PSYCH 210 - DIVERSITY OF HUMAN SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME/CULTURE (CHAPTER 1)

DIVERSITY ACROSS SOCIETIES: 1.4.2 - FROM HUNTER-GATHERERS TO SETTLED CITY STATES

1. ANCIENT HISTORY = SHEDS INTERESTING LIGHT ON HOW OUR UNDERSTANDING//ATTITUDES ABOUT SEX HAVE VARIED OVER TIME =IDEAS ABOUT SEX HAVE ALTERNATED OFTEN, OFFERING DRASTICALLY DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES DEPENDING ON PLACE AND TIME a. EXAMPLE: HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES!!! VS SETTLED FARMING COMMUNITIES!!!!! ------------------------------------------- 2. 10,000 YEARS AGO IN MIDDLE EAST: TRANSITIONED FROM HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES >>> SETTLED FARMING COMMUNITIES (RESULT OF AGRICULTURE) realized, if we plant crops instead of going out to get food all the time, then we can grow a lot more food more efficiently >>> population growth >> transition into settled city-states a. WITH LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE LIVING IN CLOSE QUARTERS, EARLY GOVERNMENTS NEEDED TO CONTROL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR b. CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNTER-GATHERER TRIBES...... -NOT MUCH ATTENTION PAID TO SEXUAL NORMS -RIGID GENDER ROLES (WOMEN GATHERED, MEN HUNTED) -SEX WAS NOTTT TIGHTLY GOVERNED =NO SUCH THING AS MARRIAGE c. CHARACTERISTICS OF SETTLED FARMING COMMUNITIES..... -SEXUAL CONFLICT/AROUSAL WERE DANGEROUS PROPERTIES (CAPABLE OF CAUSING CIVIL UNREST) -NUDITY WAS RESTRICTED -MARRIAGE WAS FORMALIZED -SEX WAS TIGHTLY REGULATED//LESS ACCEPTABLE OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE 3. HOWEVER, ^^^ IS NOTTTTT TO SAY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS//ATTITUDES ARE DRASTICALLY DIFFERENT FROM ANCIENT TIMES VS NOW a. EXAMPLE: WE STILL HAVE MANY THINGS IN COMMON WITH ANCIENT EGYPT -IE: ADULTERY MAY HAVE BEEN ILLEGAL BUT STILL COMMON, WOMEN HAD RIGHT TO DIVORCE HUSBANDS.... --------------------------------------- 1. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY (TRANSITION = RESULT OF AGRICULTURE) realized, if we plant crops instead of going out to get food all the time, then we can grow a lot more food more efficiently >>> population growth >> transition into settled city-states 2. MORE VARIETY IN SEXUAL PATTERNS BEFORE TRANSITION TO CITY-STATES 3. FREEDOM → NEED FOR SOCIAL CONTROL (idea: not controlling ppl's sexuality = maybe lead to bad things) A. NUDITY RESTRICTED B. INSTITUTION OF MARRIAGE =invented marriage for purpose of family unit =looking at this from lens of science = suggests we're not naturally meant to be with just one person C. ORGANIZED RELIGION - FOSTERED HETEROSEXUAL SEX, LABELED OTHER FORMS OF SEX AS SINFUL =different religions have different ideas of sex -came about with settled-city states: some view religion may just be another way for social control, =regardless, religion didn't come about until 10,000 years ago ------------------------------------------- 4. PRACTICE QUESTION: The development of settled city-states had what effect on society's attitudes toward sexuality? ANSWER: Sex became viewed as a potential source of civil unrest and danger.

RELIGION & SOCIETY: 1.4.8 - THE CHRISTIANS

1. CHRISTIANITY STRESSES THAT SEX PERFORMED FOR SEXUAL PLEASURE = EVIL!!!! INSTEAD, HISTORICALLY IDEALIZED CHASTITY & CELIBACY!!!!!! A. CHASTITY = SEXUAL PURITY =^^^ONE OF LIFES GREATEST VIRTUES B. CELIBACY = ABSTINENCE ------------------------------------- The fall of the Greek and Roman empires ushered in a new era of restrictions on sexuality in the Western world. The early middle ages or dark ages were highly influenced by the Christian Church, and restrictions were placed on many aspects of sex. For instance, sex was prohibited on certain days of the week and during religious events such as Lent, Advent, Whitsun week and Easter, as well as while women were menstruating, pregnant or nursing. Further, sex was generally meant only for procreation, and other acts not related to conception, such as oral sex, fondling, etc., were also prohibited. Only sex in the missionary position was considered acceptable. The Catholic church was diligent in their restrictions of sex in the general populations, but corruptness and sexual affairs within the church brought about the Protestant Reformation. As the church splintered between Catholics and Protestants, the Protestant sect ushered in further restrictions and harsher enforcement of sexual regulations. Masturbation, homosexuality, adultery, and fornication were all considered sins and carried harsh penalties, including death. The Christian Old Testament, which is largely informed by the Hebrew Bible, agrees with many of its points concerning suitable sexual behavior but paints a more dangerous portrait overall of love and sex. Christianity further stresses that sex performed for sexual pleasure is evil, and instead, historically idealized chastity (sexual purity) and celibacy (abstinence). St Paul, for example, insisted that the highest form of love was the love of God, a virtue that should never have to compete with sexual love. St. Augustine, as described in this fascinating New Yorker article, experienced the enormous pull of sexual arousal as a young boy, fell in love and sired a child before deciding that this very arousal was the root of all evil. Although he recognized its necessity for procreative purposes, he strongly believed that the feelings of arousal experienced even during procreative lovemaking were, in isolation, an absolute sin. As opposed to the Hebrew Bible, which stresses the sexual nature of the marital union as being the ultimate expression of love and affection, where man and woman "become one flesh," the Old Testament notably leaves this idea out.

EVOLUTION: 1.4 - THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME

1. HUMAN BEINGS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN SEXUAL =SPECFICIALLY THROUGHOUT HISTORY THE ROLE OF SEXUALITY PLAYS IN OUR LIVES (INCLUDING TO HOW ITS APPROACHED/EXPRESSED) HAS CHANGED DRAMTICALLY OVER TIME DEPENDING ON HISTORICAL CONTEXT 2. REST OF 1.4 = OUTLINES HOW IMPORTANT PRESENCE OF SEXUALITY HAS DEVELOPED SINCE BEGINNING OF HISTORY ------------------------------------ =OUR IDEAS ARE VERY SITUATED IN WHAT TIME FRAME/LOCATION WE'RE IN THEREFORE, WHAT IF WE LOOK AT THINGS LIKE EVOLUTION, CULTURES TO UNDERSTAND "HOW HAVE OUR VIEWS EVOLVED OVER TIME" TO UNDERSTAND HOW OUR SINGLE VIEW ISNT JUST CONCRETE + THERES LOTS OF ACCEPTED THINGS

