Psych 13

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Sensory analysis starts at the entry level, such as with the sensory receptors, and works up to the integration of sensory information in the brain. This process is called:

Bottom-up processing

The _____ is the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Blindspot

_____ processing proceeds from the lines, angles, and colors that form the stimuli around us.

Bottom-up

Structuralism

a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behavior, culture, and experience that focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system that reflect patterns underlying a superficial diversity.

Barry is 65 years old and is worried that he will catch a cold that could escalate to something worse due to his age. What should you tell Barry?

"Don't worry too much. Older adults are less susceptible to short-term ailments because they have more antibodies than younger adults."

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

"Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence" because their:

According to the Centers for Disease Control, approximately ______________ of _______adolescent girls are infected with at least one sexually transmitted disease.

25%

Children are considered to be fluent in their native language by the time they are years of age.

5-6

18 Nondisjunction of chromosome 21 during meiosis II in human females can result in all of the following chromosome complements in a zygote except _____. (Assume the oocyte is fertilized by a sperm with a normal chromosome set.) A) no chromosome 21 B) euploid for chromosome 21 C) monosomic for chromosome 21 D) trisomic for chromosome 21

23 In a(n) ____, the short arm of two acrocentric chromosomes break, and the long arms join forming a single large chromosome with two long arms. A) Robertsonian translocation B) reciprocal translocation C) inversion D) duplication

33 ____ cells have extra or missing chromosomes, while ____ cells contain a normal number of chromosomes. A) Aneuploid; euploid B) Polyploid; autosomal C) Autosomal; polyploid D) Euploid; aneuploid

Which of the following statements is true of a blind spot?

A blind spot is created when there are no receptor cells.

A neutral facial expression may be perceived as sadder at a funeral than at a circus. This BEST illustrates what?

A context effect

intimacy with others.

According to Erik Erikson, one positive outcome of the struggle for identity is a comfortable sense of who one is and a developing capacity for:

According to the text, the Greek philosopher _____ believed that the heart is the source of our personality.

Aristotle

1 The field of genetics that studies the relationship between chromosome variations and specific traits is called _____. A) Mendelian genetics B) cytogenetics C) quantitative genetics D) behavioral genetics

11 Which of the following procedures uses fetal cells that are obtained from the mother's bloodstream? A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence in situ hybridization

16 In nondisjunction, which parent leads to the sex chromosome aneuploid XYY? A) mother B) father C) either parent D) both parents

4 ____ contains more protein-encoding sequences than ____. A) Heterochromatin; euchromatin B) Euchromatin; heterochromatin C) Pericentric inversions; aneuploids D) Aneuploids; pericentric inversions

8 The schematic map of a chromosome is called a(n) _____. A) karyotype B) ideogram C) anagram D) chromogram

Which statement is false about death and dying? A. Parents who have lost a child had higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization compared to parents who did not suffer this type of loss. B. Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger. C. Self-help groups provide support but the passage of time also helps. D. Those who express the strongest grief immediately do not progress through their grief more quickly.

Culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

2 A(n) ____ chromosome has its centromere near a tip so that it has one long arm and one very short arm. A) metacentric B) submetacentric C) acrocentric D) None of the above

20 Approximately ____ percent of spontaneous abortions result from extra or missing chromosomes. A) 10 B) 25 C) 50 D) 75

21 How many chromosomes does a person with Edward syndrome have? A) 45 B) 46 C) 47 D) 48

adolescence

Caitlyn is 16 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Caitlyn is in what stage of development?

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina is called the:

Cornea

postconventional

Critics have argued that Kohlberg's _____ stage is culturally defined because it seems to appear mostly among people who prize individualism.

12 Which of the following utilizes labeled DNA probes? A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization

13 In _____ the karyotype of a villus cell differs from that of an embryo cell. A) Robertsonian translocation B) reciprocal translocation C) male nondisjunction D) chromosomal mosaicism

15 The most common autosomal aneuploid is _____. A) trisomy 13 B) trisomy 15 C) trisomy 18 D) trisomy 21

26 Consider the following normal sequence of genes: a b c d e f g h. The sequence a b f e d c g h represents a(n) _____. A) deletion B) duplication C) inversion D) translocation

27 Which of the following karyotypes is NOT possible in the offspring of a translocation carrier (involving chromosomes 14 and 21) and a normal individual? A) deficient 14 or deficient 21 B) normal C) translocation Down syndrome D) all are possible outcomes.

Sensory adaptation can be defined as what?

Diminished sensitivity as a result of constant stimulation

formal operational

Following the death of a local teenager, Melissa came to believe that the teen had been profiled as a potential threat because he was African-American. She decided to join in the protests and actively engaged in public demonstrations in her community and high school. Melissa has entered which stage of development, according to Piaget?

The retina's central focal point is the _____, which contains only cones, and no rods.

Fovea

a sense of purpose.

Gerard just celebrated his 25th anniversary at the company and was given a gold watch. He feels that this gold watch is just a meaningless trinket and is glad that he is able to balance his work with family life. According to Erik Erikson, Gerard is probably feeling:

The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the what?

Inner ear

Does perceptual set involve bottom-up or top-down processing? Why?

It involves top-down processing, because it draws on your experiences, assumptions, and expectations when interpreting stimuli.

preconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are the three tiny bones that make up the what?

Middle ear

Research participants are presented with the following scenario: "There is a runaway trolley headed for five people. All will certainly be killed unless you push a larger stranger onto the tracks, where he will die as his body stops the trolley. Will you push him?" What are the likely results to this question?

Most will say no.

It is at the end of the _____ stage of sleep that children may wet the bed.

NREM-3

Jason is 16 years old. One day he has blonde hair; the next day it is green. One day he looks goth and the next he looks like a jock. He recently asked his parents if he could get a tattoo. Should Jason's parents be worried?

No, this is just Jason trying to find his identity.

_____ refers to our sense of smell.

Olfaction

The volley principle is MOST relevant to understanding how people sense what?

Pitch

The volley principle is MOST relevant to understanding how people sense:

Pitch.

sexual

Puberty is the period of _____maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

postconventional

Robin is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because she wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as she is. Robin has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

_____ are retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, whereas _____ detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Rods; cones

The textbook recommends a study method called _____ that emphasizes active processing.

SQ3R

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents might not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by what?

Signal detection theory

The assumption that a car is large enough to carry people, even when viewing its tiny image from two blocks away, illustrates the concept of _____.

Size constancy

What occurs below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness?

Subliminal stimulation

_____ occurs below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

Subliminal stimulation

How might adolescents' tendency to engage in such risky behaviors as street racing and experimental drug use reflect brain development phenomena?

The prefrontal cortex matures slowly, retarding adolescents' ability to weigh potential consequences.

road construction; brake pedal

The selective pruning of unused neurons and connections in the adolescent brain are to _______ as adolescent impulsivity and risk taking are to an absent _______.

Why is it after wearing shoes for a while, you cease to notice them?

The shoes provide constant stimulation. Thanks to sensory adaption, we tend to focus primarily on changing stimuli.

Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?

They used the emotional part of the brain to refuse to push.

conventional

Thirteen-year-old Amata repeatedly tells her mother not to drive too fast and to make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

struggling with intimacy issues.

Thirty-year-old Ana frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. She is worried about finding the "right man." According to Erik Erikson, Ana is MOST likely:

Frontal

_____ lobe development during adolescence includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

When Robin was born she weighed under 3 pounds. She also struggled with respiratory problems due to a lack of ________ in her lungs. a. surfactant b. myelin c. chorion d. oxytocin

a. surfactant

As compared with the adult brain, the newborn's brain has________ neurons.

about the same number of

A person can detect a single drop of perfume diffused in an area the size of a one-bedroom apartment in half of a set of trials. This is a(n)

absolute threshold

Which phrase BEST expresses the proportion of animal researchers who support the government regulation of the treatment of the nonhuman primates, dogs, and cats used in research?

almost all

Intensity refers to the level of energy in a light wave; it is determined by the wave's height, or _____.

amplitude

Gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

In ______, a strong magnet is used to produce scans that allow scientists to distinguish among different types of soft tissue in the brain. a. EEG b. MRI c. single-cell recording d. PET

b. MRI

Higher-level thinking is primarily the responsibility of the _____ lobes. a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital

b. frontal

Ralph was involved in a bar fight and sustained a blow to the back of the head from a beer bottle. He was dazed and could not see for about two minutes. Which lobe was affected? a. temporal b. occipital c. parietal d. frontal

b. occipital

The process of _____ occurs when the sending neuron normally absorbs excess neurotransmitter molecules. a. excitation b. reuptake c. preuptake d. inhibition

b. reuptake

subliminal

below a person's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

This bushy, branching extension of a neuron receives messages and conducts impulses toward the cell body. a. axon b. myelin sheath c. dendrite d. terminal braches

c. dendrite

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the social _____.

clock

concrete images are to abstract ideas.

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

contends that hypnosis is a form of social influence — a by-product of normal social and mental processes

According to Mary Ainsworth, a child with ambivalent attachment will:

continue to show signs of distress when the mother returns after a brief absence.

Ren is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality. Please type the correct answer in the following input field, and then select the submit answer button or press the enter key when finished.

conventional

Samantha is creating a language development timeline for a class presentation. Along the top of a display board, she writes the following ages in sequence: 2 months> 4 months> 12 months> 18 months How should she label these ages, from youngest to oldest?

cooing> babbling > first words > telegraphic speech

If two traits vary together, then the two traits are said to: a. be operationally defined b. be biased c. replicate d. correlate

correlate

Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that students' self-esteem is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should be reminded that:

correlation does not prove causation

Mark is a graduate student who is studying identity formation. He interviews a group of 5- year-olds, a group of 10-year-olds, and a group of 15-year-olds, and asks them what they plan to be when they finish school. In this example, Mark is using a __ research design

cross-sectional

Which of the following is most commonly used for pregnancies in the United States? a. C-section b. forceps c. oxytocin d. epidural

d. epidural

A woman learns that her death is imminent. According to Kübler-Ross, her initial reaction to this news will likely be shock and disbelief, which are common to the stage.

denial

In Kubler-Ross's theory, acceptance of death is most immediately preceded by:

depression.

