PSYCH 201: M01 CHP 1/2

Low birth weight infants weigh less than ___.

5 pounds and 8 ounces

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

A defined schedule of visits for medical care, testing for treatable diseases and screening for manageable conditions.

___ try to figure out what is responsible for the differences among people: genes, environment, or a combination of these.

Behavior geneticists

Which field seeks to discover the influence of environment and heredity on individual differences in human development?

Behavior genetics

The ___ processes refers to the changes in an individual's physical nature.

Biological

Ethological theory stresses ___ factors and ecological theory emphasizes ___ factors.

Biological ; environmental

Environmental influences include which of the following?

Birth complications, parenting, neighborhood, viruses and schooling.

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as ___.

Bonding

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbremer

___ age refers to the number of years that one has lived since birth.

Chronological

One thing that the information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, and Piaget's developmental theory have in common is that they are all ___ theories.

Cognitive

What term describes the beliefs, customs and general behavior patterns of a group of people?

Culture

___ encompasses the behavior patterns and beliefs that are passed from generation to generation.

Culture

The ___ period refers to a time frame in a person's life that is characterized by certain features.

Developmental

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as an ___ theoretical orientation.

Eclectic

Aysha does not believe any one theory can account for all real-life phenomena. She would likely adopt a(n) ___

Eclectic theoretical orientation

The ___ view states that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment.

Epigenetic

___ theory states behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

According to ___, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

Ethologists

The traditional approach to the study of development emphasizes the ___.

Extensive changes that occur from birth to adolescence.

True or False: The use of deception in research is strictly prohibited by the APA's ethical guidelines.

False, deception can be used in research, but researchers must ensure that the deception will not harm the participants and that the participants will be debriefed as soon as the study is over.

True or False: Lifespan development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

False, the focus of lifespan development is from conception to death.

True or False: Ultrasound sonography during pregnancy can pose significant risks to both mother and fetus.

False, there is virtually no risk to a woman or fetus in using ultrasound.

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

Genes inherited from parents, cardiovascular decline, brain development, weight gain and hormonal changes of puberty.

What is it called when individuals' genes may influence the types of environments to which they are exposed?

Heredity-environment correlations

By studying lifespan development we learn information about ourselves, including which of the following?

How we will age, who we are and how we came to be this way.

According to evolutionary psychology, natural selection favors behaviors that ___.

Increase reproductive success.

Which of the following are cognitive theories of development?

Information-processing theory, Vygotsky's sociocultural theory and Piaget's developmental theory.

Which of the following correctly describes the lifespan in the study of human development?

It involves growth and change ; it occurs throughout life.

According to lifespan experts, which of the following is true of chronological age?

It is not relevant to the understanding of a person's psychological development.

Which of the following are potential causes of infertility?

Low sperm production, blocked fallopian tubes, and the woman does not ovulate

Issues of development include: ___.

Nature/nurture, continuity/discontinuity and stability/change.

A method that involves systemically gathering data in a laboratory or natural setting by watching and recording interactions or behaviors is known as ___ research.

Observational

In Dr. Crawford's research study, he and his colleagues spend time in a sixth-grade classroom watching teacher-student interactions. The type of research that Dr. Crawford's team is doing is most likely ___.

Observational research

Which of the following is not one of behavior geneticist Sandra Scarr's hereditary-environment correlations?

Phenotype

The periods of development in the human lifespan are___.

Produced by an interplay of biological, cognitive and socioemotional processes.

___ theories view development as being primarily the result of unconscious processes.

Psychoanalytic

The ___ consists of the following steps: conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect research data, analyze the data and draw conclusions.

Scientific theory

Newborn Amanda gets a total combined score of 2 on the Apgar Scale. This signals ___.

She is in a state of emergency and she may not survive.

The father of psychoanalytic theory is ___.

Sigmund Freud

The Apgar Scale evaluates all of the following except ___.

Size and weight

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

Social services, nutritional services and comprehensive educational services.

Teratology is the field of study that investigates ___.

The cause of birth defects.

The placenta, umbilical cord and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ___ stage of birth.

Third

What is the goal of descriptive research?

To observe and record behaviors

True or False: The emerging view is that complex behaviors are influenced by genes in ways that give people a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory as well as by complex environments.

True

Which of the following would be most commonly used by a behavior geneticist?

Twin or adoption studies

Melissa is intrigued by how people change form infancy through late adulthood. She would learn about this subject by studying the field of human development called ___ development.

lifespan