SEXUAL EDUCATION: 1.2 - WELCOME TO HUMAN SEXUALITY: A CRITICAL EXPLORATION

1. IMPORTANCE/PURPOSE OF TAKING HUMAN SEXUALITY CLASS: a. OUR SEXUALITY LIES AT CENTER OF WHO WE ARE!!!!!!! -IT INFORMS OUR SELF IDENTITY!!!!!! -IT FUELS OUR STRONGEST DESIRES, GREATEST FEARS/CHALLENGES!!!!!! -THE TOPICS THAT ARE AMONG THE MOST MEANINGFUL IN PEOPLE'S LIVE INCLUDE: OUR SENSE OF OUR BODIES, GENDER, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, ATTRACTION, PREGNANCY, INTIMACY, COERCION b. INTENTION OF BOOK: PROVIDE READERS A COMPREHENSIVE KNOWLEDGE SURROUNDING A BROAD RANGE OF TOPICS RELATED TO OUR OWN AND OTHER'S SEXUALITY -ARMED W THIS KNOWLEDGE, READERS SHOULD ACHIEVE SENSE OF: =EMPOWERMENT OVER THEIR OWN BODIES =APPRECIATION OF ONES SEXUAL EXPERIENCE, TASTES, PERSPECTIVES THAT REPRESENT ONLY ONE OF MANY --------------------------------------------- 2. HUMAN SEXUALITY IS A BROAD, DIVERSE DOMAIN OF STUDY a. MANY DISCIPLINES CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF SEX AND SEXUALITY b. OUR VIEWS ON THIS SUBJECT ARE EMBEDDED IN HISTORICAL/CULTURAL VALUES AND BELIEFS =VALUES AND BELIEF SYSTEMS HAVE INFLUENCED WAY WE'VE STUDIED, RESEARCHED, AND PRESENTED A RANGE OF TOPICS IN HUMAN SEXUALITY -IE: INFO IN TEXT IS PRESENTED/INTERPRETED/DISCUSSED FROM CULTURAL CONTEXT OF AUTHORS POV --------------------------------------------- 3. SPOTLIGHT STORY: ONE STUDENT'S EXPERIENCE IN TAKING HS + IT BROADENING THEIR PERSPECTIVE =DISCUSSION ILLUSTRATES HOW VALUES/BELIEFS INFLUENCE OUR ENGAGEMENT W HUMAN SEXUALITY ((& DESPITE DIVERSE BACKGROUNDS, WE CAN ALWAYS EXPAND OUR THINKING ON ISSUES RELATED TO SEXUALITY)) --------------------------------------------- 4. OUR SEXUAL LIVES ARE INTEGRAL ASPECTS OF WHO WE ARE a. MAJOR ISSUE TO CONSIDER THRU TEXT #1: THE FORMATION OF VALUES AND MORALS -WAY WE FORM/UNDERSTAND OUR VALUES/MORALS = DIRECTLY RELATED TO HOW WE VIEW ISSUES RELATED TO SEX/SEXUALITY -OUR VALUE SYSTEM: =FRAMES HOW WE VIEW THESE TOPICS =HELPS US MAKE SENSE OF OUR OWN ACTIONS/BEHAVIORS -EXAMPLES OF THINGS FRAMED WITHIN VALUE SYSTEM: IDEAS OF SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE, CASUAL SEX, WAY WE ENACT OUR GENDER, WHOM WE'LL HAVE SEX WITH -WHEN OUR BEHAVIORS CONFLICT WITH OUR VALUES/MORALS = WE MAY EXPERIENCE NEGATIVE EMOTIONS b. MAJOR ISSUE TO CONSIDER THRU TEXT #2: WHETHER OUR IDEAS OF MORALITY SHOULD BE USED TO JUDGE OTHER'S BEHAVIORS -IE: SHOULD CONSENTING ADULTS HAVE THEIR SEXUAL PRACTICES REGULATED BY SOCIETY AND VALUE JUDGEMENTS?

SEXUAL EDUCATION: 1.3.2 - PRACTICAL BENEFITS OF SEXUAL EDUCATION

1. IN ADDITION TO SOCIETAL BENEFITS FROM COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL EDUCATION, THERE ARE ALSO INDIVIDUAL BENEFITS: -BETTER IDEA OF YOUR ANATOMY/FUNCTIONS = EMPOWERS YOU TO INCREASE YOUR/YOUR PARTNERS SEXUAL PLEASURE -INSIGHT INTO SPECTRUM OF SEXUAL IDENTITIES/BEHAVIORS/RELATIONSHIPS = HELP W YOUR SEXUAL DISCOVERY + REDEFINE WHATS NORMAL TO YOU -LEARNING REWARD/CHALLENGES OF SEXUAL RELATIONSHIPS/INTIMACY = HELP YOU BETTER NAVIGATE THEM -UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BIOLOGICAL SEX/GENDER IDENTITY/SEXUALITY/FACTORS THAT SHAPE THEM = BETTER UNDERSTAND YOU + THOSE AROUND YOU -LEARNING ABOUT STIS/PROTECTIONS/RISKS OF VARIOUS FORMS CAN HELP YOU PREVENT/TREAT/MANAGE THEM -LEARNING ABOUT SPECTRUM OF SEXUAL COERCION = HELP YOU DEVELOP HEALTHY/CONSENSUAL RELATIONSHIPS + PREVENT/MAKE INFORMED DECISIONS AROUND SEXUAL ASSAULT -RECOGNIZING CAUSES/TREATMENTS FOR VARIOUS SEXUAL DISORDERS = HELP YOU FEEL PREPARED FOR THEM -LEARNING TO TALK OPENLY ABOUT SEX/DISCUSS TABOO TOPICS =IMPROVE COMMUNICATION/SELF-ADVOCACY W THOSE AROUND YOU

THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUALITY ACROSS CULTURES: INIS BAEG (ISLAND OFF THE COAST OF IRELAND)

1. INIS BAEG =Is a small, Catholic, farming and fishing community of about 350 people. =was famously observed between 1958 and 1966 by John Cowan Messenger in his study "Sex and Repression in an Irish Folk Community". "Inis Baeg" = actually a fictional name made up by researchers to protect the community's privacy. (true name = Inisheer) A. SEXUAL REPRESSION = WERE MOST SEXUALLY NAIVE/REPRESSED CULTURE IN THE WORLD BELIEVED ALL PLEASURE/SEXUAL BEHAVIOR = SINFUL =FEARED IT + ADVISED ALL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY TO AVOID IT -COITUS: PENIS IN VAGINA SEX COITUS = ONLY TOLERATED FOR PROCREATION ONLY + PERFORMED QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE =ANYTHING BESIDES COITUS WAS SHUNNED (IE: KISSING/CARESSING/ORAL) =Ejaculation was viewed as potentially debilitating for the male, as it was believed to sap the man of his essence and power. =no concept of healthy female sexuality, as orgasm in the female was reviled and viewed as immoral. B. GENDER ROLES AND GENDER SEGREGATION -GENDER ROLES: RIGID -GENDER SEGREGATION: PRACTICED THROUGHOUT LIFESPAN (aka Husbands and wives lived together but were discouraged from socializing with each other or expressing any type of closeness or intimacy) C. PROCREATIONAL INTERCOURSE ONLY -COITUS: PENIS IN VAGINA SEX COITUS = ONLY TOLERATED FOR PROCREATION ONLY + PERFORMED QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE =MARRIAGE WAS ARRANGED BY PARENTS AT ABOUT AGE 35 FOR MALES AND 25 FOR FEMALES. =HOSTILITY BETWEEN HUSBANDS AND WIVES WAS QUITE COMMON. =MARITAL SEXUAL RELATIONS WERE EXCEEDINGLY INFREQUENT, WERE CONSIDERED A DUTY FOR THE WIFE AND OCCURRED FULLY CLOTHED. THEY WERE ONLY ALLOWED FOR PROCREATION PURPOSES. D. SEXUAL IGNORANCE =HUSBANDS AND WIVES LIVED TOGETHER BUT WERE DISCOURAGED FROM SOCIALIZING WITH EACH OTHER OR EXPRESSING ANY TYPE OF CLOSENESS OR INTIMACY =NO CONCERN FOR AFFECTION BETWEEN MARRIAGE PARTNERS. COURTSHIP WAS NOT ALLOWED, AND ANY SEXUAL ACTIVITY BEFORE OR OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE WAS STRICTLY FORBIDDEN. =WHAT ABOUT CHILDREN? CHILDHOOD SEXUALITY WAS COMPLETELY DENIED. =CHILDREN TAUGHT NUDITY WAS SINFUL (EVEN W BATHING) =PLEASURE WAS CONSIDERED EVIL =SEX EDUCATION WAS NON-EXISTENT =MENSTRUATION/MENOPAUSE WERE TREATED AS DISEASES ---------------------------------------- PRACTICE QUESTIONS Which of the following is false concerning sex among the Inis Baeg? a Sex was usually performed while fully clothed. b Orgasm in women was considered vile and a source of evil. c Ejaculation was seen as potentially debilitating for men. d The importance of sex in marital relations was acknowledged. Within the Inis Baeg, marital sexual relations: a Were moderately frequent. b Were a source of pleasure for both husband and wife. c Occurred only for the purpose of procreation. d All of the above

THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUALITY ACROSS CULTURES: MURIA (CHHATTISGARH, INDIA)

1. MURIA (CHHATTISGARH, INDIA) A. SEXUAL POSITIVITY = APPROACHED SEX W INCREDIBLE POSITIVITY, ENTHUSIASM, INSTITUTIONALIZED SUPPORT =VIEWED SEX AS ONE OF SUPREME PLEASURES OF LIFE//ESSENTIAL TO HAPPY LIFE B. SEXUAL EDUCATION = HEAVILY FOCUSED ON SEXUAL EDUCATION -CHILDREN AGES 3-4: TAUGHT BASICS OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR BY PARENTS -CHILDREN AGES 7-8: SPENT INCREASING AMOUNTS OF TIME IN GHOTULS C. GHOTULS = REFERS TO MIXED GENDER DORMITORIES FOR THE CHILDREN/ADOLESCENTS OF THE MURIA PPL =SACRED -TIME SPENT IN GHOTULS CONSISTED OF: CHILDREN FIRST OBSERVING >>> THEN LATER LEARNING HOW TO PARTICIPATE IN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR W OTHER CHILDREN ((((done in very loving/nurturing/supportive way)))) =AKA CHILDREN LEARN HOW TO GIVE AND RECEIVE SEXUAL PLEASURE =CHILDREN NOT FORCED OUT OF HOMES AND INTO GHOTULS ((((INSTEAD, VIEW PLACE AS ENLIGHTENING, INVITING AND FUN)))) -HOW THE CHILDREN LEARN HOW TO GIVE AND RECEIVE SEXUAL PLEASURE: boys and girls are paired off randomly each night to practice what they have heard about from the many conversations about sex they have listened to on previous nights at the ghotul. GOAL = GAIN SEXUAL PROFICIENCY NOT THE GOAL = RELATIONSHIP W ONE SEXUAL PARTNER (therefore, pairs of children are discouraged from spending +2-3 nights w each other) D. LACK OF SHAME OR STIGMA = IF MURIA GIRL BECOMES ACCIDENTALLY PREGNANT DURING TIME AT GHOTUL, SHE WILL EITHER MARRY GHOTUL PARTNER!!!!!! ORRRR BETROTHED!!!!! BETROTHED: BECOME ENGAGED =AKA NOOOOO SHAMEE OR STIGMA IF GIRL BECOMES ACCIDENTALLY PREGNANT E. EXTREMELY LOW DIVORCE RATE (3%) (OTHER INDIAN SOCIETIES WITH NO GHOTUL = DIVORCE RATE OF 46%) =LOW RATE NOTTTTT DUE TO MURIA VIEWING DIVORCE AS IMMORAL/SHAMEFUL/SINFUL (despite still viewing divorce as unfortunate) -REASON: THERE ARE MANY FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO LONG, SUCCESSFUL, HAPPY MARRIAGE >>>> SEX IS ONE FACTOR >>>> MURIA'S STRONG APPROACH//RECOGNITION TO ONE FACTOR (((EXTREME SEXUAL POSITIVITY))) SPILLS OVER THEIR APPROACH TOWARD ALL OTHER FACTORS!!!!!! ------------------------------------- PRACTICE QUESTIONS If an unmarried Muria girl becomes pregnant, the consequence is: a She is hastily married (with no stigma or shame) to either her ghotul partner or betrothed. b She commits suicide as her village would view her as dead and hold a funeral for her. c Hope for a boy child to raise her status in her future husband's clan. d Have an abortion (or the infant would be killed) since the baby holds no place in their society. Which of the following is true about marriage in the Muria culture? a The divorce rate is equivalent to that in the U.S. b Divorce is regarded with shame and disgrace. c By the time they marry, partners are expected to be knowledgeable and proficient at sex. d Marriage is viewed as a negative and profoundly disappointing institution.

SEXUAL EDUCATION: 1.3.1 SEX EDUCATION IN THE NETHERLANDS

1. NATIONS WITH CONSISTENT COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL EDUCATION HAVE HEALTHIER ATTITUDES TOWARD SEX THAN THE US -IE: THE NETHERLANDS ------------------------------------ 2. SEXUAL EDUCATION IN THE NETHERLANDS a. CHILDREN BEGINNING AT AGE 4 RECEIVE AGE APPROPRIATE SEX ED b. THEIR SEX EDUCATION PLACE MAJOR EMPHASIS ON (1) RELATIONSHIPS!!!!! AND (2) BUILDING RESPECT FOR ONE'S BODY AND THE BODIES OF OTHERS TAUGHT: -HOW TO FIGURE OUT WHAT FEELS GOOD TO THEM -SEXUAL CONSENT -HOW TO SAY "NO" -HOW TO EXPRESS PERSONAL NEEDS/BOUNDARIES =ENCOURAGED TO SPEAK OPENLY WITH PARENTS ABOUT SEX/ASK QUESTIONS =FOCUSES ON RESPECT FOR OTHERS AS MAIN POINT ------------------------------------ 3. RESULT OF NETHERLANDS/DUTCH APPROACH TOWARD SEX ED a. TEEN PREGNANCY RATES ARE 1/8 OF THE US b. LOWER RATES OF ABORTIONS & STIs/HIV ------------------------------------ 4. NETHERLANDS/DUTCH VS THE US a. AMERICANS..... =BECOME SEXUALLY ACTIVE AT YOUNGER AGE =HAD MORE SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS WITH MORE PARTNERS =LESS LIKELY TO USE BIRTH CONTROL =REPORT MORE INCIDENTS OF FIRST TIME THEY HAD INTERCOURSE DUE TO PRESSURE FROM FRIENDS/PARTNERS b. THE DUTCH..... =SEXUAL EXPERIENCES MORE MOTIVATED BY LOVE =FELY MORE CONTROL OF THEIR OWN BODY =HAD PARENTS AS SUPPORTERS & EDUCATORS =SEXUAL ENCOUNTERS WERE SAFER//MORE RESPECTFUL//MORE EGALITARIAN//GENERALLY MORE POSITIVE THAN AMERICANS =OVERALL ACKNOWLEDGE SEX AS ONE OF LIFES GREAT PLEASURES

RELIGION & SOCIETY: 1.4.7 - ISLAM

1. POSITIVE VIEW OF SEXUALITY a. PROPHET MUHAMMAD = SUGGESTED INTERCOURSE IN MARRIAGE AS ATTAINMENT OF HIGHEST POSSIBLE GOOD b. POLYGYNY =VALUED TENET/PRINCIPLE BY MUHAMMAD HIMSELF (HAD MULTIPLE WIVES) c. SEX OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE = SINFUL -DOUBLE STANDARD: FOR WOMEN IN MODERN TIMES ((ISLAM IS MALE-DOMINATED)) =ADULTERY MAY RESULT IN "HONOR KILLINGS" (SHARIA LAW (rooted in conservative interpretations of qur'an/koran)) d. WOMEN OFTEN PUNISHED/OPPRESSED THROUGH SEXUALITY e. CONTRACEPTION IS ENCOURAGED f. SEXUALITY = PRIMARY FOR PLEASURE , SECONDARILY FOR REPRODUCTION

RECENT TRENDS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: DECLINING BIRTHRATES: DUE TO WHAT???