Improved judgment, impulse control, and the ability to plan for the future develop during the late teens and early twenties, largely as a result of:

development of the frontal lobe and its connections with other parts of the brain.

The _____ is a method in which neither the research participants nor the researchers know which participants are getting the treatment and which are getting a placebo.

double blind procedure

Gabriela is a 22-year-old recent college graduate. She is preparing to move to the largest city in her region to complete a prestigious internship. She has dated several young men but does not envision settling into a serious relationship for at least a few years yet. Gabriela is in a life stage many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

The neurotransmitter that serves as our natural painkiller is _____.

endorphins

_____ is/are a type of neurotransmitter produced by the brain that has similar properties to morphine.

endorphins

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

The field of __ explores how the environment affects the expression of genetic attributes.

epigenetics

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

external consequences.

In a signal detection experiment, incorrect responses include misses and ___.

false alarms.

According to Jonathan Haidt, moral intuition is associated with _____ first, followed by _____ second.

feelings; reasoning

The longest part of a pregnancy, from the eighth week to birth, is called the ________period.

fetal

counciling psychology

focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems

Pat turns to look directly at a brightly colored bird her friend spotted in the garden. Pat is ensuring that the bird's image falls directly on her:

fovea.

Between the ages of 3 and 6 years, the number of neural connections increases most dramatically in the__________lobe.

frontal

During adolescence, brain development proceeds relatively slowly in the _______ lobe, a region implicated in self-regulation.

frontal

Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity; stagnation

Watson is to behaviorism as Rogers is to _____ psychology.

humanistic

Keith is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Keith is in the stage of development called _____ versus role confusion.

identity

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of _____.

integrity

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of ______.

integrity

According to Erik Erikson, older adults can MOST effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of:

integrity

Madison has a job, a cat named Morris, and 32 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the right man. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Madison is in the stage of development called _____ versus isolation.

intimacy

Freud's ideas of love and work correspond to Erikson's stages of:

intimacy and generativity.

The years after age 65 are known as _____ adulthood.

late

A researcher who administers a personality test to the same children every three years is conducting a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

Dawn is a graduate student investigating the development of fine motor skills. She selects one group of children and assesses their fine motor skills every 6 months over a 2-year period. In this example, Dawn is using a __ research design.

longitudinal

A research team has followed a large sample of men from their college graduation in 1955 through their retirement, trying to understand better how their cognitive abilities change over time. They interview and test these men once every 5 years. This would be considered a:

longitudinal method

The amplitude of a sound wave determines our perception of (loudness/pitch)

loudness

Chanice is 12 years old. When she woke up this morning she noticed blood on her bed. This has never happened before. Chanice is experiencing:

menarche

_____ is to a girl's sexual development as spermarche is to a boy's sexual development.

menarche

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.

middle

Currently, 61-year-old Jim is in a life stage called _____ adulthood.

middle

Heredity versus environment is another of way of referring to the ______ debate.

nature versus nurture

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain's visual cortex that respond to specific features of a stimulus, such as shape, angles, or movement

A recent survey indicated that 25 percent of heterosexual couples met:

online

A recent survey indicated that two-thirds of same-sex couples met:

online

Robert is having trouble regulating the level of sugar in his blood. He is diagnosed with Type II diabetes. There is MOST likely an abnormality with his _____.

pancreas

Whereas _____ processing is the brain's "default," _____ processing takes over when the task is complex or unfamiliar.

parallel; sequential

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

piagets theory

Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much briefer, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.

pitch

The _____ effect means that experimental results are caused by expectations alone.

placebo

A _____ correlation indicates that two sets of scores tend to rise or fall together—for example, height and weight. A(n) _____ correlation indicates that two sets of scores have an inverse relationship: As one set goes up, the other goes down—for example, time spent brushing teeth and tooth decay.

positive; negative

With respect to correlations, direct is to inverse as _____ is to _____.

positive; negative

The number of words young children hear at home is ____ correlated with family income.

positively

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

postconventional

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the majority of children younger than age 9 have a _____ morality.

preconventional

Thirteen-year-old Ariana is getting more involved in risky behaviors, which has her mother very worried. Ariana is also more impulsive and emotionally volatile than she used to be. What is the most likely explanation for Ariana's behavior?

pubertal hormonal surge and limbic system development

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

In the MOST common form of color blindness:

red and green cannot be distinguished.

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers because 3-D movies exaggerate _____ disparity.

retinal

_____ disparity is an example of a binocular cue to depth perception.

retinal

Laurent is 16 years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity versus _____.

role confusion

A teacher who pushes children to go just beyond what they are competent and comfortable doing is using:

scaffolding

Piaget used the word ____to refer to a collection of ideas that functions as a basic unit of understanding.

schema

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus to the exclusion of others is called _____ attention.

selective

Marc is driving his 12-year-old car. He notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____ processing. He immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound his car made the last time he had it repaired, which involves _____ processing.

sensation, perception

Detection is to interpretation as _____ is to _____.

sensation; perception

Physical exercise in adulthood does NOT:

shorten telomeres

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents do not notice the same small changes. This type of difference in reaction to stimuli is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

Two Transportation Security Administration officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by:

signal detection theory

For older people, which of these is easiest to remember?

skills

Jenny has a great job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. Most likely Jenny is:

struggling with intimacy issues.

Mind-to-mind communication is to _____ as mind over matter is to _____.

telepathy; psychokinesis

Tips of chromosomes are called _____.

telomeres

Characteristic differences in behavioral patterns and emotional reactions make up a person's:

temperament

vision

the ability to see

Belle was admitted to hospice care several weeks before her ninetieth birthday. She remarked at least once that she "just wanted to make 90." Belle died 2 days after a small family celebration of her birthday at her bedside. This vignette BEST illustrates:

the death deferral phenomenon

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

embodied cognition

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

Fifty-year-old Jack finds that he really enjoys the taste of scotch, whiskey, mushrooms, strong peppers, and onions, but his 21-year-old son does not. The reason for this difference in taste is likely due to:

the number of taste buds in the mouth that decreases with age.

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

vestibular

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Clarissa's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland

thyroid

An individual who seeks or undergoes a social transition to the other gender is called:

transsexual

According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the ______________ stage.

trust versus mistrust

To most people the sexual abuse of a very young child is so emotionally repulsive that they immediately recognize it as immoral. This best illustrates that moral judgments may possibly reflect:

unconscious decision making.

Psychologist George Stratton conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he:

wore a pair of glasses that inverted his vision for eight days.

write a note to himself

Among a sample of middle-aged men enrolled in a weight-loss program, Dr. Phelps found a strong direct correlation between hours spent exercising each week and number of pounds lost over a 6-month period. Which correlation coefficient did Dr. Phelps MOST likely find? a. +0.20 b. +0.02 c. +0.75 d. -0.65

+0.75

The correlation coefficient ranges from _____ to _____.

-1 to 1

Which of the following declines in later life?

-visual sharpness -muscle strength -auditory levels

The nucleus of a human cell contains

23 pairs of chromosomes

According to the Center for Disease Control, approximately, _________ of adolescents girls are infected with at least one sexually transmitted disease.

25%

The period of adolescence is lengthening in industrialized cultures such as in Europe, the United States, and Australia. Adolescents are taking more time to finish their education and establish careers. The average age for a first marriage in the United States is now 29 for men and _______ for women.

Approximately _______ of babies have an easy temperament.

40%

As John was leaving the show, he was unable to hear his friend talking next to him in a normal conversational tone of _____ decibels since the rock concert was well over 130 decibels.

For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others who are also _____ or older.

For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others around her age. What age range is Margaret likely in?

75 to 80

Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in?

75-80

When does sexual desire decrease? (around what ages)

75-80

Adeline is worried because she knows that her work environment is very loud and that prolonged exposure to sounds above _____ decibels can produce hearing loss.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

Visual information is processed by ganglion cells:

AFTER it is processed by rods and cones and AFTER it is processed by bipolar cells.

_____ is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sensory stimulus (e.g., light, sound, pressure, and taste) 50 percent of the time.

Absolute threshold

Using sound as your example, show how these concepts differ: absolute threshold, subliminal stimulation, and difference threshold.

Absolute threshold is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular sound (such as an approaching bike on the sidewalk behind you) 50 percent of the time. Subliminal stimulation happens when, without your awareness, your sensory system processes a sound that is below your absolute threshold. A difference threshold is the minimum difference needed to distinguish between two stimuli (such as between the sound of a bike and the sound of a runner coming up behind you) 50 percent of the time.

postconventional

Amath has decided to volunteer for Habitat for Humanity this summer because he wants to give back to people who are not as fortunate as he is. Amath has probably reached the _____ stage of moral development.

frontal lobes

At 19, Abbey is beginning to plan for her future. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Most likely, Abbey's _____ are developing.

Camilla has been told that her basilar membrane is damaged. This is MOST likely to affect her:

Audition

Which statement is true regarding the so-called midlife transition during the forties? A.Divorce becomes common. B.People realize life is mostly behind them. C. Most men experience a crisis. D Distress peaks for men and women.

John is 58 years old and is worried about Alzheimer's disease. He asks what he can do to prevent it. You give him this advice. A. brain scan B. keep your mind active C.check your sense of smell D. take a genetic test

Allan is 35. Beryl is 50. Callie is 63. Which of these individuals is middle-aged?

Beryl and Callie are middle-aged, whereas Allan is not.

