PSYCH 201 ch 9
Which of the following sentences would be most difficult for a 2-year-old to understand?
"The food is eaten by the dog."
Which of the following is associated with higher IQ scores by age 3?
Emotionally responsive parenting
Young children are better at recalling _____ than _____.
activities; objects
According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development lasts from about
age 2-7
Research indicates that the appearance-reality distinction first appears by
age 3
Young children
can be assisted to remember better with labeling strategies.
The typical 4-year-old believes
that dreams are real
Children as young as _____ can remember organized sequences of events they have experienced.
11 1/2 months old
In what year did Sesame Street make its debut?
1969
If you conducted a research study in which you told a 4-year-old child to hide a toy so that another child could not locate it, you would find that
4-year-olds are capable of understanding such a task.
Young children do not spontaneously engage in rehearsal until approximately age
5
What is "theory of mind?"
A commonsense understanding of how the mind works
When does pretend play usually appear?
About 12 to 13 months of age
Nilo attends a preschool in which her teachers take her and her classmates step by step through their learning of numbers, letters, shapes, and colors. Nilo attends which type of preschool?
Academically oriented
Which of the following is a recall task?
Asking a child to recite the state capitals
Which of the following represents a recognition task for children?
Asking children which toys they've seen before
Which of the following represents a contrast assumption?
Assuming that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects
Why might class inclusion tasks be difficult for the preoperational child?
Because these tasks require the child to focus on two or more details simultaneously
T/F: Children should be corrected when they overregularize as it's an indication of falling behind in language development.
False
Which of the following would increase a young child's memory for an event?
If the activities occurred in a particular order
What enhances the effectiveness of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?
If they encourage parental involvement in the program
What are the effects of television viewing on children?
It depends upon what shows are being watched.
Which of the following is TRUE?
Lack of centration enables one to have the ability of conservation.
Piaget believed that the appearance-reality distinction appeared at what age?
Not until age 7 or 8.
Your 3-year-old daughter, Amelie, has an imaginary friend named Brady. What can be concluded about Amelie?
She is not unusual, as up to 50% of preschoolers have imaginary friends.
In a study by O'Neill and Gopnik (1991), 4- and 5-year-olds were able to describe what was in a tunnel and how they knew what was in the tunnel. Three-year-olds were not as able to identify the sources of their knowledge as evidenced by which of the following?
Some children identified a ball as blue after feeling it but not seeing it
In a study by O'Niell and Gopnik (1991), 4- and 5- year olds were able to describe what was in a tunnel and how they knew what was in the tunnel. Three-year-olds were not able to identify the sources of their knowledge as evidened by which of the following?
Some children identified a ball as blue after feeling it but not seeing it.
Which of the following is TRUE?
Television has great potential for teaching cognitive skills and attitudes to children.
What is scaffolding?
Temporary support provided to a child while learning to perform a task
Which of the following represents a child's "zone of proximal development?"
The gap between what is within and what is beyond a child's capabilities
Given the research on young children's memory, which of the following would a preschooler most likely remember?
The steps involved in making cookies
What test did Piaget use to show that egocentrism prevents young children from taking the perspectives of others?
The three mountains test
According to Vygotsky, what is "private speech?"
The ultimate binding of language and thought
Which of the following is TRUE of preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children?
These children have been compared to children of similar backgrounds that did not complete such programs.
In a study by DeLoache and colleagues (1985), what behaviors did children exhibit that indicated they were trying to remember where Big Bird was hidden?
They pointed or looked at the hiding place
T/F: Hyperactive children can be taught to use self-directed speech to increase their self-control.
True
T/F: Preschoolers show better memory for toys in which they're interested.
True
T/F: Saying "Doggie goed away" instead of "Doggie went away" is a sign that young children understand the rules of grammer.
True
T/F: The contrast assumption assumes that objects only have one label.
True
T/F: Three-year-olds believe it is possible to discover a ball's color just by feeling it.
True
Which of the following represents the concept of class inclusion?
Understanding that "animal" includes subclasses such as "dogs" and "cats"
The concept of scaffolding can be attributed to which theorist?
Vygotsky
Scaffolding is a term associated with
Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
Do preschool programs for economically disadvantaged children facilitate cognitive development?
Yes, because they provide enviromental enrichment.
