psych 13

The emotional Stroop task has been used to study personality differences in A. emotional reactivity. B. attention biases. C. physical symptoms. D. affect intensity.

B

Wealth has been found to correlate with happiness A. in studies of lottery winners. B. across different nations. C. when comparing people within most countries. D. All of these.

B

Which of the following MOST suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism? A. Neuroticism scores are stable over time. B. Neuroticism is associated with better recall of negative information. C. Neuroticism is partially heritable. D. Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures.

B

Which of the following is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive triad? A. Information about the self B. Information about one's past C. Information about one's future D. Information about the world

B

Which of the following was identified using the experience sampling method? A. Type A personality B. Affect intensity C. Neuroticism D. Explanatory style

B

_____ is the part of a person's emotional life that refers to the kinds of emotions that are being experienced. A. Style B. Content C. Action tendency D. Intensity

B

he patterns of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences over time are called A. emotions states. B. emotion traits. C. explanatory style. D. the cognitive triad.

B

A person who scores low on affect intensity A. never experiences strong emotions. B. experiences negative emotions more frequently than a person who scores high. C. experiences strong emotions less frequently than a person who scores high. D. All of these.

C

According to the dimensional view, emotions define a common dimension when they A. have similar facial expressions. B. serve similar functions. C. occur together in experience. D. are rated as feeling distinct.

C

Beck emphasized _____ in explaining depression. A. vulnerability to negative emotions B. activity in the limbic system C. distortions in thoughts D. the categorical approach to emotions

C

Correlational studies have A. provided evidence of a direct effect of personality on happiness. B. provided evidence of an indirect effect of personality on happiness. C. shown that high extraversion and low neuroticism are associated with happiness. D. shown that personality type causes happiness.

C

Depressed persons maintain an _____, _____, and _____ explanatory style. A. external; unstable; specific B. external; stable; specific C. internal; stable; global D. internal; unstable; global

C

Happiness can be thought of as an emotional A. state. B. trait. C. state and as an emotional trait. D. None of these.

C

Happiness is usually measured A. with a polygraph. B. with life-outcome data. C. with self-report questionnaires. D. in the limbic system.

C

It is estimated that depression strikes _____ percent of the people in the United States at some point in their lives. A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 30

C

Most lists of primary emotions contain _____ emotions. A. equal numbers of positive and negative B. more positive emotions than negative C. more negative emotions than positive D. only negative emotions or positive

C

People _____ in affect intensity exhibit _____ frequent changes in their moods. A. low; slightly more B. low; many more C. high; more D. high; less

C

People who are concerned with aggressively achieving more in less time A. score high on measures of neuroticism. B. tend to be depressed. C. exhibit Type A personality. D. score high on measures of extraversion.

C

People who score high (as compared to low) on neuroticism tend to A. underestimate their physical symptoms. B. reported fewer serious physical symptoms. C. have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced. D. believe that others have physical symptoms even when they do not.

C

People who score high on neuroticism A. take a dimensional view of emotions. B. take a categorical view of emotions. C. are irritated by many things. D. take a categorical view of emotions and are irritated by many things.

C

People who spend much time worrying score A. high on measures of hostility. B. low on measures of hostility. C. high on measures of neuroticism. D. low on measures of neuroticism.

C

Research on Type A personality suggests that the component of _____ is most associated with poor health. A. time urgency B. achievement strivings C. hostility D. competitiveness

C

Research suggests that _____ may be more susceptible to immune-mediated diseases. A. People with Type A personality. B. People who score high on hostility. C. People who score high on neuroticism. D. All of these.

C

Studies have shown that emotion is associated with an increased activation of the A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. anterior cingulate. D. prefrontal cortex.

C

Which of the following is NOT considered a component of emotions? A. Subjective feelings B. Bodily changes C. Categorizations D. Action tendencies

C

Which of the following is NOT likely to increase happiness? A. Spending time with friends B. Helping others C. Wishing for happiness D. Exercise

C

Which of the following traits refers to an emotional style? A. Type A personality B. Hostility C. Affect intensity D. Easygoingness

C

The average person A. is happy more often than unhappy. B. is unhappy more often than happy. C. is happy and unhappy about equal amounts of time. D. does not care about happiness.