The difference threshold is best described as the minimum difference that a person can detect:

Between two stimuli 50 percent of the time

In a brain surgery that went wrong, Matthew lost a portion of his visual cortex and is blind in part of his field of vision. This condition is known as:

Blindsight

14 An individual with two normal sets of autosomes and a single X chromosome has _____. A) Down syndrome B) Patau syndrome C) Turner syndrome D) Klinefelter syndrome

17 A triploid human karyotype has how many chromosomes? A) 23 B) 46 C) 69 D) 92

conventional

Eric is 17 years old and has decided to volunteer at Buddy Ball this summer, helping disabled children play baseball. Eric knows that this will look good on his college applications. He is probably in the _____ stage of moral development.

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is known as

Frequency

The ______ psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts.

Gestalt

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by what?

Gestalt psychologists

Rules for organizing stimuli into coherent groups were first identified by:

Gestalt psychologists.

According to the Gestalt psychologists' principle of proximity, humans tend to:

Group nearby figures together

A perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups is known as:

Grouping.

MOST hearing losses are results of damage to the:

Hair cells.

_____ is the result of the transduction of air pressure waves into neural messages that are interpreted by the brain.

Hearing

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?

Her frontal lobes are growing.

In terms of a person's sensory experience of light, wavelength is to _____ as wave intensity is to _____.

Hue; brightness

intimacy vs. isolation.

Jenny has a job, a cat named Jake, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right man." She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:

The Moon illusion refers to people's tendency to perceive the Moon as unusually:

Large when it is near the horizon

What is the rapid sequence of events that occurs when you see and recognize a friend?

Light waves reflect off your friend and travel into your eyes. Receptor cells in your retina convert the light waves' energy into neural impulses sent to your brain. Your brain detector cells and work teams process the different parts of this visual input — including movement, form, depth, and color — on separate but parallel paths. Your brain interprets this information, based on previously stored information and your expectations, and forms a conscious perception of your friend.

The amplitude of sound wave determines what aspect of hearing?

Loudness

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of what?

Monocular cues

Your roommate fell asleep about 25 minutes ago. Now you need to wake him so that you both can get to a party on time. He is sleeptalking about his girlfriend's cat. When you begin laughing, he wakes up. He was MOST likely in _____ sleep.

NREM-3

Why are children often repelled by the taste of novel meat dishes and bitter vegetables?

Novel or bitter foods were considered potentially toxic by our ancestors.

menarche

Nyla is 11 years old and has breast buds and visible pubic hair. What physical change is likely to happen next?

_____ refers to the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

Perception

_____ refers to the top-down mental process of organizing and interpreting sensory inputs.

Perception

Even though it is completely dark outside and she is inside her house, Clare knows that the color of her car as well as the size of it has not changed. This is an example of:

Perceptual constancy.

Professor Brandt is conducting a study on _____. He shows his study participants, a picture of an adult-child pair. He tells half of the participants that they are looking at a parent and her child. He tells the other half that they are looking at a daycare worker and a child in the daycare center. The group that thinks the pair is related rates them as looking more alike than the group that thinks they are NOT related.

Perceptual set

Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short, because they rely on the distance cue known as what?

Relative size

_____ is to possible hearing damage as pain is to possible bodily harm.

Ringing of the ears

Perceptual sets are the result of _____, which people form to organize and interpret unfamiliar information.

Schemas

__________is the weakest sense in newborns.

Sight

All of the following are true about death and dying EXCEPT:

Terminally ill and bereaved people go through predictable stages of grief, such as denial before anger.

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. Susan's reaction relates to the concept of:

The difference threshold.

Why is it that older people account for fewer than 10 percent of all automobile crashes when they have slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road as compared to younger adults?

They drive less than younger adults

"Don't look at me. I must look terrible."

Thirteen-year-old Erin and her mother were in a car accident. Her mother was fine, but Erin had a cut on her forehead. When the attractive emergency medical technician came over to her, Erin MOST likely said:

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage rather than a constant amount is called:

Weber's law

The size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones. This BEST illustrates:

Weber's law.

The emotion areas of the brain were activated when they thought about pushing the person.

Does fertility decline in men?

Yes, fertility declines in men around age 50.

Dr. Gigliotti is conducting a detailed examination of a patient with dissociative identity disorder. Dr. Gigliotti is undertaking:

a case study

Biological processes occurring on a cycle of approximately 24 hours are called _____ rhythms. a. circadian b. diurnal c. cyclic d. biological

a. circadian

Mary often challenges herself to be aware of preconceptions and assumptions and to engage in reflective thinking. Her friends sometimes accurately refer to her as a(n) ______ thinker. a. critical b. intuitive c. reasoned d. biased

a. critical

Kayla is 13 years old. She is in the midst of puberty. Kayla is in a stage of development called:

adolescence

In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions.

amydgala

In an experiment, the process of random _____ ensures that each participant has an equal chance of being in either the control group or the experimental group.

assignment

Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.

atrophy

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in which lobe? a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital

b. frontal

A(n) _____ approach provides an integrated explanation of human behavior by incorporating biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

biopsychosocial

Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.

bluntness

Katrina is driving her 15-year-old car. She notices a sound coming from the engine, which involves _____. Katrina immediately starts thinking that the sound is similar to the sound the car made the last time she had it repaired, which involves _____.

bottom-up; top-down

The word cerebellum means "little brain." Where in the brain is the cerebellum located in relation to the brainstem? a. beneath it b. in front of it c. behind it d. above it

c. behind it

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is MOST directly involved in speaking? a. occipital b. parietal c. frontal d. temporal

c. frontal

Compared to more rural cultures, Westerners tend to view childbirth as being a more ________ aspect of human experience. a. natural b. ritualized c. specialized d. common

c. specialized

Betty's metabolism has been irregular. There is MOST likely an abnormality with her _____ gland. a. hypothalamic b. adrenal c. thyroid d. parathyroid

c. thyroid

Experimental research is to correlational research as _____ is to ____

cause; association

Mrs. Costello lives in Florida. She is gripped by a vision of her sister gravely injured in a car wreck happening that very moment in Pennsylvania. Mrs. Costello is inconsolable. Her husband calmly disproves Mrs. Costello's vision by calling his sister-in-law; her cheery voice greets him on the phone. Cleary, Mrs. Costello does not have the ability of _____ that she believes she possesses.

clairvoyance

You are a building contractor surveying the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when you move to the right, you see the gaps. This illustrates the Gestalt principle of _____.

closure

In an industrial psychology experiment, one group of participants is exposed to confinement while another group is not. All participants then perform a manual dexterity task, and their performance is examined. What is the independent variable?

confinement

Jay complains to his father that he does not have enough juice. There is no more juice in the house, so his father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller, narrower glass. Jay believes that he has more juice because he has not yet developed an understanding of:

conservation

Who would derive the most benefit from being fed with breast milk rather than formula? a. a low SES baby b. an Asian baby c. a Hispanic baby d. a preterm baby

d. a preterm baby

Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is MOST consistent with the _____ approach in psychology. a. behaviorist b. humanistic c. cognitive d. psychoanalytic

d. psychoanalytic

An infant with _____ attachment is disturbed at his mother's departure in the strange situation but is easily soothed upon her return. a. avoidant b. difficult c. anxious d. secure

d. secure

The minute Beth walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her mother-in-law's perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Beth no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of: a. Weber's law b. subliminal sensation c. perceptual set d. sensory adaptation

d. sensory adaptation

The culturally preferred timing of life events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock. a. biological b. cultural c. psuchological d. social

d. social

Memory expert Eric Kandel claims that _____ of what the mind does is unconscious. a. about half b. very little c. none d. the great majority

d. the great majority

Which statement BEST captures the relationship between the humanistic approach and the psychoanalytic approach? a. the humanistic approach accepted the psychoanalytic view b. the humanistic approach preceded the psychoanalytic view c. the humanistic approach supplanted the psychoanalytic view d. the humanistic approach challenged the psychoanalytic view

d. the humanistic approach challenged the psychoanalytic view

Arthur is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Arthur is in the stage of development called integrity vs. _____.

despair

The field of psychology that examines physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes across the life span is called __________?

developmental psychology

In a study of white-collar workers, Velma found that there was a positive correlation between self-reported alcohol and drug use and sick days taken. A graph of her results would show a:

diagonal line from the bottom left to the top right

A snack manufacturer finds that it must increase the salt content of its chips by 8 percent in order for a sample of consumers to notice that the chips are saltier than they were before. This example BEST illustrates the concept of a(n) _____ threshold.

difference

Sensory adaptation can be defined as:

diminished sensitivity as a result of repeated stimulation.

Kevin is a tall and popular 16-year old. He is also starting to use alcohol. It is likely that Kevin matured at a(n) _____ age.

early

Mike is 25 years old and just graduated from college. What stage of development is he in?

early adulthood

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by the psychologist _____'s psychosocial development theory.

erikson

In science, the clearest way to isolate cause and effect is to conduct a(n): a. experiment b. survey c. correlational study d. case study

experiment

Cause-effect hypotheses may be tested in: a. surveys b. correlational research c. case studies d. experiments

experiments

Malcolm was contemplating dropping out of high school when he was asked to enroll in a volunteer program. Every week he worked in a local day-care center, helping the children with their projects. The children appreciated his help. After a few months, it is MOST likely that Malcolm will:

feel better about himself and not drop out.

Formal instruction in the scientific method usually begins when students are between 11 and 13 years of age. At this point, students are capable of the abstract thinking and deductive reasoning characteristic of Piaget's stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

_____ lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of myelin, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

frontal

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school. What is probably happening to Celia?

frontal lobes are growing

Marcia has the intense desire to create a mentoring program at her company. According to Erik Erikson, she is likely experiencing the _____ versus stagnation state.

generativity

Erik Erikson proposed that at the _____ versus _____ stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

generativity, stagnation

Elements of the scientific attitude do NOT include:

generosity

An individual's complete collection of genes is called his or her:

genotype

An individual's_ is composed of his or her 23 pairs of chromosomes.

genotype

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerve. The most common form of hearing loss (also called nerve deafness)

Denise wears an extremely bright yellow safety sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects.

high amplitude

Shannon is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family. She does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend, when they don't always practice their religion during the week. Shannon has become able to see the _____ in her parents' lives.

hypocrisy

In Erikson's view, adolescent development is largely defined by the search for:

identity

This variable is the experimental factor that is manipulated.

independent

Mike is 68 years old and is sitting in his recliner reflecting on the mistakes he made in his life as well as the dreams that went unfulfilled. According to Erik Erikson, Mike is in the stage of development called:

integrity vs. despair.

intimacy vs. isolation.