1. REASON FOR DECLINING BIRTH RATES #1 = SOCIETIES ADVANCING + WEALTH INCREASING!!!!! =RATES DROPPED SINCE 1800S BC OF WOMENS MOVEMENT A. AKA SEX ASSUMED MORE OF A NON-PROCREATIONAL FUNCTION OVER TIME -IN 1800S: FUNCTIONS OF SEX WERE ((1) CREATION OF OFFSPRING AND (2) TRANSFER OF PROPERTY aka wife to husband -TODAY: FUNCTIONS OF SEX ARE TO STRENGTHEN RELATIONSHIPS, ENHANCE INTIMACY, & PROVIDE RELAXATION/FUN --------------------------------------- 2. REASON FOR DECLINING BIRTH RATES #2 = WOMEN'S MOVEMENT!!!!!! =RATES DROPPED SINCE 1800S BC OF WOMENS MOVEMENT =MOVEMENT EMPHASIZED IDEA THAT WOMEN HAD RIGHT TO (1) CONTROL THEIR BODIES (2) BE FREE OF SEXUAL COERCION (3) SEEK SEXUAL PLEASURE --------------------------------------- 3. REASON FOR DECLINING BIRTH RATES #3 = CONTRACEPTIVES, UNDERSTANDING OF PREGNANCY, BIRTH CONTROL PILL!!!!!!!!! =THANKS TO MODERN SCIENCE =CONTRACEPTIVES ALLOW WOMEN TO CHOOSE WHEN TO HAVE CHILDREN -IE: WANTING CAREER INSTEAD, PRIORITIZING OTHER TINGS HAVING CHILDREN = NO LONGER PRIMARY VIEW OF WOMEN

DIVERSITY OF SEXUALITY ACROSS TIME: 1.4.1 - EVOLUTION

=AKA WHATS IN OUR HUMAN HISTORY??? 1. CLOSEST GENETIC COUSIN TO HUMANS + WHAT THEIR SEXUALITY SUGGESTS ABOUT OUR OWN a. UP UNTIL 1928: ORIGINALLY THOUGHT CHIMPANZEES WERE OUR CLOSEST GENETIC COUSIN =DIDNT BEAR WELL FOR HUMAN SPECIES b. CHARACTERISTICS OF CHIMPANZEES: -NATURALLY VERY AGGRESSIVE -ALPHA/BETA MALES MIMIC GAME OF THRONES, -DOMINANT MALES ENJOY MULTIPLE FEMALE SEXUAL PARTNERS (SOMETIMES FEMALES ARE WILLING) -MALE CHIMPANZEES SOMETIMES BEAT UP FEMALES/TEAR OUT THEIR HAIR/KILL THEIR BABIES -THE MORE AGGRESSIVE THE MALE = THE MORE OFFSPRING THEY BEAR c. IN 1982: DISCOVERED BY EDWARD SCHWARZ THAT BONOBO MONKEY IS ACTUALLY OUR CLOSEST GENETIC COUSIN -HOW DISCOVERY WAS MADE: EXAMINATION OF SKULL THAT WAS PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT TO BE A JUVENILE CHIMPANZEE WAS ACTUALLY AN ADULT BONOBO =DNA OF BONOBO IS 98% IDENTICAL TO HOMO SAPIENS d. BONOBO & CHIMPANZEES EFFECTIVELY SPLIT OFF FROM ONE ANOTHER +1 MILLION YEARS AGO =BOTH CONSIDERED OUR CLOSEST GENETIC RELATIVES ------------------------------------------ 2. DISCOVERY OF BONOBO BEING CLOSEST RELATIVE = HAD HUGE IMPLICATIONS FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF HOW EVOLUTION DICTATED OUR SEXUALITY a. OTHER PRIMATES VS BONOBO -GORILLAS ARE MEAN//NASTY >> BONOBOS ARE KINDER//GENTLER//MORE LOVING -CHIMPANZEES USE SEX AS WEAPON >> BONOBOS USE SEX TO DIFFUSE TENSIONS b. BONOBO SEXUALITY BEARS STRIKING RESEMBLANCE TO//IS MORE PROGRESSIVE THAN HUMAN SEXUALITY -BONOBOS ENJOY FREQUENT SEX -BONOBOS ENJOY SEX IN MANY POSITIONS -MISSIONARY/FACE-TO-FACE SEX IS A COMMON OCCURRENCE -BEFORE SEX, BONOBOS CUDDLE, KISS, STARE INTO EACH OTHERS EYES -BONOBOS DISPLAY COMPLETE GENDER EQUALITY (FEMALES ARE TREATED W RESPECTED AND CALL THE SHOTS) -HOMOSEXUALITY IS COMMON AMONG BONOBOS c. THE FACT THAT HUMAN BEINGS SHARE CLOSE TO 98% OF THEIR DNA WITH BONOBO MONKEYS SUGGEST WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ABOUT HUMAN NATURE = WE HAVE EVOLVED TO ENJOY SEX FOR REASONS OTHER THAN JUST PROCREATION --------------------------------------- OVERALL, SIMILAR TO HUMANS, SOCIAL INTERACTIONS AMONG BONOBOS ARE INFLUENCED BY SEX HOWEVER, THEY ARE STILL NOT THE SAME SHOWS US THAT MAYBE WE'RE ALSO MEANT TO HAVE SEX TO FEEL GOOD (BETWEEN DIFFERENT GENDERS, MULTIPLE PARTNERS,)

RELIGION & SOCIETY: 1.4.4 - THE HEBREWS

=Acknowledges the importance of sexuality in marital relations =BEAUTY OF MARITAL SEX 1. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIZED RELIGION ALSO PLAYED A MAJOR ROLE IN DETERMINING SEXUAL ATTITUDES -IE: THE HEBREW BIBLE 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HEBREW BIBLE a. MOST WAS WRITTEN BETWEEN 800 AND 200 BC b. CONTAINS EXPLICIT RULES FORBIDDING MALE HOMOSEXUAL SEX + ADULTERY + INCEST c. GOES A GREAT LENGTH TO EXPLAIN WHAT CAN GO WRONG WITH SEX -IE: PORTRAYS VIVID SCENES OF BETRAYAL, JEALOUSY, INCEST, ADULTERY d. ALSO BALANCES^^^^ WITH STORIES HIGHLIGHTING POSITIVE SIDE OF LOVE!!! THAT STRESSES THE IMPORTANCE OF SEX WITHIN MARRIAGE -IE: "TO BE FRUITFUL AND MULTIPLY" =AKA HEBREWS RECOGNIZED PLEASURES/BEAUTY THAT SEX COULD OFFER, ESP IN CONTEXT OF MARRIAGE

