psych 204 mclaughlin exam 1 ch 1,2,3

what are the changes in the cognitive domain of development ?

Changes in intellectual abilities, including attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creativity, and language

Fetal period (40 weeks)

"Growth and finishing" phase -Week 9 to the end of pregnancy

passive genotype-environment correlations

Correlations that exist when the natural parents, who are genetically related to the child, provide a rearing environment for the child.

gene

segment of DNA located along the chromosomes

chromosomes

store and transmit genetic information

ethnography

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures. mix of observations, self reports, interpretation by the investigator

Ethics in Lifespan Research

these are the rights of research participants -Protection from harm -Informed consent -Privacy -Knowledge of results -Beneficial treatments

What does research show about adopted kids?

they have more learning and emotional difficulties

how's the baby boomer generation unique?

they were credited with changing the world

hows the baby boomer generation unique ?

they were credited with changing the world

Nonnormative influences on development

things that happen to smaller groups of people, not normal to happen -more powerful than age graded influences -ex. winning the lottery , teen pregnancy

Teratogenic Substances

-Drugs: Prescription Nonprescription Illegal -Tobacco -Alcohol -Radiation and environmental pollution -Infectious diseases

Freud & Erikson

-Emphasis on individual's unique life history -Conflicts between biological drives and social expectations -Freud says how parents manage childrens sexual and aggressive drives determines their personality (how they learn, get along with others & cope with anxiety ) -erikson studied freud's daughter & expanded w her (8stages) freud - id ego superego erikson- psychosocial stages of development

polygenic inheritance

many genes influence the characteristic in question

Sex chromosome abnormalities

Caused by problems with X or Y chromosome and is often not recognized until adolescence

what are the changes in the emotional/ social domain of development?

Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, intimate relationships, and moral reasoning and behavior

describe the adolescence period

(11-18yrs) Puberty leads to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity. Thought becomes abstract and idealistic and school achievement more serious. Adolescents begin to establish autonomy from the family and to define personal values and goals.

describe the early adulthood period

(18-40yrs) Most young people leave home, complete their education, and begin full-time work. Major concerns are developing a career, forming an intimate partnership, and marrying, rearing children, or pursuing other lifestyles.

describe the early childhood period

(2-6yrs) during the "play years," motor skills are refined, thought and language expand at an astounding pace, a sense of morality is evident, and children establish ties with peers.

describe the middle adulthood period

(40-65yrs) Many people are at the height of their careers and attain leadership positions. They must also help their children begin independent lives and their parents adapt to aging. They become more aware of their own mortality.

describe the middle childhood period

(6-11yrs) The school years are marked by improved athletic abilities; more logical thought processes; mastery of fundamental reading, writing, math, and other academic knowledge and skills; advances in self-understanding, morality, and friendship; and the beginnings of peer-group membership.

describe the late adulthood period

(65-death) People adjust to retirement, to decreased physical strength and health, and often to the death of an intimate partner. They reflect on the meaning of their lives.

sensorimotor stage

(Birth-2 years) Infants use the senses and movement to explore the world, and invent ways of solving sensorimotor problems.

describe the infancy/toddlerhood period

(birth-2yrs.) dramatic changes in the body and brain support the emergence of a wide array of motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities and first intimate ties to others

describe the prenatal period of development

(conception-birth) the one-celled organism transforms into a human baby with remarkable capacities to adjust to life in the surrounding world

Teratogens(tobacco)

-11 percent of U.S. women smoke while pregnant -Low birth weight is best-known effect -Also increases risk of miscarriage, premature birth, abnormalities, disease, and long-term attention, learning, and behavior problems -Passive exposure also increases risks

what happen in the second trimester ?

-Active fetus; mother can feel movement -Neurons rapidly form synapses -Sensitivity to sound and light emerges

What happens in the third trimester?

-Age of viability: 22-26 weeks -Extensive body growth -Rapid gains in neural connectivity and organization -Greater responsiveness to external stimulation

what are the Multiple, interacting forces that influence development ?

-Age-graded -History-graded -Nonnormative

Infectious Disease

-Can cause extensive damage -Threat greatest during embryonic period -Infection during fetal period may lead to low birth weight, hearing loss, and bone defects

infant capacity in hearing

-Can hear wide variety of sound patterns -Prefers complex sounds to pure tones -Can distinguish sound patterns at only a few days old -Sensitive to mother's voice and human speech; biologically prepared to learn language

Germinal period(2 weeks)

-Fertilization and implantation -Start of placenta -Weeks 1‒2 -Fertilization and formation of the zygote -Implantation of the blastocyst -Development of feeding and protective structures: amnion, chorion, yolk sac, placenta, umbilical cord

what are the three periods of prenatal development ?