A researcher would MOST likely find a(n) _____ correlation between scores on a measure of impulsivity and scores on a measure of self-control. a. inverse b. positive c. direct d. near-zero

inverse

isolation

A weakness of the experimental method is that:

it may not be ethical to manipulate some variables.

Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he would use techniques such as:

linear perspective

linear perspective.

Railroad tracks appear to converge in the distance. This provides a cue for depth perception known as:

linear perspective.

The longer the sound waves are, the ____ (lower/higher) their frequency and the (lower/higher) their pitch.

lower; lower

Psychologists use the term ___to refer to the patterns of physical, cognitive, and socioemotional change occurring throughout life.

maturation

Donna's parents divorced when she was a little girl. Her mother works two jobs and they eat a lot of fast food. It is likely that Donna will:

mature at an earlier age.

When a woman stops ovulating and becomes incapable of reproduction, she experiences _____.

menopause

perceptual set

mental tendencies and assumptions that set us up to perceive one thing and not another

Juanita is 56 years old. She is in which stage of adult development?

middle adulthood

In Erikson's theory, early adulthood is to intimacy as _____ is to _____.

middle age; generativity

Relative height, motion, size, and linear perspective are examples of _____ cues to depth perception.

monocular

Relative size, interposition, relative motion, and relative height are examples of _____ cues to depth perception.

monocular

Compared with Piaget, Vygotsky placed ______emphasis on the ________ foundations of cognitive development.

more; social

Juggling two independent sources of sensory input at the same time is an example of:

multitasking

Frontal lobe development during adolescence also includes the growth of _____, the fatty tissue around axons that speeds transmission.

myelin

_____ observation is a type of descriptive research method in which a researcher records behavior without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

naturalistic

Dementia is now referred to as a(n) _____ disorder.

neurocognitive

A series of small strokes that progressively damage an older adult's brain is MOST likely to produce:

neurocognitive disorder

Physical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____.

neurogenesis hippocampus

Physical exercise in adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. MOST specifically, therefore, exercise facilitates _____ in the _____. a. plasticity; amygdala b. plasticity; hippocampus c. neurogenesis; hippocampus d. neurogenesis; amygdala

neurogenesis; hippocampus

While Maria was stacking her term paper, she received a paper cut. The cut produced a sharp pain on her index finger. This pain was initiated by _____ in her skin.

nociceptors

Phantom limb sensations and other experiences of amputees show that the brain can produce pain in the absence of:

normal sensory input

nociceptors

pain receptors

Some stroke victims lose the capacity to perceive motion but retain the capacity to perceive shapes and colors. Others lose the capacity to perceive colors but retain the capacity to perceive movement and form. These peculiar visual disabilities BEST illustrate our normal capacity for:

parallel processing

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, those who develop an abstract level of reasoning wherein they perceive basic ethical principles and the moral good as more important than their own self, have developed what is known as _____ morality.

postconventional

Faruq believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ______ morality.

postconventional

Rhonda is currently attending preschool. According to Piaget, Rhonda is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

The process of developing a sense of identity during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's _____ development theory.

psychosocial

Carol decides to send out a survey to see what her co-workers think of the new dress policy. If she chooses a sample of the population that gives each person an equal chance of participating, this would be a(n) _____ sample.

random

Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to a young adult if she is asked to:

recognize the words

applied research

research undertaken to solve a specific problem

The light-sensitive inner portion of the eye is called the _____.

retina

Cones

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina, and that function in daylight or well-lit conditions. Cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations

Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray, and are sensitive to movement. Rods are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond

According to the textbook, online communities provide teens with a space to explore their identities. In Erikson's terms, online communities may therefore counteract __ among adolescents.

role confusion

Laurent is 16-years old and is trying different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his son's pairing of shirts and pants, the earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. According to Erik Erikson, Laurent is in the stage of development called identity vs. _____.

role confusion

One of the important tasks of adolescence is to , that is, to find a sense of self based on values, beliefs, and goals.

search for identity

André is starting to notice facial hair and hair under his arms. His voice also seems to be deepening. He is noticing changes in _____ sex characteristics.

secondary

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study of older adults (30 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) cross-_____ study.

sectional

At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

self-interest.

Preconventional moral reasoning is to conventional moral reasoning as _____ is to _____.

self-interest; social relationships

audition

sense of hearing

According to the textbook, bees can see ultraviolet radiation. As compared to humans, bees can see ____ wavelengths.

shorter

There are many computerized game programs that are designed to improve cognitive functioning and reduce cognitive decline by exercising both memory and attention. Research has shown that those who engage in such games:

show improvement in the practiced skills.

The culturally preferred timing of events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement is known as the _____ clock.

social

_____ stimulation occurs below your absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

subliminal

Which of the following is a social-cultural factor that helps people flourish in later life?

support from family and friends

It would be harder for a person in late adulthood to win a game of Jeopardy because it:

takes longer to react

Men experience a gradual decline in sperm count, _____, and speed of erection and ejaculation.

testosterone level

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions, although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Intensity

the amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness or loudness. Intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)

Cognitive Psychology

the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

opponent-process theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, blue-yellow, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are turned "on" by green and turned "off" by red; others are turned on by red and off by green

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

the theory that the retina contains three different types of color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue. When stimulated in combination, these receptors can produce the perception of any color

Happy Moon Restaurant uses monosodium glutamate in most of its dishes to enhance the flavor. This also stimulates the fifth taste of _____.

umami

Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____ sense.

vestibular

According to the textbook, "gender roles can be acquired through observational learning." This means that gender roles may be acquired through:

watching others

Charlie has high blood pressure and diabetes. His physician has prescribed medications to treat his conditions. However, Charlie often forgets to take his medication. What could he do to help remember to take his medication on time? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. use mnemonics

write a note to himself

This coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called the:

Cochlea.

Both _____ and _____ indicate how a person's experiences help people construct perceptions.

Perceptual set; context

Which activity MOST clearly takes place in the rods and cones?

Sensory transduction

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar: a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Pavlov d. Freud

a. Piaget

_____ bias is also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. a. hindsight b. predictive c. overconfidence d. operational

a. hindsight

Dr. Zimmerman's study on love was controversial, and other researchers wished to verify the results for themselves. In order to replicate the findings, which aspect of Dr. Zimmerman's study is MOST critical? a. operational definitions b. the list of participants c. the control group d. statistical analyses

a. operational definitions

_____ refers to the simultaneous analysis of many aspects of a stimulu a. parallel processing b. priming c. synchronous processing d. opponent processing

a. parallel processing

What could be considered an evolutionary protective mechanism that occurs frequently during the germinal period? a. migration b. miscarriage c. endometriosis d. proliferation

b. miscarriage

Sabrina stated there was a _____ correlation between food intake and weight because the scores tended to rise and fall together. a. strong b. weak c. positive d. negative

c. positive

Which of the following terms best reflects the focus of neural differentiation that occurs during the fetal period? a. volume b. location c. density d. function

d. function

One thinking error that many people make is to assume that a strong correlation _____. However, this is NOT true regardless of the strength of the relationship between two variables. a. suggests a bias in sampling b. is rarely positive c. is rarely negative d. proves causation

d. proves causation

Two weeks after conception, the developing fertilized egg is called a(n):

embryo

Snakes can detect infrared waves radiated by the bodies of their prey. As compared to humans, snakes can see _____ waves.

higher-wavelength

According to the text, physical exercise in late adulthood encourages the birth of new neurons in areas responsible for learning and memory. In other words, exercise facilitates ________ in the ________.

neurogenesis; hippocampus

Carmen is driving at night in an unfamiliar city. Because the neighborhood looks dangerous, Carmen feels extremely alert. The neurotransmitter _____ is helping her cope with the stressful situation.

norepinephrine

The term consciousness refers to:

one's awareness of oneself and the environment.

Dissociation theory

proposes that hypnosis is a special dual-processing state of dissociation — a split between normal sensations and conscious awareness. Dissociation theory seeks to explain why, when no one is watching, hypnotized people may carry out posthypnotic suggestions (which are made during hypnosis but carried out after the person is no longer hypnotized)

While playing golf, James forgets that his sunglasses are on top of his head. As the day goes on, he forgets that he placed them there. This demonstrates the process of:

sensory adaptation

According to the Gestalt psychologists, people perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones. This is called the principle of:

Continuity

Chromosomes are molecules of:

DNA

Marlene wakes up early in the morning and her room is fairly dark. She looks over and sees her shirt hanging on a hook. She knows it's her red shirt because she hung it up there before she went to bed, but in the dark she cannot see its color. It looks dark gray to her. Why is that?

In the dim light, the cones in a person's eyes are ineffectual.

The cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs make up the:

Inner ear

Ideally, older adults believe that their lives have had meaning and purpose. That is, they feel a sense of:

Integrity

_____ refers to the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which a person perceives as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.

Intensity

sex

Jerry is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. Jerry is more likely to experiment with _____.

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

Perceptual set.

Once John learned of Sara's abusive past, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of:

Perceptual set.

Hermann von Helmholtz speculated that people hear different pitches because different sound waves trigger activity at different places along the cochlea's basilar membrane. His theory is called what?

