PSYCH 1110 - Exam 1 Review (Chapter 4)

On an average, each complete cycle through the stages of NREM sleep and REM sleep lasts about: * 20 minutes. * 1 hour. * 90 minutes. * 8 hours.

90 minutes.

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding dreams? * People usually have four or five dreaming episodes each night. * The first REM episode of the night is the shortest, lasting only about 10 minutes. * Early morning dreams, which can last for 40 minutes or longer, are the dreams most likely to be remembered. * All of these statements are true regarding dreams.

All of these statements are true regarding dreams.

_____ are highly addictive drugs that suppress appetite, produce euphoria, and reduce fatigue. * Barbiturates * Opiates * Percodan and Demerol * Amphetamines

Amphetamines

Which of the following statements about alcohol is FALSE? * Women metabolize alcohol more quickly than men. * Blood levels of alcohol will rise more slowly if food is consumed while drinking an alcoholic beverage. * For the person who is physically addicted to alcohol, withdrawal from alcohol causes hyperexcitability in the brain. * Alcohol's effects on the brain are global.

Blood levels of alcohol will rise more slowly if food is consumed while drinking an alcoholic beverage.

Which of the following statements best summarizes how hypnosis affects memory? * Hypnosis is much more effective at enhancing a person's confidence in incorrect memories than it is at improving the accuracy of the memories. * If a memory is forgotten or repressed, hypnosis is one of the most effective ways to produce the recall of vivid and highly accurate details. * Under hypnosis, a person actually "relives" an earlier experience, such as an event from childhood, which virtually guarantees that the information recalled is accurate. * Hypnosis is significantly more effective than other memory retrieval techniques in producing the accurate recall of information and events.

Hypnosis is much more effective at enhancing a person's confidence in incorrect memories than it is at improving the accuracy of the memories.

The neuroscientists who proposed the activation-synthesis model of dreaming are: * Sigmund Freud and Hans Berger. * J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley. * Ernest Hilgard and J. Allan Hobson. * Robert McCarley and Hans Berger.

J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley.

Active sleep is to _____ as quiet sleep is to _____. * REM sleep; NREM sleep * parasomnia; dyssomnia * NREM sleep; REM sleep * dyssomnia; parasomnia

REM sleep; NREM sleep

Dreaming usually takes place during _____ sleep and is typically accompanied by _____. * NREM; voluntary muscle movements, including thrashing and sleepwalking * NREM; deep minimal brain activity * REM; voluntary muscle movements, talking, and sleepwalking * REM; physiological arousal and rapid movement of the eyes

REM; physiological arousal and rapid movement of the eyes

Caffeine produces its mentally stimulating effects, in part, by blocking _____ receptors in the brain. * norepinephrine * melatonin * dopamine * adenosine

adenosine

The best candidates for hypnosis are people who: * are very shy * can easily become immersed in fantasy and imaginary experiences. * seldom remember their dreams. * frequently have lucid dreams.

can easily become immersed in fantasy and imaginary experiences.

Sleep disorders involve: * consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning. * regular sleep disruptions that do not cause subjective distress. * symptoms that resemble stimulant-induced psychosis. * a consistent need to sleep eight hours or more per night and an intense desire to have afternoon naps.

consistently occurring abnormal sleep patterns that cause subjective distress and interfere with a person's daytime functioning.

Alcohol initially produces feelings of euphoria, talkativeness, and outgoing behavior because it: * is a stimulant. * depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions. * stimulates activity in regions of the brain that are involved with emotion, especially positive emotions. * increases activity in the motor regions while simultaneously decreasing activity in sensory regions.

depresses activity in the brain regions involved with self-control and judgment, lowering inhibitions.

Long-term methamphetamine use can produce damage to the brain's: * visual system, impairing the ability to see fine details. * dopamine system, which is associated with memory and motor skill problems, and the frontal lobes, which can lead to impairment in cognitive and social skills. * serotonin system, which is associated with major depressive disorder. * anandamide system, which is associated with increased pain sensitivity.

dopamine system, which is associated with memory and motor skill problems, and the frontal lobes, which can lead to impairment in cognitive and social skills.