RELIGION & SOCIETY: 1.4.3 - THE GREEKS

=Love and sex don't always coexist/institutionalized homosexuality. =INSTITUTION OF HOMOSEXUALITY 1. ANCIENT ROMAN AND GREEK SOCIETY = ANOTHER LARGE INFLUENCE ON MODERN-DAY SEXUAL ATTITUDES =OCCURRED SLIGHTLY EARLIER THAN ANCIENT MIDDLE EAST//EGYPTIANS ------------------------------------------- 2. CHARACTERISTICS ABOUT THE GREEKS a. WERE MORE PERMISSIVE//LIBERAL//OPEN-MINDED ABOUT SEXUALITY (THAN HEBREWS OR CHRISTIANS LATER BECAME) b. ANCIENT GREECE = WELL KNOWN AS SEXUAL CULTURE SEX, LOVE, AND SEXUALITY = INTERWOVEN W MANY FAVETS OF MYTHOLOGY -IE: CREATION OF WORLD, GODS, UNDERWORLD c. THE BOOK, "IN BED WITH THE ANCIENT GREEKS" BY PAUL CHRYSTAL = EXAMPLES MANY LAYERS OF SEXUALITY EMBEDDED IN GREEK SOCIETIES =He explores how Greek mythology centered around eroticism and fertility by incorporating intermarriage, polygamy, murder, and incest. Sex and sexuality were hallmarks of Greek mythology and, in turn, Greek civilization d. MASTURBATION & THE GREEKS =CONSIDERED NORMAL//HEALTHY =THIS OPENNESS CAN OFTEN SIGNIFY CULTURAL OPENNESS TO ISSUES OF SEXUALITY IN THE GREEKS ------------------------------------------- 3. GREEKS: APPRECIATED THAT LOVE HAS MANY DIVERSE FORMS + CHARACTERISTICS!!!! a. EXAMPLE #1: GREEK MYTHOLOGY IS FILLED WITH A LONG LIST OF LOVE/LUST DEITIES -APHRODITE: GODDESS OF BEAUTY, LOVE, DESIRE, PLEASURE -EROS: SON OF APHRODITE, REPRESENTED MORE DEVIOUS ASPECTS OF LOVE (SUCH AS ILLICIT AFFAIRS, JEALOUSY) b. EXAMPLE #2: GREEK MYTHOLOGY IS ALSO FILLED WITH STORIES OF SEXUAL MISCONDUCT (SIMILAR TO HEBREW & CHRISTIANITY) -DIFFERENCE FROM HEBREWS/CHRISTIANS: STORIES CONTAINED MORE TALES OF SEXUAL EXPLOIT (IE: rape, incest, bestiality (such as Zeus transforming into swan to have sex with Leda)) c. GREEKS: ONLY CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN HISTORY TO FORMALLY INSTITUTIONALIZE MALE HOMOSEXUALITY -IE: LOVE WAS FREQUENTLY EXPRESSED BY PHILOSOPHERS IN HOMOEROTIC TERMS, -IE: MALE TO MALE NON-SEXUAL LOVE WAS VIEWED AS UPMOST FORM OF LOVE & CONSIDERED IT SUPERIOR TO SEXUAL LOVE OF WOMEN d. PLATONIC LOVE: IDEALIZATION OF NON-SEXUAL LOVE =TERM COINED BY GREEK PHILOSOPHER, PLATO (GREEKS APPRECIATED IT SO MUCH, THEY GAVE IT A NAME) 4. PEDERASTY = WHAT HOMOSEXUALITY WAS INSTITUTIONALIZED THROUGH a. DEFINITION OF PEDERASTY: POST-PUBESCENT BOYS WHO HAD COMPLETED THEIR ORTHODOX EDUCATION AND ACCEPTING THE GUIDANCE OF AN OLDER MAN =OLDER MAN WOULD FURTHER BOY'S INTELLECTUAL, PHYSICAL, AND SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN EXCHANGE FOR SEX // A SEXUAL RELATIONSHIP =MAN WOULD ALWAYS ASSUME ROLE OF PENETRATOR -IE: SOCRATES = FAMOUS FOR TAKING ON MANY MENTEES/BOYS!!! BOYS WOULD OFTEN GET JEALOUS IF SOCRATES SPENT MORE TIME W ANOTHER MENTEE b. HOMOSEXUALITY//PRACTICE OF PEDERASTY = HAD NO ASSOCIATION WITH PEOPLE'S IDENTITY -WHAT WAS IMPORTANT: ADULT MALE WOULD BE PENETRATIVE PARTNER, BOY WOULD BE RECEPTIVE PARTNER RECEPTORS = SIGN OF WEAKNESS ------------------------------------------- 5. WOMENS FERTILITY = IMPORTANT PART OF GREEK CIVILIZATION a. WOMEN'S ABILITY TO REPRODUCE = HIGHLY REVERED IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY b. WOMEN = OFTEN BLAMED FOR FAILED PREGNANCIES + INFERTILITY VIRILITY//MANLINESS = SEEN AS SIGN OF STRENGTH ------------------------------------------- PRACTICE QUESTIONS: The idealization of non-sexual love was assigned what name by Greek philosopher Plato? =platonic love What is the name of the ancient Greek custom where a post-pubescent boy would accept the guidance of an older man in exchange for a sexual relationship? =pederasty

RELIGION & SOCIETY: 1.4.5 - THE ROMANS

=Origin of many sexual terms including fellatio and cunnilingus. =INDEPENDENCE OF PASSION AND LOVE 1. ROMANS: ALSO ACCEPTED HOMOSEXUALITY // SAME-SEX/SAME-GENDER INDIVIDUALS AS A NORMAL PART OF HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS (SIMILAR TO GREEKS) a. GREEKS VS ROMANS -GREEKS: STRESSED THE DICHOTOMY/DIVISION OF SEX & LOVE -ROMANS: HIGHLIGHTED THE INDEPENDENCE OF PASSIONATE LOVE & MARRIAGE =IN TERMS OF PROVIDING THE GLUE TO A MARITAL RELATIONSHIP, PASSION WAS SEEN AS TAKING A DISTANT BACK SEAT TO RESPECT, TRUST, AND MUTUAL CONSIDERATION 2. ROMANS: SEX OUTSIDE OF MARRIAGE WAS A GIVEN FOR MEN!!!! a. WIVES ENCOURAGED HUSBANDS TO TAKE SEX SLAVES OF EITHER GENDER FOR SEXUAL RELEASE ---------------------------------------------- 3. MANY OF OUR MODERN DAY SEXUAL TERMS CAN BE TRACED TO ROMAN CULTURE (AS INDICATED BY THEIR LATIN ROOTS) a. AKA LATIN TERMS USED BY ROMANS THAT GAVE RISE TO OUR ATTITUDES/BEHAVIORS TODAY: -FELLATIO: TO SUCK -CUNNILINGUS: TO LICK (DERIVES FROM CUNNUS!!!! = VULVA/LINGERIE) -FORNICATION: (DERIVES FROM FORNIX: AN ARCH) (STEMS FROM ROMAN STREETWALKERS' TENDENCY TO SERVE THEIR CUSTOMERS IN THE SHADOWS OF AN ARCHWAY NEAR PUBLIC BUILDINGS SUCH AS THEATERS/PUBS/STADIUMS))