Place theory

While at work, Tim experiences a ringing-in-the-ears sensation known as:

Tinnitus

The BEST example of an inhibitory neurotransmitter is: a. GABA b. dopamine c. acetylcholine d. glutamate

a. GABA

A group of 100 pregnant women are attending an expo for baby supplies. About how many of them will deliver their babies with the help of a midwife? a. 3 b. 8 c. 11 d. 14

b. 8

The purpose of random assignment is to: a. determine whether two variable are related b. ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the experimental and control groups c. ensure that sample results generalize to the population d. determine whether the results of a study are reliable

b. ensure that participant characteristics are equivalent across the experimental and control groups

Sensory analysis starts at the receptors and works to integrate the sensory information in the brain. This process is called _____ processing. a. adaptive b. top-down c. bottom-up d. subliminal

c. bottom-up

In an experiment that examines the effect of sleep deprivation on mental alertness, mental alertness is the: a. experimental condition b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. control condition

c. dependent variable

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kylie has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her _____.

cerebellum

In 2016, _____ percent of adults aged 25 to 35 were living in their parents' home, a proportion that is _____ that in 1981. a. 15; triple b. 10; double c. 10; triple d. 15; double

d. 15; double

The outdated term "hermaphrodite" has been replaced by the term:

intersexual

parallel processing

processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem at the same time

Gustation

sense of taste

In Piaget's theory, the process of fitting new experiences into existing schemas is called_______. The process of restructuring ideas to make room for new information is called _______.

sensorimotor> preoperational > concrete operational > formal operational

Which sequence accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, from birth through adolescence?

sensorimotor> preoperational > concrete operational > formal operational

The minute Karen walks into her mother-in-law's house to visit, she is struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, Karen no longer notices the smell. This is probably the result of what?

sensory adaptation

One sense influencing the perception of another is known as:

sensory interaction

John is a star basketball player on the high school team. He is very tall. He is also very popular with both boys and girls. John is MOST likely to be:

sexually active.

_____ processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as expectations.

top-down

The physical features not associated with reproduction, but that become more distinct during adolescence, are known as

secondary sex characteristics.

Your grandmother is in her early eighties and is beginning to seem frail. Which of these are you likely to notice about her abilities? A. Her hearing, distance perception, and sense of smell are diminishing. B. Her hearing and sight are diminishing, but her stamina and sense of smell remain strong. C. Her muscle strength is decreasing, but all of her sensory abilities seem to be going strong. D. Her visual sharpness is decreasing, but her stamina remains unchanged.

30 A chromosome is ____ if the centromere divides it into two arms of approximately equal length. A) telocentric B) submetacentric C) metacentric D) acrocentric

6 Heterochromatic regions at the ends of chromosomes are called _____. A) centromeres B) euchromatin C) telomeres D) satellites

Billy Bob works at the airport as part of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in:

Sensorineural hearing loss.

Given the proportional amounts of the different types of neurons in the human body, which type of neuron would you be LEAST likely to worry about if you lost 100,000 of them? a. interneurons b. sensory neurons c. motor neurons d. threshold neurons

a. interneurons

During the Vietnam War, Michael moved from the United States to Canada to avoid the draft. He didn't want to go to war because he was afraid he might be killed or seriously injured. Michael's reasons for not going to war reflect Kohlberg's____________ moral reasoning.

preconventional

Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a _____ morality.

preconventional

Also known as test-enhanced learning, the _____ effect results in enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information.

retrieval practice

Baby Hannah automatically turns her head in the direction of a touch on the cheek. This is the __ reflex; it helps an infant to ___________

rooting; obtain food

Sofia is reading her psychology text. The stimulation of receptors in her retina is called _____.

sensation

What are the three tiny bones in the middle ear?

the hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

Ethel loves to talk about when she and her husband first were married. She has so many stories about their struggles and accomplishments. This is common, as older adults tend to remember:

things that happened during their teens and twenties well

The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The A and H are nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects _____ processing.

top-down

Kohlberg's theory of moral development MOST closely reflects:

Erikson's stage theory of psychosocial development

Prolonged exposure to sounds exceeding _____ dB may cause hearing loss.

31 The centromere generally divides the chromosome into a ____ p arm and a ____ q arm. A) shorter; longer B) longer; shorter

Empirical Approach

A study conducted via careful observations and scientifically based research.

identity

Alexia is 16 years old. One day she has blonde hair; the next day it is blue. One day she looks "goth" and the next she looks like a hippie. She recently asked her parents if she could get a nose ring. Alexia is probably trying to find her _____.

monocular cues

a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspective, available to either eye alone

A research study indicated that the more work-related stress one feels, the less satisfied one feels about their marriage. This finding illustrates:

a negative correlation between work-related stress and marital happiness.

Tom stayed up way too late last night and his eyes are tired. He closes his eyes, and as he rubs his eye, he notices a white light. This is because:

a person's retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from a person's hand triggers them.

Research has shown that among American couples that live together before marriage, there are:

higher rates of divorce.

All of these are difficult for older adults EXCEPT: A. memorizing nonsense syllables b. vocabulary c. recalling words d. time-based tasks

29 A couple seeks testing and counseling after they have a child with cystic fibrosis. Testing reveals that the mother is a carrier, but the father is not. How can these results be explained? A) The man tested is not the biological father. B) A mutation altered the child's normal allele. C) Uniparental disomy (from the mother). D) All are possible explanations; additional testing is needed.

5 Our closest evolutionary relative, according to karyotypes analysis, is the _____. A) mouse B) domestic cat C) gorilla D) pygmy chimpanzee (bonobo)

7 Some human chromosomes contain _____, which are bloblike ends that extend from a thinner stalklike bridge from the rest of the chromosome. A) centromeres B) kinetochores C) telomeres D) satellites

The ring of muscle tissue that controls the pupil's size is called the:

Iris

Individuals interpret what their senses detect using what?

Top-down processing

Interpreting new sensory information within the framework of a past memory illustrates what?

Top-down processing

Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when a person constructs perceptions drawing on that person's experience and expectations. This process is called what?

Top-down processing.

A teratogen is:

an environmental agent that can produce a birth defect.

Active neurons require _____ the way a car requires fuel. a. electricity b. hormones c. glucose d. oxygen

c. glucose

You are waiting for your friend to give you a ride on his new motorcycle. As your friend pulls up the driveway, the brakes squeal loudly. You get on, and then your friend steps on the engine. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by _____ sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves.

high-frequency; low-frequency

Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of sensory _____.

interaction

Pearl is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

Gavin has brown hair and green eyes. He is outgoing and a risk-taker, and he excels at his job as a financial analyst. All of these observable traits are part of his:

phenotype

Under the surface of awareness, the brain is constantly changing, building new pathways as it adjusts to experience. This is called:

plasticity

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

Jeannette is in her mid-seventies and she is in remarkably good health. If she were to worry about getting sick, she should probably worry MOST about:

pneumonia

Jackson was just touched on his cheek. The pressure is registered in his brain as a(n):

sensation

extrasensory perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light wave or sound wave to the peak of the next.

Physical changes during middle adulthood include declines in hearing, eyesight, and height. Research suggests which of the following can help limit the shrinking process?

physical exercise

Critical periods suggest that:

they are a type of sensitive period of development, during which "certain capacities are readily shaped or altered by experience"

The language acquisition device (LAD) is associated with:

Chomsky.

social identity.

James walks into the gas station to prepay for his gas. It seems like everyone pauses and looks at him. He is now aware that he is the only Muslim male in the store. He is aware of his:

People recognize objects as having a consistent form regardless of how the viewing angle changes. This fact that illustrates:

Perceptual constancy

After a rap concert, Dominique notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates:

Possible damage to the hair cells of her basilar membrane.

__________________ further develop during adolescence. These changes are associated with reproductive organs, such as the maturation of ovaries, uterus, penis, and testes.

Primary sex characteristics

Gretta is 85 years old and having trouble with her hearing. She worked in a factory for many years at a time before there were government regulations safeguarding noise levels. The MOST likely reasons for her sensorineural hearing loss are normal aging and what?

Prolonged exposure to ear-splitting noise

According to the Gestalt psychologists, people tend to group together figures that are similar to each other. This is called the principle of:

Proximity

The way in which a student quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of what?

Proximity

The way in which a student quickly groups the individual letters in this test item into separate words BEST illustrates the principle of:

Proximity

Dr. Garner studies the relationship between the objective brightness of visual stimuli and observers' subjective impression of their brightness. Dr. Garner's area of study is:

Psychophysics

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters is called the:

Pupil

Damon, who is among the 8 percent of males with colorblindness, suffers from the most common form of color blindness. Which statement BEST illustrates Damon's experience of color?

Red apples on a tree seem to be the same color as the surrounding green leaves.

Dianne feels overwhelmed. She helps her adult daughter regularly with finances and caring for her grandchildren. She is also the primary caregiver of both her aging mother and her father-in-law. She feels like she never has a minute to herself. Dianne can be referred to as being in the _____ generation.

Sanwich

Cross- _____ studies compare people of different ages with one another.

Sectional

_____ refers to the process by which people detect stimulus energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

Sensation

Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through when the other officer yells, "Wait, did you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is BEST explained by what?

Signal detection theory

binocular cues

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

A brain tumor has slowly robbed Mr. Schneider of his ability to recognize objects by touch. The tumor is probably centered in his _____ lobe. a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. temporal

a. parietal

Landon's parents are in the delivery room celebrating his birth. Five minutes after his arrival, a nurse notes that Landon's arms and legs are slightly blue. What score would Landon receive for this condition on the Apgar test? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3

b. 1

Which of the following best reflects the concept of fetal programming? a. A woman smokes and binge drinks during her pregnancy, and experiences a miscarriage in the first trimester. b. A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress. c. An active fetus creates distress for a woman while pregnant, which leads her to be less attached to child in infancy. d. A doctor selects the most genetically healthy embryos to implant in a woman's uterus following in vitro fertilization.

b. A woman experiences a hurricane while pregnant, and the child's genes are marked to be highly sensitive to stress.

