PSYCH 201 Exam 2 Chapter 5-6

According to _____'s theory, we think logically for the first time during _____.

Piaget; concrete operations

Five-year-old Dylan repeats the names of the different animals they saw at the petting zoo. Dylan doesn't want to forget a single animal when they tell their grandmother about their adventure. Dylan is among the _____ percent of kindergarteners who use a memory strategy called _____

10;rehersal

_____ is characterized by deficits in theory of mind.

Autism spectrum disorder

Neuroimaging studies suggest theory-of-mind abilities depend on:

a certain level of frontal-lobe development.

Which of these is a factor that can hinder children's growth and motor skills?

a lack of outdoor play and a lack of food

Humans have _____ compared to other species.

a larger cerebral cortex

_____ is a broad label referring to acts designed to cause harm.

aggression

Children's average scores on standard motor skills tests are _____ today than in previous cohorts, especially in the _____ grades.

lower; higher

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:

making billions of connections between neurons.

Effective interventions to reduce bullying center on:

making bullying a socially unacceptable activity

Relational aggression is _____ correlated with popularity, especially for _____.

positively; girls

Gender-segregated play begins during:

preschool and increases in elementary school.

Gross motor skills do NOT include: running. climbing. printing. skipping

printing

Lawan is in early childhood, whereas her older sister Lamai is in middle childhood. Based on this information, Lawan is MOST likely _____ years old, and Lamai is MOST likely _____ years old.

3;8

Theory of mind usually appears by about age:

4

Strategic lying usually emerges around the age of _____ and is evidence for the development of _____.

4; theory of mind

Children know about 10,000 words by age:

6

Early childhood generally ends at________, whereas middle childhood ends at age ______________.

6, 12

Middle childhood refers to boys and girls aged:

7 to 12

A present-day child is defined as obese if their BMI is higher than that of _____ percent of all children of the same age in the decade of the _____.

95;1970s

Childhood obesity is defined as having a BMI at or above the _____ percentile.

95th

Children who pick on others, get picked on, and then pick on others again are:

bully-victims

Bullying is MOST often decreased by:

bystanders who confront the bully

Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering?

early childhood

Timmy has just mastered the _____ motor skill of cutting a circular shape from a rectangular piece of paper. Timmy is MOST likely _____ years old at the youngest.

fine, 4

Buttoning a shirt is to kicking a ball as _____ motor skill is to _____ motor skill.

fine, motor

Selective attention refers to a person's ability to:

focus only on relevant information

The Eriksonian task of developing industry—the ability to work toward one's goals—is supported by pruning in the brain's _____ that begins at about age _____.

frontal lobe; 9

The transition from preoperations to concrete operations is _____ and typically occurs between the ages of _____.

gradual, 5 and 7

Undernutrition impairs the development of:

gross and fine motor skills

The talents involved in running, jumping, and climbing are _____ skills.

gross motor

With respect to Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, testing our talents is to learning to work as _____ is to _____.

initiative; industry

Nash is 7 years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation, he stays next to his mother and has even hidden behind her. He is demonstrating _____ tendencies.

internalizing

The _____ task has been used by developmentalists to demonstrate theory of mind.

false-belief

Undernourished children tend to:

have impaired physical and social skills.

Erikson viewed the main goal of middle childhood as:

industry

Piaget's concept of egocentrism means that young children are:

unable to consider another's point of view.

Nadia is 9 years old. According to Piaget, Nadia is in the _____ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operations

Once they achieve _____, children can reason about substances and physical reality in a more adult way.

concrete operations

Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected MOST often.

elementary schoolers; boys

Exemplifying _____ play, a group of children are playing tag in their schoolyard in their lunch hour.

exercise

Maura and her friends are playing hopscotch in her parents' driveway. Hopscotch is BEST seen as an example of _____ play.

exercise

_____ play involves children running and chasing each other, thereby exercising their physical skills.

exercise

Marquis is 4 years old. In Erikson's view, Marquis's current mission is MOST likely to

exercise his body and mind

Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.

expands dramatically

Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which statement does NOT accurately describe Lee's cognition? His thinking is similar to adults. He can reason conceptually about concrete objects. He has a realistic understanding of the world. He can think abstractly in a scientific way.

he can think abstractly in a scientific way.

"Imagine how hurt you would feel if your friend treated you that way." This type of child-rearing intervention is called:

induction

Obesity rates among children:

increased dramatically in the 1980s.