-Germinal(2 weeks) -Embryonic(6 weeks) -Fetal (40 weeks)

nature

-Hereditary information -Received from parents at conception

Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

-Leading cause of infant mortality in industrialized nations -Victims often show early problems, irregularities, impairments and/or infections Reducing incidence: -Quit smoking and drug use -Place infants to sleep on their backs -Use pacifier -Provide firm sleep surface; eliminate soft bedding

Infant capacity in vision

-Least-developed sense at birth -Unable to see long distances or focus clearly -Scans environment and tracks moving objects -Prefers bright over gray, but does not discriminate colors -Color vision becomes adultlike after 4 months

immigrant youths

-Many adapt surprisingly well -Less likely to commit delinquent and violent acts, use drugs and alcohol, have early sex, miss school because of illness, or suffer from obesity -Report just as favorable, and at times higher, self-esteem as do young people with native-born parents -Influenced by strong allegiance to family and community -Tensions between family values and new culture

What happens in the first trimester?

-Organs, muscles, and nervous system organize -Lungs begin to expand and contract -Sex of fetus visible

nurture

-Physical and social forces -Influences biological makeup and psychological experiences

infant capacity in taste and smell

-Preferences present at birth are key for survival -Prefers sweet tastes and breast milk over formula -Amniotic fluid from mother's diet influences newborn's preferences -Can locate odors and identify mother by smell

infant capacity in touch

-Well-developed at birth -Stimulates early physical growth and is vital for emotional development -Used to investigate their world -Highly sensitive to pain; anesthetics, sugar solution, breast milk, and touch ease pain

what are the 3 major domains ?

-physical -cognitive -emotional/social

name the major periods of human development?

-prenatal(conception to birth) -infancy/toddlerhood( birth-2yrs.) -early childhood(2-6yrs.) -middle childhood(6-11yrs.) -adolescence( 11-18yrs.) -early adulthood(18-40yrs) -middle adulthood(40-65yrs) -late adulthood (65yrs-death)

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational

formal operational

11 years on - Abstract thinking enables adolescents to use hypotheses and deduction. Adolescents can also evaluate the logic of verbal statements.

critical period

1st 24 hours , after egg hatches in duck example, if they dont imprint then, then its a done deal and they cannot be imprinted

alleles

2 forms of the same gene

fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)

2 separate eggs

preoperational stage

2-7 years - Preschool children use symbols, and develop language and make-believe play. Thinking still lacks logic.

autosomes

22 matching pairs of chromosomes

piaget

4 stages of cognitive development , children actively construct knowledge as they explore and manipulate their world

concrete operational

7-11 years - Children's reasoning becomes logical and better organized. Thinking is not yet abstract.

lifespan perspective

A dynamic systems approach to development that assumes development is lifelong, multidimensional and multidirectional, highly plastic, and affected by multiple interacting forces

resilience

Ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development

incomplete dominance

Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype resulting in a combined trait ex: sickle cell anemia

What negative influences do schools have on development?

Children in low-SES neighborhoods likely to experience poorer quality education Complex social systems that affect many aspects of development

Teratogens(illegal drugs)

Cocaine, heroin, and methadone Marijuana

Why would couples seek genetic counseling?

Couple has had difficulties bearing children Known genetic problems exist Either parent is over 35

history-graded influences on development

Explain why people born around the same time (cohort) tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from other generations (ex. baby boomers, 9/11, Katrina)

Teratogens

Environmental agents that cause damage during the prenatal period -effects depend on Dose Heredity Presence of other negative factors Age and prenatal sensitive periods

age-graded influences on development

Events that are strongly related to age and are therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last (ex. puberty, driver's license)

Darwin

Evolutionary theory-Principles of natural selection and survival of the fittest -those that were able to adapt were more likely to survive and reproduce

Why do adopted children have more learning and emotional difficulties?

Genetic predispositions Stress of biological mother History of conflict-ridden family relationships Adoptive parents and children less alike

Embryonic period(6 weeks)

Groundwork laid for all body structures and internal organs -Weeks 3‒8 -Most rapid prenatal changes occur -Central nervous system, internal organs, muscles, and skeleton begin to form -Heart begins pumping blood -Neurons develop rapidly -External features form: eyes, ears, nose, limbs

genetic counseling

Helps couples assess risk of hereditary disorders and choose best course of action

What positive influences do schools have on development?

In-school and after-school programs for low-income children show improved: Academic achievement Social adjustment Family functioning andchild rearing

gene-environment interaction

Individuals respond differently to same environment because of genetic makeup Similar responses can result from different gene-environment combinations

Teratogens(Prescription and nonprescription drugs)

Isotretinoin (acne treatment) Aspirin Caffeine Antidepressants

What influence does poverty have on development?