The feedback system involving the intimate connection of the nervous and endocrine systems begins with the _____ and ends with the _____. a. body; body and brain b. brain; body and brain c. brain; body d. body; brain

b. brain; body and brain

A woman who ingests recreational drugs while pregnant, causing decreased attention and intelligence in her child and her grandchild, demonstrates which of the following? a. teratogen proliferation b. fetal programming c. organogenic distress d. postpartum migration

b. fetal programming

After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should have foreseen the likelihood of the terror attacks. This belief MOST clearly illustrates: a. dual processing b. hindsight bias c. overconfidence d. critical thinking

b. hindsight bias

You wake up early in the morning, and your room is fairly dark. You look over and see your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark, you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that? a. your pupils do not dilate in the darkness b. in the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual c. our optic chias does not function well in darkness d. in the didm light, the rods in your eyes are ineffectual

b. in the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual

DeAndre is recording instances of physical aggression among children in a schoolyard at recess. He is undertaking: a. an experiment b. naturalistic observation c. a survey d. a case study

b. naturalistic observation

Bundles of neurons carrying information to and from the central nervous system are called: a. glia b. nerves c. neural networks d. interneurons

b. nerves

Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery, he could: a. not sense colors, not could he distinguish between figure and ground b. not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch c. sense colors, but he could not distinguish between figure and ground d. recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch

b. not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch

This structure in the endocrine system releases hormones that help regulate the level of sugar in the blood. a. pituitary gland b. pancreas c. hypothalamus d. the thyroid gland

b. pancreas

What defines the critical period for potential teratogenic effects during the prenatal period? a. viability of implantation b. rate of organ growth c. length of substance use d. density of glial cells

b. rate of organ growth

The monocular cues for depth perception do NOT include: a. linear perspective b. retinal disparity c. relative height d. light and shadow

b. retinal disparity

If a visual image is first presented subliminally, the chance of a person later recognizing the same briefly presented image is improved. This BEST illustrates: a. that the process of accommodation takes place over a period of time b. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness c. the difference between absolute and difference threshold d. the pervasive impact of sensory interaction

b. that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness

Which research method runs the greatest risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? a. naturalistic observation b. the case study c. experimentation d. the survey

b. the case study

Which statement is true? a. sensation and perception are two distinct processes with little or no overlap b. perception involves the detection of integrating, organizing, and interpreting sensory data c. there is no clear boundary between the processes of sensation and perception as we experience them d. because sensation and perception involve separate and distinct brain areas, most researchers can focus exclusively on one or the other for research purposes

c. there is no clear boundary between the processes of sensation and perception as we experience them

Transduction

changing one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies (such as sights, sounds, and smells) into neural impulses our brain can interpret

Making an analogy between hearing and vision, the auditory hair cells in the _____ are similar to the _____ in the retina.

cochlea; rods and cones

Sequential processing is to parallel processing as _____ is to _____. a. unconscious; conscious b. complex tasks; simple tasks c. many stimuli; one stimulus d. familiar tasks; novel tasks

complex tasks; simple tasks

Two sealed, pyramid-shaped containers contain what are clearly identical amounts of a liquid. However, a child suddenly judges them as holding different amounts of liquid after one container is inverted. The child apparently lacks a concept of _____.

conservation

David is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

Even though all her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning.

conventional

Ren is 13-years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

Sixteen-year-old Michael begins growing a marijuana plant in a corner of his family's garden. His stepfather asks him to remove it because it is illegal. In Kohlberg's terms, Michael's stepfather is demonstrating _____ reasoning.

conventional

The National Institute of Mental Health is conducting a study on older adults (50 to 75 years of age) regarding memory and response time in relation to timed tasks. They are bringing in all age groups at once to compare the differences. This is a(n) _____ study.

corss-sectional

cross-sectional

Physical warmth may promote social warmth. In a café, for example, one may perceive another customer as friendlier when one is holding a steaming mug of coffee than when holding a chilled can of soda. This example illustrates the concept of:

embodied cognition

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists call__________ adulthood.

emerging

The first 2 weeks of a pregnancy, from conception to implantation, are termed the___ period.

germinal

Terminally ill and bereaved people do not go through predictable stages of _____, such as denial before anger.

grief

According to the Gestalt psychologists' principle of proximity, humans tend to what?

group nearby figures together

The process of developing a sense of _____ during adolescence was highlighted by Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory.

identity

June is 56 years old and is in _____ adulthood.

middle

Olfaction

sense of smell

Of these people, who is expected to show the MOST severe grief? A. Melanie, whose husband died suddenly in a car accident B. Quinn, who lost her longtime but never married companion from a debilitating life condition C. Cary, whose wife died of cancer after a 20-year battle D Lucy, whose husband died of cancer after a 20-year battle

Young children show gender-specific toy preferences when they are as young as:

3 to 8 months.

28 An inversion that includes the centromere is called _____. A) pericentric B) paracentric C) Robertsonian D) lethal

How are critical and sensitive periods related?

A critical period is a type of sensitive period.

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

According to recent research, one primary cause of Alzheimer's disease seems to be deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter _____.

ACh (acetylcholine)

formal operations

According to Piaget, when adolescents are able to reason abstractly, they have reached the _____ stage of cognitive development.

The opponent-process theory is MOST useful for explaining the characteristics of

Afterimages

Whereas the study of attachment style is associated with __, the study of parenting style is associated with ___.

Ainsworth; Baumrind

34 ____ is a common cause of aneuploidy resulting in a gamete with one extra chromosome and another gamete with one missing chromosome. A) Chromosome pairing B) Nondisjunction C) Segregation D) Replication

9 An individual with the chromosomal description 45, X would be a _____. A) normal female B) female with Turner syndrome C) male with Klinefelter syndrome D) Cannot be determined

19 About 90% of trisomy 21 Down conceptions are due to nondisjunction during _____. A) meiosis I in the female B) meiosis II in the female C) meiosis I in the male D) meiosis II in the male

25 When chromatids divide along the wrong plane, structures with identical arms called ____ are formed. A) ring chromosomes B) translocations C) isochromosomes D) satellites

Bill is 65 years old and is worried about the upcoming winter months. He is very worried that he will catch a cold that would escalate to something worse due to his age. What would you tell Bill? A. Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having a stronger immune system. B. Make sure you take care of yourself this winter as older adults are more susceptible to short-term and long-term illnesses. C. Try not to worry too much. Children and younger adults are more susceptible to short-term ailments due to older adults having more antibodies in their system. D. Make sure you take care of yourself this winter as older adults have a weak disease-fighting immune system.

Leanne is 5 months old. Chastity is 8 months old. Dominique is 11 months old. Which infant should show the MOST evidence of stranger anxiety? a. Leanne b. Chastity c. the degree of separation anxiety should be approximately equal among all three infants d. Dominique

Chastity

According to the Gestalt psychologists, people tend to fill in the gaps to create a complete, whole object. This is called the principle of:

Closure

A building contractor surveys the progress on a home that is being built. From one angle, it appears that the home is completely framed. However, when one moves to the right, one sees the gaps. This illustrates the principle of:

Closure.

Hammer, anvil, and stirrup are three tiny bones that transmit vibrations to the:

Cochlea.

Even when seen through sunglasses, grass appears equally as green as it does without glasses. This BEST illustrates:

Color constancy

What occurs when the eardrum is punctured or if the tiny bones in the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate?

Conduction hearing loss

Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear "pops" from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in:

Conduction hearing loss.

10 Prenatal diagnostic techniques that obtain fetal chromosomes include all of the following EXCEPT _____. A) amniocentesis B) fetal cell sorting C) chorionic villus sampling D) fluorescence (ital)in situ(/ital) hybridization

22 All of the following aneuploids can result from female nondisjunction except _____. A) Klinefelter syndrome B) triplo-X C) Turner syndrome D) Jacobs syndrome

24 Cri-du-chat syndrome is associated with _____. A) a missing chromosome number 5 B) an additional chromosome number 5 C) a deletion of the long arm of chromosome number 5 D) a deletion of the short arm of chromosome number 5

3 The structure associated with the centromere that contacts the spindle fibers during mitosis is the _____. A) alpha satellite repeat B) subtelomere C) euchromatin D) kinetochore

32 The tips of chromosomes contain repeated sequences that shorten with each mitotic division. These regions are called _____. A) p arms B) centromeres C) q arms D) telomeres

Which statement describes the pattern of life satisfaction for adults whose spouse died? A. Life satisfaction remained neutral prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and dropped more in the years following the death. B.Life satisfaction dipped prior to the death, showed a brief rebound during the year of spouse's death, and decreased in the years following the death. C. Life satisfaction peaked prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and failed to rebound to prior levels in the years following the death. D. Life satisfaction dipped prior to the death, dropped significantly during the year of spouse's death, and rebounded to prior levels in the years following the death.

For humans, the placement of two ears allows them to what?

Enjoy stereophonic hearing

generativity vs. stagnation

Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or else they may feel a lack of purpose.

Gestalt psychologists were fond of saying that, in perception, the whole may:

Exceed the sum of its parts.

Pedro recognized that his son was closer to him than his daughter because his son partially obstructed his view of his daughter. Pedro's perception was MOST clearly influenced by a distance cue known as:

Interposition

_____ occurs when one object partially blocks a person's view of another, and the unblocked object is perceived as closer.

Interposition

A person read about an accident at a rail-crossing and wondered about the cause. Perhaps it was caused by _____ (a monocular cue concerning parallel lines), which might have led the car's driver to overestimate the distance of the train.

Linear perspective

hypothetical reasoning

Paulette is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family because she does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend when they don't always practice their religion during the week. By seeing the hypocrisy in her parents' lives, Paulette has become capable of: _____.

When people look at a photograph of an adult-child pair and are told that the two individuals are parent and child, the people tend to say the pair looks more alike than people who are told the pair is unrelated. This is MOST likely caused by what?

Perceptual sets

Enrico is having trouble telling the difference between the sound of a tuba and the sound of a piccolo. Even though a piccolo produces much shorter, faster sound waves than does a tuba, he has trouble picking out the differences in the _____ of these sounds.

Pitch

What is the rough distinction between sensation and perception?