According to the activation-synthesis model of dreaming,: * dreams are completely meaningless. * the imagery in dreams is highly symbolic of repressed urges, wishes, and desires. * dreams are meaningful insofar as they reflect how the dreamer imposes personal meaning on the images generated by his or her brain. * dream images of sticks, swords, brooms, and other elongated objects are phallic symbols that represent the penis.

dreams are meaningful insofar as they reflect how the dreamer imposes personal meaning on the images generated by his or her brain.

The cycles of NREM sleep and REM sleep begin: * during fetal development. * almost immediately after birth. * about six months after birth. * when an infant is about one year old.

during fetal development.

In the absence of _____, our internal body clock drifts to its natural rhythm. * intrinsic time cues * external time cues * melatonin * the circadian rhythm

external time cues

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located? * in the hypothalamus in the brain * in the retina of each eye * in the pineal gland * in the primary visual cortex at the back of the brain

in the hypothalamus in the brain

In psychoanalytic theory, the disguised, psychological meaning of dreams is called the _____ content. * manifest * primal * latent * lucid

latent

A group of techniques that an individual uses to induce an altered state of focused attention and heightened awareness in themself refers to: * hypnosis. * somnambulism. * meditation. * hypermnesia.

meditation.

A sleep disorder characterized by overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief uncontrollable episodes of sleep is called: * transient insomnia. * narcolepsy. * parasomnia. * somnambulism.

narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy is characterized by: * overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, which are called microsleeps or sleep attacks. * episodes of increased physiological arousal, intense fear, panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode in the morning. * the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story and acting accordingly. * abnormal sexual behaviors and experiences during sleep.

overwhelming bouts of excessive daytime sleepiness and brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, which are called microsleeps or sleep attacks.

REM is an acronym that stands for: * rapid ear movement. * rapid eye movement. * restless eye movement. * random eye motion.

rapid eye movement.

A parasomnia called _____ involves sharply increased physiological arousal, restlessness, sweating, a racing heart, and intense fear accompanied by a panic-stricken scream or cry for help with no recollection of the episode in the morning. * sexsomnia * REM sleep behavior disorder * sleep terrors * somnambulism

sleep terrors

During episodes of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), the: * sleeper verbally and physically responds to the dream story. * sleeper sleepwalks to the kitchen and eats compulsively. * sleeper engages in abnormal sexual behaviors without any awareness of doing so. * sleeper's airway becomes narrowed or blocked, causing very shallow breathing or repeated pauses in breathing, disrupting sleep.

sleeper's airway becomes narrowed or blocked, causing very shallow breathing or repeated pauses in breathing, disrupting sleep.

The presence of sleep spindles and K complexes are the defining characteristics of: * narcolepsy. * stage 2 NREM sleep. * stage 3 and 4 NREM sleep. * REM sleep behavior disorder.

stage 2 NREM sleep.

Exposure to sunlight and other bright lights: * increases the production of melatonin. * suppresses the production of melatonin. * suppresses the level of hypocretins in the brain. * reduces the incidence of sleep spindles.

suppresses the production of melatonin.

During hypnosis, people: * lose all awareness of their surroundings. * are in a deep trance, which is similar to stage 4 NREM sleep. * temporarily suspend their sense of initiative. * can accurately recall memories from early childhood and infancy.

temporarily suspend their sense of initiative.

Which of the following changes cannot be produced through hypnosis? * temporary blindness or deafness * temporary moments of superhuman strength * relief from pain * loss of sensation in a specific body area, such as an arm or a leg

temporary moments of superhuman strength

During stage 4 NREM: * the sleeper can easily awaken and become alert almost immediately. * the sleeper's heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels. * the sleeper is essentially paralyzed and incapable of movement. * sleep spindles occur.

the sleeper's heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate drop to their lowest levels.

Chronic, long-term use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT: * tolerance. * problems with memory and learning. * withdrawal symptoms, including irritability, restlessness, insomnia, and tremors. * violent or aggressive outbursts.

violent or aggressive outbursts.