Can preschool intervention programs have long-term positive outcomes?
Yes, the children are more likely to go on to college and earn higher incomes.
Do newborns have memory skills?
Yes, they can recognize their mother's face and voice
Overregularization is caused by
a child's understanding of syntax.
What is "theory of mind?"
a commonsense understanding of how the mind works
In terms of word learning, what is fast mapping?
a process in which the child quickly attaches a new word to its appropiate content
When asked what happens at a birthday party, a 3-year-old says, "you play games, open presents, and eat cake." This description represents
a script
At what age do children begin to show an ability to deceive others?
age 4
Pregnancy among single teenage girls is generally associated with
an end of their formal education
You show a picture of an unfamiliar object to a child and tell her it is a "gop." Now you show her a picture of two of the objects and ask, "What are these?" and the child says, "gops." This demonstrates
an understanding of grammar
"The sky is raining because it is sad" is an example of
animism
While playing outside in the snow, a snowflake falls on Timothy's nose and melts. He exclaims, "The snowflake kissed me!" This is an example of
animism
What is a retrieval cue?
any trigger that helps us pull something from memory
Understanding mental representations involves comprehending that
appearance and reality do not always match
If you ask a child the question, "Why does the moon rise?" and he responds, "Because I want it to," this child is probably
approximately 3 years of age.
Believing that the sun is a yellow circle that a person on the sky is an example of
artificalism
Believing that the sun is a yellow circle that a person painted on the sky is an example of
artificialism
At what age do children appear to develop a "theory of mind?"
as early as preschool
Children have better memory for events when their parents
ask questions of the child and elaborate on the child's experience of the event.
By the age of 4, children can remember events that occured at least _____ earlier.
at least 1 1/2 years
By the age of 4, children can remember events that occurred at least ____ earlier.
at least 1½ years
Memory for events that happened in one's life is called
autobiographical memory
A classic experiment using the three mountains task with 5- and 6-year-old children shows that they
cannot take the perspective of the doll
Recent research evaluating Piaget's theory suggests that
children can take the perspective of others at an earlier age than Piaget believed.
In the coversation task, asking children whether both beakers have the same amount of water and to watch the pouring carefully may result in
children expecting a change in the amounts
In the conservation task, asking children whether both beakers have the same amount of water and to watch the pouring carefully may result in
children expecting a change in the amounts.
Research indicates that in terms of the effects of commercials on children,
children who watch more television are more likely to believe commercial advertising
Piaget believed that _____ develops before _____.
cognitive development; language development
Pouring water from a short wide glass into a tall thin glass is a test used to assess children's
conservation
A child who cannot take someone else's perspective would be characterized as
egocentric
Being able to pretend involves all but which of the following?
egocentric thinking
When 3-year-old Caitlin is asked what she did at preschool that day, she says "You know. You were there." This type of one-dimensional thinking is called
egocentrism
Which of the following is associated with a higher IQ scores by age 3?
emotionally responsive parenting
Preschools that are more "child centered"
encourage children to choose the activities that interest them the most
Given the whole-object assumption, a child would assume that "train" refers to the
entire train
T/F: Children should be corrected when they overregularize as it's an indication of falling behind in language development.
false
T/F: Four-year-olds think dreams are real because of artificalism.
false
T/F: Preschoolers use rehearsal to remember things.
false
T/F: Until age 5, children cannot distinguish between pictures of objects and real objects.
false
The statement that 1- and 2-year-olds are too young to remember past events is
false
The ability to play the game of checkers requires
flexibility and reversibility
What is centration?
focusing only on one aspect of a problem
The Head Start program not only enhances the cognitive development and academic skills of children but also provides
healthcare to children and social services to their families.
Caleb is 4 years old. He is likely to believe that
his dreams are visible to others.
As described in the textbook, HOME is an acronym for
home obersation for measurement of the enviroment
Recent studies indicate that children's understanding of causality is more sophisticated than Piaget believed. However, this depends upon
how the task is presented
Engaging in elaborate pretend play is associated with
increased creativity and ability to relate to peers.
Five-year-old Nathan pours juice from a tall glass into a shorter one. He then gives the short glass to Vince. Three-year-old Vince is upset because he now believes he has less juice than when it was in the tall glass. This aspect of preoperational thought is called
irreversibility
Preoperational children fail to show conservation skills because of a characteristic known as
irreversibility
The memory of preschool-aged children
is better at recognizing items than recalling them
A child cannot understand that a model and the larger object it resembles represent the same thing. This child
is having difficulty with mental representations.