Sensation is the bottom-up process by which your sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli. Perception is the top-down process by which your brain creates meaning by organizing and interpreting what your senses detect.

Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned because she knows that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music can cause what?

Sensorineural hearing loss

What occurs when there is damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves?

Sensorineural hearing loss

If Tom moves his watchband up his wrist an inch, he will feel it for only a few moments. This BEST illustrates what?

Sensory adaptation

Sensory adaptation.

When Sheila arrived at the gym on Tuesday morning, she noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As she finished changing, she did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

Sensory adaptation.

Signal detection theory.

Stephanie is 33 years old. She has a full-time career and is not married. She does not have any children. Stephanie's grandmother keeps asking her when she will get married and have children, insisting that Stephanie should be married and a mother by now. She also insists that Stephanie should not focus on her career because once she is married she should not be working. Stephanie's grandmother is referring to the _____ clock of her generation.

Social

Information processing is guided by higher-level mental processes such as when a person constructs perceptions drawing on that person's experience and expectations. This process is called:

Top-down processing.

Carla opens her eyes in the morning to see flowers by her bedside. At that point, her eyes are receiving light energy, which they change into neural messages for the brain to process. This conversion of one form of energy into another is called:

Transduction

What refers to the conversion of one form of energy into another?

Transduction

How do we normally perceive depth?

We are normally able to perceive depth thanks to (1) binocular cues (such as retinal disparity), and (2) monocular cues(which include relative height, relative size, interposition, linear perspective, light and shadow, and relative motion).

According to the _____, the retina has three types of color receptors. Each of these types is sensitive to one of three colors: red, green, or blue.

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. By comparing images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

conduction hearing loss

a less common form of hearing loss, caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Derwood is 8 years old and likes to do art projects at school. However, the projects he has completed so far haven't received good grades, and in several instances his friends have laughed at the things he has done. Based on Erikson's theory, Derwood may develop:

a sense of inferiority.

In an unprecedented convergence of several "folds" in the space-time continuum, Sigmund Freud, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner appear simultaneously at the 2016 convention of the Association for Psychological Science in Chicago, Illinois. Which psychologist would be MOST gratified by the field's current acceptance of unconscious processes? a. Sigmund Freud b. both Watson and Skinner would be gratified by the field's current acceptance of unconscious processes c. John Watson d. B. F. Skinner

a. Sigmund Freud

Which example BEST illustrates hindsight bias? a. You just found out that the homecoming queen and captain of the football team from your high school are splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their breakup b. You believe that previously infertile couples will become pregnant after adopting a child c. You predicted you would earn 80 percent on your test, but you only earned 70 percent. d. You meet a person on the street and feel an instant attraction. Later on, you tell a friend about the encounter and state that you just met the person you will marry.

a. You just found out that the homecoming queen and captain of the football team from your high school are splitting up. You think back to the last time you saw them together and have the feeling that you could have predicted their breakup

The only way to demonstrate _____ is to conduct an experiment rather than a correlational study. a. cause and effect b. the strength of the relationship between variables c. statistical-significance d. the order in random events

a. cause and effect

a. concept of conservation

According to Erikson, adults experience a sense of ______ when their activities contribute positively to society. a. generativity b. initiative c. identity d. integrity

a. generativity

The results of Joachim's research showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal effect in reducing the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). He decided that his original hypothesis that 200 milligrams of Drug R will reduce GAD symptoms by 25 percent needed to be revised by increasing the drug dosage to 300 milligrams. This increase in Drug R is a manipulation of the: a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. experimental method d. control condition

a. independent variable

Which statement is TRUE with respect to the relationship between psychological experimentation and the real world? a. overall, experimental results generalize fairly well to the real world b. psychologists do their best to re-create the real world in the laboratory c. experimental results ultimately say little about the real world d. experimental psychologists are mostly interested in relatively simple behaviors and situations

a. overall, experimental results generalize fairly well to the real world

When Sanjay recognizes line segments and areas of light and dark as his friend's face at an airport gate, he is demonstrating: a. perception b. adaptation c. sensation d. priming

a. perception

In the 1980s, research began questioning whether psychology's findings could be applied to people in non-Western societies. This research reflects the _____ perspective in contemporary psychology. a. social-cultural b. psychodynamic c. neuroscience d. cognitive

a. social-cultural

A _____ is part of a(n) _____. a. terminal branch; axon b. cell body; dendrite c. cell body; axon d. terminal branch; dendrite

a. terminal branch; axon

A large pharmaceutical company has a new medication that targets specific neurotransmitters known to be involved in anxiety. Which statement would be a possible hypothesis for this study? a. the new medication will decrease anxiety in those with anxiety disorders b. participants will take the medication for two months, and their anxiety symptoms will be assessed for possible change c. one survey will assess initial anxiety levels, and another one will assess anxiety levels after taking the medication d. one hundred participants will be recruited, half in the experimental group and half in the control group

a. the new medication will decrease anxiety in those with anxiety disorders

A weak correlation is indicated by a(n)

absolute value near zero

Childhood is to adolescence as concrete images are to _____ ideas.

abstract

When Ryan arrived at the gym on Tuesday morning, he noticed the musty odor of the showers in the locker room. As he finished changing, he did not notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.

adaptation

humanistic psychology

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and Internet privileges for 2 months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Most likely, Maura's parents are___________ and Trish's are_____ .

authoritarian; authoritative

Nadine hears a television talk show guest remark that "A baby's mother provides it with food, and that's the basis for attachment." Nadine immediately realizes that this statement is FALSE, because she is familiar with: a. Piaget's investigations of conservation b. Harlow's work with monkey c. Ainsworth's ""strange situation" studies d. Baumrind's work on parent styles

b. Harlow's work with monkey

If a study were to show the correlation of −0.70 between children's physical height and popularity among their peers, then it would indicate that: a. children's height causes lower levels of popularity b. among children, being short is associated with greater popularity c. there is no significant relationship between children's height and their popularity d. higher levels of popularity among peers are associated with greater physical height in children

b. among children, being short is associated with greater popularity

Which term is MOST synonymous with consciousness as psychologists define it? a. wakefulness b. awareness c. intelligence d. understanding

b. awareness

Relative to other substances, which of the following would be classified as a low-risk teratogen for pregnant women? a. morphine b. caffeine c. marijuana d. Prozac

b. caffeine

Kangaroo care demonstrates the value of ________ when caring for at-risk newborns. a. ventilators b. contact c. surfactant d. testing

b. contact

When Leanne read experimental evidence indicating that orange juice consumption triggers hyperactivity in children, she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction BEST illustrates _____ thinking. a. reasoned b. critical c. intuitive d. skeptical

b. critical

With respect to parenting style, negligent is to ______ as ______ is to unrestraining. a. coercive; permissive b. uninvolved; permissive c. uninvolved; authoritarian d. coercive; authoritarian

b. uninvolved; permissive

A team of clinical researchers finds that the severity of depressive symptoms 6 months after head injury is unrelated to the duration of loss of consciousness at the time of the injury. Which correlation coefficient did the team MOST likely find? a. +0.30 b. +0.75 c. +0.01 d. -0.67

c. +0.01

The proportion of women in the United States who drink at least moderate amounts of alcohol during pregnancy is about ________, yet the rate of fetal alcohol syndrome is ________ in some Aboriginal communities than it is in the United States. a. 10 percent; 30 times lower b. 1 percent; 15 times higher c. 4 percent; 40 times higher d. 20 percent; 20 times lower

c. 4 percent; 40 times higher

Which of the following women is most likely to give birth to healthy twins? a. Tracey, who is 18 years old b. Regina, who is 29 years old c. Opal, who is 36 years old d. Jamillah, who is 43 years old

c. Opal, who is 36 years old

Which of the following has NOT been proven to reduce pain? a. Distraction b. Hypnosis c. Phantom limb sensations d. Endorphines

c. Phantom limb sensations

Case studies are intensive, detailed studies of a small individual or group, whereas experiments involve assigning participants randomly to simplified laboratory conditions. Based on the textbook's discussion, which answer BEST expresses why psychologists use both case studies and experiments to study behavior? a. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are usually most interested in very specific behaviors. b. Psychologists use case studies because they are interested in general principles of behavior and use experiments because they are interested in very specific behaviors. c. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are ultimately interested in general principles of behavior. d. Psychologists use case studies because they are interested in very specific behaviors and use experiments because they are interested in general principles of behavior.

c. Psychologists use both case studies and experiments because they are ultimately interested in general principles of behavior.