A

A cluster of several traits is referred to as a(n) A. "taxonomy." B. "syndrome." C. "explanatory style." D. "diathesis-stress model."

B

Diener et al. (1995) found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was _____ in the United States. A. 0.0 B. +.12 C. +.32 D. +.52

B

Eysenck linked the trait of _____ to activation in the limbic system. A. extraversion B. neuroticism C. Type A personality D. hostility

B

Mood variability is a component of A. Type A personality. B. affect intensity. C. extraversion. D. anxiety.

B

People high in neuroticism are often _____ to name colors of anxiety- and threat-related words. A. faster B. slower C. unwilling D. eager

B

People who score high on affect intensity A. experience only negative emotions more strongly than people who score low. B. experience more physiological arousal than people who score low. C. experience less physiological arousal than people who score low. D. Both A and B.

B

Pictures designed to create an emotional reaction would be used A. in the emotional Stroop task. B. in a mood induction. C. to assess Type A personality. D. All of these.

B

Someone who becomes very angry and irritated when receiving a bill in the mail or encountering traffic delays, for example, may be labeled A. neurotic. B. hostile. C. psychopathic. D. antisocial.

B

Studies that have used mood inductions have A. supported the idea of an indirect effect of personality on happiness. B. supported the idea of a direct effect of personality on happiness. C. shown that personality can influence the mood of a group. D. All of these.

B

The _____ has focused on gathering self-ratings of emotions and using statistical techniques to reduce the number of emotion terms. A. categorical view of emotions B. dimensional view of emotions C. diathesis-stress model D. functional view of emotions

B

The _____ is most concerned with identifying primary emotions. A. categorical view of emotions B. dimensional view of emotions C. diathesis-stress model D. circumplex model

A

A benefit of low affect intensity is A. fewer psychosomatic symptoms. B. lower levels of concern about psychosomatic symptoms. C. experiencing less intense positive emotions. D. experiencing more intense positive emotions.

A

A functional analysis of emotions and emotional expression focuses on the _____ of emotions and emotional expression. A. "why" B. "how" C. "what" D. "where"

A

A person who experiences very high "highs" and very low "lows" scores high on the trait of A. affect intensity. B. neuroticism. C. extraversion. D. hostility.

A

People who _____ tend to complain of more physical ailments. A. score high on neuroticism B. score high on extraversion C. have positive illusions D. All of these.

A

Seidlitz and Diener found that when given five minutes to recall happy events and five minutes to recall unhappy events, happy people recalled _____ than unhappy people. A. more pleasant events and fewer unpleasant events B. as many pleasant events, but fewer unpleasant events C. more pleasant events, but as many unpleasant events D. more events, both happy and unhappy

A

Studies of personality and mood inductions find that it is easier to put people who score _____ in good moods. A. high on extraversion B. low on extraversion C. high on neuroticism D. low on neuroticism

A

Studies of sex differences in happiness indicate that A. men and women are about equally happy. B. men are more likely than women to be depressed. C. women are more likely than men to become alcoholics. D. All of these.

A

There is much consensus among proponents of the dimensional view of emotions that _____ are the basic dimensions underlying emotions. A. pleasantness/unpleasantness and arousal level B. pleasantness/unpleasantness and universality of facial expressions C. arousal level and universality of facial expressions D. subjective experience and bodily change

A

Which of the following brain imaging techniques CANNOT easily test Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism? A. EEG B. MRI C. PET D. Not just one of these. All of these techniques can all test Eysenck's theory.

