquilizers and are prescribed as antianxiety drugs
Among people who are highly susceptible to hypnosis, brain activity during hypnosis is _____ compared to what it is when they just imagine events.
more active
_____ mimic the brain's internal system for relaxation and well-being by producing endogenous opiates.
narcotics
Meditation and religious ecstasy are altered states of consciousness that occur
naturally or through special practices.
Psychoactive drugs influence consciousness by altering the effects of
neurotransmitters
What is the cocktail party phenomenon?
people tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby
What is the hynopompic state?
post-sleep consciousness
The feeling often associated with meditation of becoming one with your surroundings may be a result of decreased activation in the:
posterior superior parietal lobe.
what are barbiturates?
prescribed as sleep aids and as anesthetics before surgery
What is REM sleep?
rapid eye movements and high level of brain activity. body is immobilized and the most dreaming occurs here
What is hypnotic analgesia?
reduction of pain through hypnosis
What is repression?
removes unacceptable thoughts/memories from consciousness
What is unity?
resistance to division (divided attention)
What part of the brain is involved in profound religious feelings?
right anterior temporal lobe
What is the hypnagogic state?
right before you fall asleep
Drugs that heighten arousal and activity level by affecting the central nervous system are
stimulants
What are depressants?
substances that reduce the activity of the central nervous system
Simon hurt his back and was in a lot of pain, resting on the couch for several days. After a few weeks, Simon was performing his usual daily activities with no problems when one of his friends called to ask about his back. For the rest of the day, he was much slower moving and more deliberate when standing, sitting, or moving his back. This illustrates the influence of _____ on unconsciously guided behavior.
subtle reminders or suggestions
What did Stanley Schachter find?
suggested that the visibility of addiction is misleading and that in fact many people overcome addictions.
What do dreams represent?
suppressed thoughts
Which explanation of dreams proposes that they are produced when the mind attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occurs in the brain during sleep?
the activation-synthesis model
What is mental control?
the attempt to change conscious states of mind
What is selectivity?
the capacity to include some objects but not others
Define problem of other minds
the fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
What is sleep apnea?
the person stops breathing for brief periods while sleeping
Hypnosis does not enhance the accuracy of memory and instead only increases...
the person's confidence in false memory reports
What is the rebound effect of thought suppression?
the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression
What happens to stages 3 and 4 sleep as the night progresses?
they become less frequent
During dreaming, the dreamer ____ changes in emotion, thought, and sensation.
uncritically accepts
Currently, unconscious processes are understood as
unexperienced mental processes that give rise to thoughts and behavior.
What is self-consciousness?
when a person's attention is drawn to themselves as an object
What is alcohol myopia?
when alcohol leads people to respond in simple ways to complex situations
What is full consciousness?
when you know and are able to report your mental state