RELIGION & SOCIETY: 1.4.6 - INDIA AND THE KAMA SUTRA

=POLYGAMY =DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEX SOCIETIES LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF CLASS STRUCTURE, WHICH ALSO HAD AN INFLUENCE ON SEXUALITY (IN ADDITION TO RELIGION) -IE: INDIA AS ONE COMPLEX SOCIETY ----------------------------------------- 1. INDIA: AMPLE LEISURE TIME WENT ALONG WITH BEING RICH AND POWERFUL = MADE THE PURSUIT OF ELABORATE SEXUAL PRACTICES A WORTHWHILE & REALISTIC ACTIVITY a. KAMA SUTRA: BOOK WRITTEN BY INDIAN HINDUS AROUND 2ND CENTURY Kama Sutra - sex should be enjoyed in a variety of positions. (-KAMA: THE PURSUIT OF PLEASURE) =PROVIDES AN ILLUSTRATED GUIDE OF HUNDREDS OF SEXUAL POSITIONS DESIGNED EXPRESSLY FOR DELIVERING SEXUAL PLEASURE FOR ALL GENDERS b. THE POOR WERE NOT ABLE TO ENJOY SEXUAL PLEASURES PROMISED BY KAMA SUTRA (CLASS DIVIDE) THE POOR = MOSTLY ENGAGED IN HASTY/FULLY CLOTHED SEX DEVOID OF PLEASURE/INTIMACY 2. THE SPIRITUAL TENETS/PRINCIPLES OF HINDUISM: -KAMA: THE PURSUIT OF PLEASURE -DHARMA: SOCIAL DUTIES -KARMA: RIGHT WORLDY ACTIONS -ARTHA: ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROSPERITY 3. HINDUISM HAVE VERY DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO SEXUALITY DEPENDING ON REGION + HISTORICAL INFLUENCES (SIMILAR TO CHRISTIANITY) a. HISTORICALLY: HINDU PHILOSOPHY HAS INCORPORATED HIJRA/THIRD GENDER -HIJRA/THIRD GENDER: CATEGORY THAT INCLUDES RANGE OF PEOPLE IE: PPL WHO POSSESS MALE & FEMALE SEX CHARACTERISTICS IE:THOSE WHO VARY IN GENDER EXPRESSION (SUCH AS EFFEMINATE MEN, MASCULINE WOMEN) IE: TRANSGENDER PEOPLE IE: INTERSEX PEOPLE b. HIJRA HAD NOTHING TO DO WITH SEXUAL ORIENTATION (SIMILAR TO MODERN WESTERN CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF GENDER IDENTITY) c. TODAY: SOME HIJRA BOYS ARE VOLUNTARILY CASTRATED AS AN INITIATION RITE INTO THE TRANSGENDER RELIGIOUS CASTE -CASTRATE: REMOVE THE TESTICLES OF MEN/BOYS d. HISTORICALLY: EUNUCHS (SOME MEN) WERE CASTRATED =EITHER AS A PUNISHMENT FOR A CRIME ORRRR CONSEQUENCE AS A PRISONER OF WAR f. IN OTHER SITUATIONS, BOYS WERE CASTRATED BEFORE PUBERTY IN ORDER TO CREATE EUNICHS -DEFINITION #2 OF EUNUCHS: MALE SLAVES WHO WERE PREVENTED FROM ENGAGING IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY + WERE FORCED TO SERVE AS COURT ATTENDANTS//HAREM GUARDS//PERFORMERS) =OCCASIONALLY, EUNUCHS ASSUMED GREAT POWER!!!!! IN ASIA AS ADVISORS IN COURT

RECENT TRENDS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: GAY LIBERATION MOVEMENT

=VARIOUS SOCIAL MOVEMENTS HAVE CHANGED OUR MODERN-DAY ATTITUDES TOWARD SEX --------------------------------------- 1. GAY LIBERATION MOVEMENT = PUSHED FOR (1) CULTURAL CHANGES IN ATTITUDE TOWARD SEXUAL MINORITIES AND (2) ACCEPTANCE OF SEXUAL MINORITIES A. CHANGE IN SUPPORT OF SAME-SEX MARRIAGE OVER LAST 40 YEARS -UNTIL 1975: THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION CLASSIFIED HOMOSEXUALITY AS A MENTAL DISORDER -IN 1987: ONLY 32% OF AMERICANS BELIEVED SAME-SEX MARRIAGE SHOULD BE LEGAL, IN 2020, 72% OF AMERICANS APPROVE. -2003: LAWRENCE VS TEXAS (declared by US Supreme court that states could not have laws saying same-sex was illegal by constitution) -IN JUNE 2015: SUPREME COURT ACCEPTED SAME-SEX MARRIAGE AS A RIGHT PROTECTED BY THE CONSTITUTION.

RECENT TRENDS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: TRANSGENDER MOVEMENT

=VARIOUS SOCIAL MOVEMENTS HAVE CHANGED OUR MODERN-DAY ATTITUDES TOWARD SEX --------------------------------------- 1. TRANSGENDER MOVEMENT = SOUGHT TO END DISCRIMINATION AGAINST TRANSGENDER PEOPLE BY CHALLENGING THE TRADITIONALLY HELD, RIGID BELIEF THAT GENDER IS BINARY AND PERMANENT, CONCERNS ONLY THE GENITALS AND ENTIRELY DETERMINES SEXUAL ORIENTATION. 1993: FIRST STATE PROTECTIONS OF TRANSGENDER PEOPLE 2012: COURT DECIDES TITLE VII PROTECTS TRANSGENDER PEOPLE 2013: APA CHANGES "GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER" TO LESS STIGMATIZING "GENDER DYSPHORIA" A. GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER -> GENDER DYSPHORIA -BY CHANGING THE TERM "GENDER IDENTITY DISORDER" TO "GENDER DYSPHORIA" IN 2013: THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION ACKNOWLEDGED THAT ALTHOUGH TRANSGENDER PEOPLE MAY BE AT RISK OF MENTAL ILLNESS BECAUSE OF HOW SOCIETY TREATS THEM, THERE IS NOTHING "DISORDERED" ABOUT BEING A TRANSGENDERED PERSON

RECENT TRENDS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT

=VARIOUS SOCIAL MOVEMENTS HAVE CHANGED OUR MODERN-DAY ATTITUDES TOWARD SEX --------------------------------------- 1. WOMEN'S MOVEMENT = EMPHASIZED IDEA THAT WOMEN HAD RIGHT TO (1) CONTROL THEIR BODIES (2) BE FREE OF SEXUAL COERCION (3) SEEK SEXUAL PLEASURE Despite the challenges posed in our current political climate, women now have much more control over childbearing, partner choice, and sexual activities. There is increasing recognition that sexual pleasure is just as important for women as for men, and that pleasure is a shared responsibility.

RECENT TRENDS AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: TRANSFORMATION OF SEX INTO EMPIRICALLY BASED TOPIC

ANOTHER THING THAT CHANGED OUR VIEWS OF SEX = MODERN TECHNOLOGY ALLOWING UNDERSTANDING OF HOW SEX WORKS ------------------------------------- •IN 20TH CENTURY, SEX BECOMES TOPIC OF DISCUSSION: 1. HAVELOCK ELLIS (1859-1939) =ONE OF FIRST TO TALK ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY AS SOMETHING NORMAL (((INSTEAD OF IT BEING WRONG/UNETHICAL))) 2. SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) =DESPITE MOST OF WORK BEING DISPROVEN, STILL TALKED ABOUT SEX AND INTERTWINED THAT WITH PSYCHOLOGY OF PATIENTS 3. MARGARET SANGER (1879-1966) =FOUNDER OF PLANNED PARENTHOOD , STUDIED WOMENS ISSUES 4. ALFRED KINSEY (1894-1956) =FIRST TO SUGGEST THAT PEOPLE LIVE IN THIS FALSE DICHOTOMY OF BEING GAY OR STRAIGHT =SEXUAL ORIENTATION EXISTS ALONG CONTINUUM IN WHICH PEOPLE MOVE ACROSS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIVES 5. MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978) =WENT TO DIFFERENT PLACES IN SOUTH AMERICA IN CAREER =DOCUMENTED CASES WHERE THEY HAD VERRYYY DIFFERENT SEXUAL VIEWS (VS WEST/OTHER INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES) =EVEN TALKED ABOUT SOME CULTURES WHERE INTERGENERATIONAL SEX OCCURED (AKA ADULTS HAVING SEX W CHILDREN) =WAS SHAMED 6. WILLIAM MASTERS AND VIRGINIA JOHNSON (1925-2013) =FIRST TO MEASURE ACTUAL PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES FROM SEX =PUT SENSORS ON PEOPLE HAVING SEX IN LAB TO MEASURE BODILY CHANGES =USED INFO TO TREAT PEOPLE WITH SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONING

1.1 - LEARNING OBEJCTIVES

By the end of the chapter, you should be able to: -Grasp both the intellectual and personal benefits of reading this book. -Describe the current state of sex education in the U.S. -Compare our model of sex education to that in more progressive societies, like the Netherlands. -Describe some of the major historical events that have shaped our view of human sexuality. -Describe some of the cultural differences with regard to sexuality. -Explain the influence of media on human sexuality.

