psych 211 6-8 quiz review

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is: a. encoding. b. transfer-appropriate processing. c. state-dependent learning. d. memory consolidation.

a. encoding

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. All of these are correct b. Declarative c. Implicit d. Explicit

c. Implicit

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. b. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. c. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. d. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

d. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories: a. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. b. occur for details but not for entire events. c. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. d. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

d. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Encoding specificity b. Amnesia c. Cued-recall d. Consolidation

d. consolidation

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to: a. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. b. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. c. lead to effective autobiographical memories. d. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference.

a. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory. a. source misattributions b. encoding specificity c. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names d. schemas

a. source misattributions

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. b. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. c. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. d. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances.

b. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates: a. a partial-report procedure. b. a build-up and release of proactive interference. c. the phonological similarity effect. d. the cocktail party phenomenon.

b. a build-up and release of proactive interference.

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on: a. source misattributions. b. cultural expectations. c. narrative rehearsal. d. shallow processing.

b. cultural expectations.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information: a. if they believe the post-event information is correct. b. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information. c. if the misleading post-event information is consistent with social stereotypes. d. only if the misleading post-event information is presented immediately after viewing the event.

b. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. making up questions about the material b. highlighting c. organization d. feedback

b. highlighting

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me. b. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. c. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. d. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer.

b. i remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

According to the levels of processing view, rehearsal ... a. is only important for shallow levels of processing. b. is not as important as the level of processing. c. is only important for deeper levels of processing. d. is more important than the level of processing

b. is not as important as the level of processing.

The primacy effect is attributed to: a. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. b. recall of information stored in long-term memory. c. recall of information still active in short-term memory. d. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

b. recall of information stored in long-term memory.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is: a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. c. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

b. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves: a. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. b. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. d. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall.

b. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of a. one week. b. one hour. c. 24 hours. d. one month.

c. 24 hours.

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Marrying at age 60 b. Retiring from work at age 40 c. Graduating from college at age 22 d. Having a child at age 45

c. Graduating from college at age 22

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to: a. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. b. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them. present the list more slowly. c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing d. the last word of the list.

c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing d. the last word of the list.

According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that: a. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. b. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. c. it involves mental time travel. d. it involves both explicit and implicit memories.

c. it involves mental time travel

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. imagery b. reconsolidation c. organizational context d. implicit memory

c. organizational context

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by: a. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms. b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c. repeating it over and over. d. using it in a sentence.

c. repeating it over and over

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen a. script. b. scan technique. c. schema. d. source memory.

c. schema

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that: a. a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. b. impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. c. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired. d. long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired.

c. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true: a. only when we are aware we've seen them before. b. only when we agree with them. c. simply because we have been exposed to them before. d. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

c. simply because we have been exposed to them before.

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. synaptic consolidation b. deep processing c. the hippocampus d. vitamin B1

c. the hippocampus

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented: a. before the event. b. all of the above c. during the event. d. after the event.

d. after the event.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos: a. the person has seen before. b. of familiar places. c. the person has never seen before. d. the person took himself or herself.

d. the person took himself or herself.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. b. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. c. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. d. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

d. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.