A

Which of the following has NOT been used as a criterion for identifying fundamental or primary emotions? A. Subjective experience B. Unique motivational properties C. Distinct facial expressions D. Relationship to biological processes

A

Which of the following traits is strongly associated with increased happiness? A. High levels of extraversion B. High levels of neuroticism C. Type A personality D. High levels of extraversion and high levels of neuroticism

A

_____ depend more on particular situations than personality characteristics. A. Emotions states B. Emotion traits C. Mood inductions D. Dimensional emotion

A

_____ refers to a way of organizing and interpreting the world. A. Cognitive schemas B. Cognitive triads C. Syndromes D. Cognitive categorization

A

According to Beck, which of the following is NOT a cognitive distortion among people with depression? A. Making arbitrary inferences B. Personalizing C. Catastrophizing D. Compartmentalizing

D

According to the diathesis-stress model, depression results from A. stressful life events. B. a pre-existing vulnerability. C. an active limbic system. D. stressful life events and a pre-existing vulnerability.

D

According to the neurotransmitter theory of depression, which of the following neurotransmitters are NOT involved in depression? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Norepinephrine D. Not just one of these answers. They are all involved in depression.

D

An inflated view of abilities and desirable characteristics is referred to as A. self-deceptive happiness. B. life satisfaction. C. subjective well-being. D. positive illusions.

D

Beck thought that cognitive distortions A. lead to self-fulfilling prophesies. B. lead to negative feelings about the self. C. were automatic in depressed people. D. All of these.

D

Ekman has argued that primary emotion facial expressions are innate based on A. universal recognition of facial expressions. B. research that shows people who are blind from birth make facial expressions. C. factor analysis. D. universal recognition of facial expressions and the observation of blind persons' facial expressions.

D

Emotional content and emotional style A. correlate at high levels. B. correlate at moderate levels. C. correlate at low levels. D. do not correlate at all.

D

High levels of affect intensity are associated with A. Type A personality. B. high levels of neuroticism. C. high levels of extraversion. D. high levels of neuroticism and extraversion.

D

Hostility includes which of the following? A. Easily irritated B. Feeling frequent resentment C. Acting in rude and critical manner in everyday interactions D. All of these.

D

People in countries with _____ tend to be happier. A. high incomes B. low incomes C. more civil liberties D. high incomes and more civil liberties

D

Questionnaire measures of happiness A. correlate with measures of social desirability. B. appear to be valid. C. are invalid due to response bias. D. correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valid.

D

Recent research on Type A personality has focused on A. defining the categorical approach to emotion. B. defining the dimensional approach to emotion. C. neuroticism. D. hostility.

D

Research on affect intensity suggests that most people _____ affect intensity. A. prefer to be high in B. prefer to be low in C. prefer to be moderate in D. would not want to change their level of

D

Researchers agree that A. it is better to be high on affect intensity. B. it is better to be low on affect intensity. C. it is better to be high on affect intensity most of the time. D. we cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity.

D

Studies have shown that the control of emotion is associated with an increased activation of the A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. anterior cingulate. D. prefrontal cortex.

D

Studies of happiness and age have found that A. levels of happiness are not predicted well by age. B. relationships and success at work are more important to young people. C. financial security is more important to older people. D. All of these.

D

The extent to which people are satisfied with their lives correlates with A. social desirability. B. having many positive emotions. C. positive illusions. D. All of these.

D

Which of the following are related to neuroticism? A. Coronary disease B. Cancer C. Premature death D. None of these.

D

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression? A. Diminished pleasure in most activities B. Fatigue C. Feelings of worthlessness D. Dwelling on the past

D

Which of the following is a potential "third variable" that might explain the correlation between wealth and happiness across countries? A. Civil rights B. Health care C. Education D. All of these.

D

Which of the following is consistent with Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism? A. Neuroticism scores are stable over time. B. Neuroticism is partially heritable. C. Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures. D. All of these.

D

Which of the following words would cause emotional interference in a person who is high in neuroticism? A. Disease B. Fear C. Failure D. All of these.

D

_____ is the component of emotions that refers to the increase in probabilities of certain behaviors. A. Subjective feelings B. Bodily changes C. Categorizations D. Action tendencies

D