READING NOTES

EXAM > QUIZZES QUESTION: CANT GO BACK AFTER EACH QUESTION, 2 MINS 40 MC, 80 MINS TO DO TOPHAT CAN BE SLOW =STILL SUGGEST STUDYING/SAVING PAGES FROM THERE/SAVING DIAGRAMS JUST INCASE IT TOPHAT IS SLOW EXAM REVIEW // PRACTICE QUESTIONS IN HOMEWORK // OLD EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS // PRACTICE EXAMS ===== ALLLLLL SIMILAR TO QUESTIONS ON TEST INTERSECTIONALITY = EMBEDDED AT END OF

SEXUAL EDUCATION: 1.3 WHY YOU PROBABLY NEED A (GOOD) SEX EDUCATION CLASS

WHY WE START WITH SEX ED: VALUES IN SOCIETY ARE OFTEN REFLECTED IN WHAT WE TEACH YOUNG PEOPLE ABOUT SEX ------------------------------------------ 1. THERE'S NO FEDERALLY MANDATED SEX EDUCATION a. DECISIONS ABOUT IF SEX ED SHOULD EXIST + HOW IT SHOULD BE TAUGHT = MADE AT STATE & LOCAL LEVEL =WHETHER STUDENTS KNOW A LOT ABOUT SEX OR NOT DEPENDS ON WHERE THEY WENT TO SCHOOL 2. WHEN STATES DO OFFER SEX ED, THE QUALITY IS OFTEN POOR -IE: ONLY 15 STATES REQUIRE INSTRUCTION TO BE MEDIALLY ACCURATE -IE: 37 STATES HAVE LAWS REQUIRING THAT ABSTINENCE IS INCLUDED IN SEX EX ((EVEN THO RESEARCH SHOWS ABSTINENCE USUALLY FAILS)) -IE: ONLY 18 STATES REQUIRE EDUCATORS TO SHARE INFO ABOUT BIRTH CONTROL a. CDC RECOMMENDS COVERING 16 TOPICS RELATED TO SEXUAL HEALTH IN SCHOOLS, INCLUDING: -How to create and sustain healthy and respectful relationships -Influences of family, peers, media, technology and other factors on sexual risk behavior -Benefits of being sexually abstinent -Efficacy of condoms -Importance of using condoms consistently and correctly -Importance of using condoms at the same as another form of contraception to prevent both STIs and pregnancy -How to obtain condoms -Communication and negotiation skills -Goal-setting and decision-making skills -How HIV and other STIs are transmitted -Health consequences of HIV, other STIs, and pregnancy -Influencing and supporting others to avoid or reduce sexual risk behaviors -Importance of limiting the number of sexual partners -How to access valid and reliable information, products and services related to​ sexual health 3. SEX EDUCATION IS RARELY LGBTQ INCLUSIVE -IE: ONLY 9 STATES CURRENTLY REQUIRE DISCUSSION OF LGBTQ IDENTITIES/ISSUES -IE: 7 SOUTHERN STATES PROHIBIT EDUCATORS FROM DISCUSSING LGBTQ IDENTITIES/RELATIONSHIPS ORRR REQUIRE SEX EDUCATORS TO PORTRAY LGBTQ IDENTITIES/RELATIONSHIPS NEGATIVELY a. THESE^^ LAWS.... (1) FURTHER STIGMATIZE LGBTQ YOUTH (2) LEAVE THEM WITHOUT INFORMATION THEY NEED TO PROTECT THEIR SEXUAL HEALTH =PUTS THEM AT GREATER RISK FOR STDS, PREGNANCY, DEPRESSION, UNHEALTHY/ABUSIVE RELATIONSHIPS 4. MANY STATES FORCE SCHOOLS TO TEACH MEDICALLY INACCURATE INFORMATION ON CERTAIN TOPICS a. OKLAHOMA HAS LAW THAT REQUIRES EDUCATION MATERIALS TO PUBLIC THAT "CLEARLY AND CONSISTENTLY TEACH THAT ABORTION KILLS A LIVING HUMAN BEING" b. 1/2 OF MIDDLE SCHOOLS AND 3/4 OF HIGH SCHOOLS OFFER SEX ED THAT PRIMARILY FOCUSES ON ABSTINENCE-ONLY PROGRAMS ((WHICH BY ALL EVIDENCE-BASED ACCOUNTS LACK ANY ABILITY TO INFLUENCE TEENS' SEXUAL OUTCOMES OR DECISION MAKING PROCESSES =WHILE SOME CHOOSE TO REMAIN ABSTINENT, INFORMATION SHOULD STILL BE OFFERED TO PROTECT THEM IF THEY EVER ENGAGE IN SEXUAL ACTIVITY c. NUMEROUS STUDIES SHOW ABSTINENCE-ONLY EDUCATION.... (1) DOES NOTTT DELAY INITIATION OF FIRST INTERCOURSE (even among those who pledge to do so) AND (2) DOES NOTTT EFFECTIVELY PREPARE YOUTH FOR SEXUAL ACTIVITY c. THE SOCIETY FOR ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND MEDICINE AND MEDICINE ARGUES: ACCESS TO SEXUAL HEALTH INFORMATION IS A BASIC HUMAN RIGHT AND IS ESSENTIAL TO REALIZING THE HUMAN RIGHT TO THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE STANDARD OF HEALTH" -SOCIETY STATES: ABSTINENCE-ONLY-UNTIL-MARRIAGE EDUCATION IS UNETHICAL =WE SHOULD BE LOOKING AT OUTCOMES =ABSTINENCE AS A GOAL IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN ABSTINENCE AS A TEACHING POINT d. COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL HEALTH PROGRAMS ARE MORE EFFECTIVE (WHETHER FOR ETHICAL/EVIDENCE/PRACTICAL REASONS) =CONTINUING TO DEMAND ADOLESCENCE SOLELY BE TAUGHT SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE SEEMS LIKE AN IDEOLOGICALLY DRIVEN MISSION THAT WILL FAIL TO ACCOMPLISH ITS GOALS e. COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL EDUCATION INCLUDES: SEXUALITY, SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER IDENTITY, SEXUAL FUNCTION, CONTRACEPTION, REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS, AND COMMUNICATION* =DESPITE CONTROVERSY, MOST PARENTS SUPPORT COMPREHENSIVE SEX ED f. ACCORDING TO RESEARCH,COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL EDUCATION......* -93% approve of sex ed in high schools; 84% approve of sex ed in middle/junior schools. -94% approve of providing young people with information about birth control. -99% approve of providing information about STIs -96% believe sex education should include discussion of healthy relationships -79% believe sexual orientation should be discussed -96% believe students should be taught about puberty 5. CHALLENGE OF WHY GOVERNMENT DOESNT JUST IMPLEMENT COMPREHENSIVE SEX EDUCATION REGARDLESS OF OPPOSERS: EACH STATE IS RESPONSIBLE FOR EDUCATION CURRICULUM + VARIATION BY COUNTIES//LOCAL SCHOOL DISTRICTS* a. HOWEVER, FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OFTEN INLFUENCES CURRUCULUM BASED ON BUDGET ALLOCATIONS* =DEPENDING ON GOVT IN POWER, FUNDING MAY BE DRIVEN BY IDEOLOGY RATHER THAN PUBLIC HEALTH OUTCOMES 6. WHEN WE FAIL TO EDUCATE YOUTH, THEYRE LEFT WITHOUT TOOLS TO PROPERLY UNDERSTAND AND INTERPRET MESSAGES ABOUT SEX* -IE: UNPRECEDENTED ACCESS TO PORN/OTHER FORMS OF EROTICA = CONCERN FOR YOUTH TO BELIEVE INTERACTIONS ARE REFLECTIVE OF REAL-LIFE SCENARIOS 7. MOST COMPREHENSIVE SEX ED CURRICULUMS ARE DISCUSSED IN AN AGE-APPROPRIATE MANNER!!!!! -IE: GENDER STEREOTYPES MAY BE DEPICTED AS FEMALE FIREFIGHTER 8. US HAS ONE OF HIGHEST TEEN PREGNANCY RATES IN WORLD, GIVEN INADEQUACY OF OUR SEX EDUCATION 9. HIGH QUALITY SEX ED = ESSENTIAL TOOL IN FIGHT TO END DISCRIMINATION, BULLYING, AND VIOLENCE THAT GENDER AND SEXUAL MINORITIES FACE -IE: 59.1% OF LGBTQ STUDENTS REPORT FEELING UNSAFE AT SCHOOL -IE: LGBTQ PEOPLE ARE THE MOST LIKELY TARGETS OF HATE CRIMES ACCORDING TO FBI 10. SEXUAL ASSAULT = MUST ALSO BE ADDRESSED THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE SEXUAL EDUCATION =RATE REMAINS HIGH ON COLLEGE CAMPUSES -IE: > 1/4 FEMALE STUDENTS REPORT EXPERIENCING SEXUAL ASSAULT IN COLLEGE 11. DIVORCE RATE IN US a. COULD COUNTRY'S QUALITY IN SEX ED BE PARTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR FACT THAT 50% OF MARRIAGES END IN DIVORCE?? (MANY FACTORS CONTRIBUTE) (EXPECTATIONS FOR MARRIAGE = HIGHER THAN EVER) b. REFER TO "SEX EDUCATION IN AMERICA: A BRIEF HISTORY" VIDEO =SEX ED MORE PROGRESSIVE IN HISTORY THAN TODAY =TODAY = NOT ALL STATES REQUIRE IT, ONLY SOME STATES REQUIRE IT TO BE ACCURATE -FIRST SEX ED CURRICULUM: SEX HYGIENE CLASSES (INTRODUCED IN 1913 BY ELLA FLAGYOUNG (AKA FIRST FEMALE SUPERINTENDINT), PROGRAM ENDED INITIALLY, US ARMY SUFFERING FROM STIs /VENEREAL DISEASE (VD) CALLED FOR NEED FOR SEX ED), PENICILLAN CAME ABOUT, CALLED FOR BEGINNING OF SEXUAL REVOLUTION 1970S SHOWED MOST EXPLICIT FILMS ABOUT SEX ED, PARENTS PROTESTED IT 1981: REAGAN ADMINISTRATION LAUNCHED ADOLESCENT FAMILY LIFE ACT WHICH PUT A TON OF FUNDING FOR ABSTINENCE =RESEARCH SHOWS ABSTINENCE ONLY PROGRAMS DIDNT WORK =TEENS WHO RECEIVED COMPREHENSIVE SEX ED WERE 60% LESS LIKELY TO GET PREGNANY VS THOSE WHO RECEIVED ABSTINENCE-ONLY EDUCATION -2010: OBAMA CUT ABSTINENCE-ONLY PROGRAMS BY 2/3 then first time ever, govt began funding comprehensive sex ed =TODAY: BOTH ABSTINENCE-ONLY AND MORE COMPREHENSIVE SEX ED ARE EQUALLY FUNDED =BUT ONLY 18 STATES TEACH COMPREHENSIVE