Lifelong poor physical health Poor cognitive development and academic achievement Mental illness Antisocial behavior Hostile family interactions

Heritability estimates

Measure extent to which individual differences in complex traits are due to heredity

Simon & Binet

Mental testing movement- Early developers of intelligence testing; sparked interest in individual differences in development; hired by paris school officials is to test kids. stanford binet test --could predict later school success

Hall & Gesell

Normative approach - Development as a maturational process; age-related averages from large studies of children represent typical development(norms) --> (motor, social, personality)

What influence do neighborhoods have on development?

Offers resources and social ties that promote development Greater impact on economically disadvantaged

factors in resilience

Personal characteristics- one's temperament differs from the next person, high maintenance baby vs. chill,laid back baby Warm parental relationship- encouraging parents.. or someone close to fill void Social support outside family-encouraging parents... or someone close to fill void ex. jimmy graham, one person can make difference Community resources and opportunities- youth organizations, big bro big sis, sports, coaches, church groups etc.

What influence does affluence have on development?

Poor academic achievement Alcohol and drug use Delinquency Anxiety and depression

What does the study of Tutsi show?

Prenatal exposure to severe maternal stress can induce epigenetic changes through methylation

The Apgar Scale

Quickly assesses newborn's physical condition: -Heart rate -Respiratory effort -Reflex irritability -Muscle tone -Color Ratings scale (1‒10): 7 or better: good physical condition 4‒6: baby needs assistance 3 or below: serious danger, requires emergency medical attention

Radiation and Environmental Pollution

Radiation: Even low-level exposure is harmful Examples: industrial leakage, medical X-rays Environmental pollution: Many babies are "born polluted" Examples: mercury, PCBs, dioxins, lead, traffic-related fumes Can cause variety of physical defects and cognitive impairments, and increase chances of later illnesses

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Range of outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS) Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND) Consequences: Slow physical growth Facial abnormalities Mental impairment

Down Syndrome

Results when 21st chromosome pair fails to separate during meiosis

b.f skinner

Skinner box, operant conditioning, cats

sex chromosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans that determine the sex (or gender) of the individual. Women are XX and Men are XY.

Applied Behavior Analysis

The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior.

Study of Tutsi

Tutsi mothers pregnant during genocide and their children tested 18 years later: Both had significantly lower stress-hormone levels Long-lasting effects evident in serious psychological disorders

contexts of development

Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change -ex. shy child vs. outgoing child have different experiences and result in different intellectual capacities, social skills, and feelings about themselves & others

ethnographic research

a form of observational research that involves sending trained observers to watch and interact with consumers in their "natural environments"

somatic mutation

a mutation that occurs in a body cell

correlation coefficient

a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other -can range in value from +1.00 to -1.00

heterozygous

alleles are different

homozygous

alleles are the same

bandura

bobo doll, operational learning, emphasizes modeling

meiosis

cell division for sex cells (gametes)

what are the changes in the physical domain of development ?

changes in body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, perceptual and motor capacities, and physical health

evocative genotype-environment correlations

correlations that exist when the child's characteristics elicit certain types of environments

active correlation

children extend their experiences beyond the immediate family are given the freedom to make more choices, they actively seek environments that fit with their genetic tendencies

discontinuous development

development has distinct stages with tasks that an individual must accomplish before progressing to the next stage -ex: piaget's stages of development

plasticity

development is OPEN TO lifelong CHANGE, change occurs based on influential experiences

Continuous development

development is a continuous process without distinct stages -ex. gains, losses, fluctuations, height -occurs gradually over time

epigenesis

development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and all levels of the environment

sensitive period

easier to experience than critical period , optimal time for certain capacities to emerge . boundaries less well-defined

clinical interview

flexible interviewing procedure in which the investigator obtains a complete account of the participant's thoughts -strengths - comes as close as possible to the way participants think in everyday life. great breadth and depth of information can be obtained in a short time -limitations- may not result in accurate reporting of information. flexible procedure makes comparing individuals responses difficult

imprinting

follows something everywhere -ex. ducks following mother/ whatever is moving. ducks follow kittens around

genotype

genetic makeup

genetic counseling

helps couples assess risk of hereditary disorders and choose the best course of action

watson

inspired by pavlov w dogs , little albert & rat

structured observation

investigator sets up a laboratory situation that evokes the behavior of interest so that every participant has equal opportunity to display the response -strength- grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest -limitations- may not void observations typical of participants behavior in everyday life

germline mutation

mutation that occur in gametes

phenotype

observable characteristics

naturalistic observation.

observation of behavior in natural contexts -strength- reflects participants' everyday lives -limitations- cannot control conditions under which participants are observed

identical twins (monozygotic twins)

one egg divides into 2

mutation

permanent change in a DNA segment can occur spontaneously or be caused by hazardous environmental agents

niche-picking

process of deliberately seeking environments that are compatible with one's genetic makeup

What influence does family have on development?

two-person relationships adapting to changes within and outside of family

DNA

what genes and chromosomes are made of