Which statement about shame is false?

it brings a person closer to others

The facet of language that grows throughout life is:

semantics

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in ADHD?

dopamine

Mr. and Mrs. Parhar are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of these interventions EXCEPT: encouraging physical exercise. recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks. recommending the child be exposed to white noise while studying. using psycho-stimulant medications.

recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks

Since she does not have a pen, paper, or GPS in her car, Dierdra memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Dierdra is using a learning strategy called:

rehearsal

_____ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out among their classmates in a negative way.

rejected

Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister's boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah showed _____ aggression.

relational

James and Sarah are both 8 years old. Statistically speaking, James is:

roughly the same size as Sara

_____ memories refer to the ability to understand one has a life history or recall past experiences or events.

Autobiographical

_____ believe that social cognitive capacity puts humans at an advantage to other species.

Evolutionary theorists

Theorists who chart the development of memory, concentration, and one's ability to plan one's actions are using:

an information processing perspective

The top-ranking health disorder among U.S. children today, affecting 1 in 10 children, is:

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while 6-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This difference in physical appearance with age reveals the _____ principle.

cephalocaudal

The textbook notes that pretending serves many purposes in children's development. Of the types of play mentioned in the discussion, _____ play is MOST likely to help children practice adult role models.

collaborative pretend

Theory-of-mind abilities emerge:

during preschool

In the United States, childhood obesity started to become a serious problem:

during the 1980s

What gives humans the ability to engage in social cognition?

language

Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and thus give up on tasks without trying may have developed:

learned helplessness

As one grows from toddlerhood through early childhood, one progresses from spearing one's food, to using a spoon, and finally to using forks and knives in the way adults do. With respect to the principles of motor development mentioned in the text, this progression BEST exemplifies the _____ sequence.

mass to specific

The textbook's discussion suggests that there is _____ support for the idea that training young children in _____ motor activities might help them master mathematical skills.

modest; fine

When William Corsaro went undercover as a member of a preschool class, he found that preschool play plots:

often centered on mastering upsetting events.

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children because they describe their friendship in terms of _____ qualities.

older; internal

Ms. Smith gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a given skill. Ms. Smith is using a teaching technique called:

scaffolding

A child's ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what they need to know is called:

selective attention

Gender schema theory suggests that once children understand their gender label, they:

selectively attend to the activities if their own sex.

Mia can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and can reflect on her feelings. Mia is showing:

self awareness

The frontal lobes develop _____; they allow people to _____.

slowly; consider options and inhibit immediate responses

Prosocial behavior is positively related to:

sympathy but not empathy

Feeling sorry for someone is to feeling their pain as _____ is to _____.

sympathy; empathy

Bullying is MOST often decreased by:

victims who report the bully to a teacher

_____ develop(s) quickly in children in early childhood because the neurons in the visual and motor cortex are in their pruning phase.

walking

Fostering school self-efficacy involves praising children for:

working hard

Scaffolding involves:

tailoring teaching to a student's level

Daneisha and her friends are playing "school," Daneisha—predictably—assigns herself the role of "teacher;" her friends are relegated to roles of students. Rather enthusiastically, Daneisha is acting out a scene in which the teacher punishes misbehaving students during an arithmetic lesson. "Playing school" is an example of _____ play.

Collaborative pretend

Imagine that you are a researcher interested in determining an individual child's level of self-esteem, and you only have time to ask one question. Which of these questions would be the BEST for one to ask? "Are you doing well in school?" "Do you have friends?" "Are you good at sports?" "Are you succeeding in the areas of life you really care about?"

are you succeeding in the areas of life you really care about?

According to Erikson's stage theory, the development of initiative follows that of ____________ and precedes that of ____________.

autonomy, industry

Parker is an elementary school student. Parker has a two or three close friends, but there are one or two students who dislike Parker. With respect to popularity, Parker is BEST described as a(n) _____ child.

average

At the same time that MOST children are in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development, they are in Erikson's _____ stage of psychosocial development.

concrete operational; industry versus inferiority

As a new elementary school teacher, Chloe is trying to figure out how to be a more effective scaffolder. Which recommendation would NOT help her? stick to the recommended curriculum for every child break a cognitive challenge into smaller, more manageable steps promote a secure attachment between the teacher and the child help children until they have fully mastered the concept before moving on

stick to the recommended curriculum for every child

In English, adjectives usually precede the nouns they modify, whereas in French, adjectives tend to follow the nouns they modify. This difference reflects a difference in the _____ of the two languages.

syntax

One problem with Piaget's ideas is that his theory does NOT include _____ playing a role in cognitive development.

teaching

Vygotsky emphasized the vital importance of _____ in propelling children's mental growth.

teaching

Diana realizes that her mother does not know the thoughts inside her head. As a result, she has recently started lying. Diana has developed _____ and is roughly _____ years old.

theory of mind abilities; 4

Sawyer is a child with externalizing tendencies. Sawyer is LEAST likely to believe that:

they are unattractive

Which statement is MOST likely true of children with internalizing tendencies?

they have low self esteem

Vocabulary can be expected to continue to grow:

throughout the lifespan

Because of the developing cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, humans are NOT cognitively adults until their:

twenties

Collaborative pretend play involves _____ and develops around age _____.

two children fantasizing together; 4

When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "Because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.

younger; external