THE DIVERSITY OF SEXUALITY ACROSS CULTURES: MARIND-ANIM (SOUTHERN NEW GUINEA)

•MARIND-ANIM (SOUTHERN NEW GUINEA) =RESIDE IN VILLAGES ORGANIZED IN TERRITORIAL GROUPS BY CLANS. 1. ARE GENDER SEGREGATED, PATRILOCAL, MULTIGENERATIONAL A. GENDER-SEGREGATION =WOMEN'S HOUSES SHELTER MARRIED WOMEN, UNMARRIED GIRLS OF ALL AGES AND BOYS UNDER THE AGE OF 6. =MEN'S HOUSES SHELTER MARRIED MEN AND UNMARRIED BOYS OVER THE AGE OF 6. =It is strictly forbidden for unmarried persons to enter the communal dwelling of the other gender. B. PATRILOCAL: PATTERN OF MARRIAGE IN WHICH THE COUPLE SETTLES IN THE HUSBAND'S HOME OR COMMUNITY. =Although spouses are occasionally permitted to visit each other's houses, they never sleep together there. C. MULTIGENERATIONAL: 2. GOTADS = FEMALE-FREE ZONES WHERE POST-PUBESCENT BOYS HANGOUT DURING DAY (OUTSIDE OF MENS HOUSES) AKA "female-free" house located outside the village, where post-pubescent boys are strictly gender segregated during the day -MARRIED MEN: VISIT OFTEN TO SOCIALIZE AWAY FROM WIVES -UNMARRIED, POST-PUBESCENT BOYS: RESTRICTED TO GOTAD + NOT ALLOWED TO HAVE SOCIAL CONTACT W FEMALES DURING DAY OR NIGHT 3. MATERNITY HUTS = USED FOR CONFINEMENT OF PREGNANT/POSTPARTUM WOMEN =STRICT GENDER ROLES REQUIRE MEN AND WOMEN TO SOCIALIZE IN SPACES BETWEEN EACH OF THEIR RESPECTIVE HOUSES 4 MALE SEXUAL MENTORSHIP = WHILE LIVING IN THE GOTAD, A POST-PUBESCENT BOY IS ASSIGNED A MALE MENTOR, FOR WHOM HE COMPLETES CHORES IN EXCHANGE FOR EDUCATION =BOY & MALE MENTOR RELATIONSHIP INCLUDES SEXUAL BEHAVIOR!!!!!! (IE: MUTUAL MASTURBATION, ANAL INTERCOURSE) ((((VIEW IT AS IMPORTANT PART OF RELATIONSHIP >> STOPS WHEN BOY GETS MARRIED)))) -BINAHORWAH: IMPORTANT RITUAL THAT INCLUDES SEMEN INFUSION OF BOY BY HIS MALE MENTOR, WHICH SIGNIFIES ENTRANCE INTO MANHOOD 5. MARITAL INTERCOURSE RITUAL (OTIV-BOMBARI) = REFERS TO WHEN NEW BRIDE ENGAGES IN SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH ALL ADULT MALE MEMBERS OF THE HUSBANDS FAMILY (INCLUDING THE HUSBAND)!!!!! RITUAL IS USUALLY REPEATED AFTER OTHER CEREMONIAL EVENTS, INCLUDING CONCLUSION OF CHILDBIRTH & POSTPARTUM CONFINEMENT ---------------------------------------------- PRACTICE QUESTIONS Which of the following is true regarding marital couples in the Marind Anim culture? a Married females and males live together in the same house. b Once married, couples are only allowed to have sex away from the village. c Once married, couples may enjoy sex in the women's or men's houses. d During postpartum and pregnancy, the female lives in the women's house and is delivered food by her family and husband.