Five-year-old twins Keith and Kevin each have 4 ounces of juice in their glasses. Keith's glass is tall and narrow, whereas Kevin's is shorter and wider. Kevin complains that Keith has more juice, revealing his lack of: a. egocentrism b. assimilation c. conservation d. object permanence

c. conservation

Even though all of her friends tried marijuana and cocaine in the 1980s, Monica refused to experiment with drugs because it is against the law. Based on Kohlberg's theory, Monica's reasons for refusing drugs reflect _____ moral reasoning. a. formal b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

c. conventional

In a study of 126,000 news stories tweeted by 3 million people, Vosoughi et al. (2018) found that as compared to truths, falsehoods spread: a. faster but no more extensively b. more slowly c. faster and more extensively d. at about the same speed

c. faster and more extensively

Denise wears an extremely bright yellow safety sweatshirt when she cycles to the gym after dark. The sweatshirt's brightness reflects the _____ of the light it reflects. a. short wavelength b. long wavelength c. high amplitude d. low amplitude

c. high amplitude

Carrie's boss tells her some disturbing news, but a phone call from her spouse distracts her. After she gets off the phone, Carrie has a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but she cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely that Carrie is reacting to the continued effect of: a. serotonin b. neurotransmitter c. hormones d. action potential

c. hormones

The leader of a self-help group has asked Patty to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which approach would Patty MOST likely recommend for this group? a. cognitive psychology b. behaviorism c. humanistic psychology d. psychoanalytic psychology

c. humanistic psychology

Neurons 4591 and 4592 were just like all the other millions of neurons in the brain's center that are created during the first weeks of pregnancy. But in time Neuron 4591 became part of the brain that controls logic, while Neuron 4592 was in an area of the brain that manages emotion. Which process does this describe? a. specialization b. differentiation c. migration d. proliferation

c. migration

Which choice correctly pairs a parenting style with a potential developmental outcome? a. authoritarian, aggressive, immature children b. permissive, children with low self-esteem and poor social skills c. negligent, poor academic and social outcome d. authoritarian, poor academic achievement

c. negligent, poor academic and social outcomes

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to: a. a decrease in myelin sheaths b. an increase in dopamine pathways c. neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes d. increased neurotransmitters available in her synaptic gaps

c. neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes

In recent years, psychologists have identified potential differences in the brain anatomy of gay men and their straight counterparts. This finding supports the _____ perspective in psychology. a. psychodynamic b. social-cultural c. neuroscience d. cognitive

c. neuroscience

Katie knows to be especially careful with what she eats and drinks during her first trimester of pregnancy because a key aspect of development called ________ takes place during this period. a. myelinization b. anencephaly c. organogenesis d. endometriosis

c. organogenesis

Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow was interested in which of the mothers the infant monkeys would seek out when they were startled or frightened. In these studies, the dependent variable was the: a. length of time the infant monkey spent exploring the cage b. age of the infant monkey at the time of the test c. surrogate the infant monkey preferred when it was startled d. material from which the surrogate was made

c. surrogate the infant monkey preferred when it was startled

Jody is completing a test in which she has to name as many state capitals as she can in 1 minute. Aditi is trying to complete analogies between pairs of abstract diagrams. Jody is completing a test of ___________intelligence, whereas Aditi is completing a test of ________________ intelligence.

crystallized; fluid

A lesbian couple recently asked their friend Paul if he would donate sperm so they can conceive a child. Paul was honored by the request, but declined because he was concerned about the child having an increased risk for developing schizophrenia later in life. How old is Paul? a. 17 b. 36 c. 47 d. 53

d. 53

The ______ psychologists were fond of saying that in perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts. a. evolutionary b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. Gestalt

d. Gestalt

When one is conscious, one is: a. capable of higher-level thinking b. aware and alert c. able to respond to environmental stimuli d. aware of oneself and the environment

d. aware of oneself and the environment

Maturation refers mainly to _____ development. a. social b. emotional c. cognitive d. biological

d. biological

After suffering an accidental brain injury, Kira has difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she has suffered damage to her: a. amygdala b. corpus callosum c. hippocampus d. cerebellum

d. cerebellum

Keyshawn's buddies have been teasing him about the weight he's put on since his wife got pregnant. They tell him that his wife is supposed to be "eating for two," not him! But Keyshawn brushes them off, saying he's simply experiencing ________. a. chorion b. anoxia c. rubella d. couvade

d. couvade

Mr. Lopez is prescribed oxycodone to manage chronic lower back pain. Oxycodone is called an opioid because its action resembles that of the neurotransmitter _____, the brain's natural painkiller. a. glutamate b. dopamine c. serotonin d. endorphins

d. endorphins

Dr. Destri argues that sleep functions to conserve energy during periods in which hunting and gathering would be dangerous or unproductive. Dr. Destri's views reflect the _____ perspective in psychology. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. cognitive d. evolutionary

d. evolutionary

Understanding how a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is probably of MOST interest to psychologists reflecting the _____ perspective. a. behavioral b. psychodynamic c. cognitive d. evolutionary

d. evolutionary

A noted politician miraculously survived a gunshot to the head. Following his recovery, however, his personality was radically altered, and his planning and decision-making skills were impaired. The injury apparently damaged the politician's _____ lobe. a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal

d. frontal

In part, the trademark impulsivity of adolescence reflects that brain development proceeds more slowly in the brain's _____ than in its _____. a. brainstem; limbic system b. limbic system; frontal lobe c. brainstem; frontal lobe d. frontal lobe; limbic system

d. frontal lobe; limbic system

In the annual Blue versus Red football game, Justin initially bet against the Blue Team, who eventually won. After the game, he claimed he knew Blue would be the winners. Justin's claim illustrates: a. overconfidence b. critical thinking c. perceiving order in random events d. hindsight bias

d. hindsight bias

In Western cultures, the duration of adolescence is: a. decreasing greatly b. decreasingly slightly c. holding steady d. increasing

d. increasing

How has the rate of breastfeeding in the United States changed since the early 1970s? a. it has doubled b. it has fallen by one-half c. it is increased slightly d. it has tripled

d. it has tripled

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise a woman heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Her _____ has/have helped her to calm down. a. sympathetic nervous system b. adrenal glands c. central nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

d. parasympathetic nervous system

Walter and Joanna have been trying to have a baby for over a year. Walter's Aunt Rae tells them not to worry because a friend of her neighbor's daughter had the same problem and then had two children in rapid succession. Walter and Joanna are more inclined to see a specialist rather than rely on Aunt Rae's advice because it reflects: a. overconfidence b. hindsight bias c. the placebo effect d. perceiving order in random events

d. perceiving order in random events

Once John learned of Sara's past history of being an abuse victim, he began to perceive her cautious behavior around men as more self-protective rather than rude. This BEST illustrates the impact of: a. transduction b. Weber's law c. subliminal sensation d. perceptual sets

d. perceptual sets

Marius believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality. a. conforming b. unconventional c. precoventional d. postconventional

d. postconventional

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps? a. probably within 4 months; nearly 75 percent of all babies in the United States are waking by 15 months b. probability within a month; nearly 90 percent of all babies in the United States are walking within a week after their first birthday c. it cannot be predicted; readiness to learn to walk is not influenced by genes d. probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day

d. probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day

Humans adapt after prolonged exposure to a constant stimulus to:

detect potentially important changes in what is ongoing in the environment.

Research has shown that American couples who live together before marriage have had higher rates of _____.

divorce

In a playoff game between the State City Champions and the Anytown Victors, Sara initially bet against the State City Champions, who eventually won. After the game, she claimed she knew the Champions would be the winners. This is an example of a flaw in thinking called the _____ bias.

hindsight

Jenny has a job, a cat named Joker, and 31 candles on her birthday cake. She is worried about finding the "right" partner. She frequently spends nights alone and knows she is not getting any younger. According to Erik Erikson, Jenny is in the stage of development called:

intimacy versus isolation

With respect to adolescence, biology determines:

its beginning, but not its end.

Judith just turned 68 years old. Judith is in the developmental stage called _____ adulthood.

late

Judith just turned 65. What stage of adult development is she entering?

late adulthood

Dr. Faircloth is conducting a study of military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with PTSD have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a _____ study.

longitudinal

Dr. Greco is conducting a study with military veterans from the Vietnam and Gulf Wars. He plans to evaluate them every year for 10 years to see if those with posttraumatic stress disorder have a more pronounced decline in mental abilities and overall memory. This is a(n) _____ study.

longitudinal

_____ studies restudy and retest the same people over a long period of time

longitudinal

"Cramming" for tests is an example of:

massed practice

During middle adulthood, one major physical change for women is, which is often preceded by a decrease in estrogen production and a reduction in the size of the uterus.

menopause

Dr. Adams is conducting a study about the relationship between short stature and shyness. Dr. Adams defines "short stature" as being 2 or more inches below the average height for an adult of one's gender. Dr. Adams' description of shortness is an example of a(n) _____ definition.

operational

Which of the following is a psychological factor that helps people flourish in later life?

optimistic outlook

vestibular sense

our sense of balance—our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance.

For most adolescents, the MOST important people in their lives are their:

peers

Jarrell thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrell demonstrates a(n) _____ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) _____ morality.

preconventional

preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food.

At 19, Celia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to become a doctor, so she knows she has buckle down in school. Celia's neurons have probably started to _____.

prune

Seventy-year-old Barbara has been asked to memorize a series of 30 words. She is likely to perform similar to young adults if asked to do which of the following?

recognize the words

sensory adaptation

reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation.

_____ is the process by which we detect physical energy in the environment and encode that energy as neural signals.

sensation

"It's so noisy! How can you stand it?" remarks Caitlyn as the thruway traffic screams past her friend Dave's ground floor apartment. "I do not even notice it anymore," Dave replies. This exchange best exemplifies the perceptual process of:

sensory adaption

Sensory receptors

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

_____ processing occurs when just one aspect of a stimulus is processed at a time

sequential

Jane is watching her favorite television program and sees a commercial for a new medication. It states that the medication can alleviate depression. "Since depression is a chemical imbalance, new Venlafaxine extended release can help with mood, sleep, arousal, and alertness by working on the two key neurotransmitters involved in depression." These two neurotransmitters are: a. serotonin and norepinephrine b. ACh and GABA c. serotonin and ACh d. serotonin and GABA

serotonin and norepinephrine.

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates:

shape constancy.

"All gone milk," says 2-year-old Wesley, placing the empty glass on the table. Wesley's remark exemplifies the language acquisition phenomenon called:

telegraphic speech.

middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones—hammer (malleus), anvil (incus), and stirrup (stapes)—that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.

Hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth.

Optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.

figure-ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground)

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into meaningful groups

blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye; this part of the retina is "blind" because it has no receptor cells

clairvoyance

the power to see things that cannot be perceived by the senses

sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Perception

the process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, transforming it into meaningful objects and events

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

Martin was 25 years old when he moved to a new city. It is highly likely that when Martin is in late adulthood, this will be a vivid memory for him. This is because older adults tend to remember:

things that happened during their teens and twenties well.

The phrase "THE CAT" appears in block letters as part of an advertising slogan on a billboard. The "A" and "H" are actually nearly identical in the stylized font that is used. However, the context of the words in the which the letters appear encourages readers to perceive the arrangement of three line segments as completely different letters in each case. This example reflects_____ processing.

Psych 13

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