Violent pretend play is associated with
lower levels of empathy and increased antisocial behavior later on.
Four-year-old Jenna is looking at a drawing of her family tree. Her father tells her she has three aunts and two grandmothers. Her father then asks her if she has more grandmothers or more relatives. What will he say?
more grandmothers
To most 4-year-olds, dreams are like
movies
Mental acts in which objects are changed or transformed and then can be returned to their orginical states are called
operations
Mental acts in which objects are changed or transformed and then can be returned to their original states are called
operations
Which of the following does not contribute to memory in young children?
peers sharing the same events
In a longitudinal study, Haden and her colleagues (2001) found that children's recollections of performance on tasks were better when the children
performed the task and discussed it with their mothers
Five-year-old Karl chooses more formal words when talking to his teachers, but uses infant-directed speech when speaking to his baby brother, Nelson. This changing of speech to fit the social situation is called
pragmatics
Five-year-old Karl chooses more formal words when talking to his teachers, but uses infant-directed speech when speaking to his baby brother, Nelson. This changing of speech to fit the social situation is called.
pragmatics
Showing turn-taking skills in language is an example of
pragmatics
Conservation requires an understanding that
properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their shape or arrangement.
Repetition is the same as
rehearsal
One way to enhance memory is to
repeat the material
The Children's Television Act
requires that networks devote a certain number of hours per week to educational programming.
Teenage girls who attended preschool intervention programs became pregnant at the same rate as other girls, but were more likely to
return to school after giving birth
A parent who demonstrates to a child how to tie his/her shoes, and then gradually turns over the responsibility for the task over to the child, is exhibiting
scaffolding
Operations include
schemes
The effects of regular viewing of Sesame Street
seem to apply across race, gender, and living conditions.
In transductive reasoning, a child assumes that
seperate events have cause-effect relationships
Children with imaginary companions
show greater ability to concentrate and more advanced language development.
A preoperational child would assume
that tall glasses hold more liquid than short glasses.
Conservation requires
the ability to reverse one's thinking
When asked what the doll sees in Piaget's three-mountain test, what answer do preoperational children typically give?
the doll sees what the child sees
With cognitive scaffolding
the guidance provided is decreased as the child becomes more skilled
Borghese et al., (2015) and Chen & Wang (2015) found that ____ was a stronger predictor of children being overweight than diet.
the number of hours watching television
Clarke-Stewart and Beck (1999) found that the quality of stories retold by children was related to
the scaffolding strategies used by their mothers
Lydia is told to look at two objects, one is her pet dog and the other is an object unknown to her. When her father says, "Look at the turtle!" Lydia, according to the contrast assumption, would assume that
the turtle is the unfamiliar object
A 4-year-old child is shown pictures of four cats and six dogs. When asked if there are more dogs or more animals, she will most likely say that
there are more dogs
Which of the following is TRUE of preschool programs for econimcally disadvantaged children?
these children have been compared to children of similar backgrounds that did not complete such programs
Three-year-old Molly is watching her mailbox. She tells her mother that the mail carrier will soon come because it is now daytime. This type of thinking is called
transductive reasoning.
T/F: Answering essay questions is an example of the use of recall.
true
T/F: Egocentrism is characterized by one-dimensional thinking.
true
T/F: In "transductive reasoning," children reason by going from one specific isolated event to another.
true
T/F: Preoperational children are not conservationists.
true
T/F: Scaffolding is a useful concept for understanding how to teach children.
true
T/F: Three-year-olds believe it is possible to discover a ball's color just by feeling it.
true
T/F: Understanding mental representations requires understanding that objects can take many forms in our minds.
true
Which of the following is a mental representation?
understanding that an eraser can look like a cookie
The ability to engage in pretend play is dependent upon
use and recollection of symbols.
One of the most important symbolic activities in young children is
use of language
As association between child weight and hours of television watched
was found cross-culturally
Which of the following would 3-year-old Tyler remember best?
what he did while building a house out of blocks
Molfese and her colleagues (1997) found that ____ was the single most important predictor of scores on IQ tests for children ages 3 to 8.
the home environment