Psych 21A Ch. 5 Review Questions

Chuck is part of the "jock" crowd at his school. Greg is part of the "toughs." Which adolescent probably has high self-esteem?

Chuck

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction.

Cliques; crowds

A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to gather in crowds. This is an example of which adolescent transition? A. biological B. cognitive C. social D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove, such as drinking, smoking, and having risky sex? A. Unfortunately, these behaviors are typically associated with being popular. B. Unfortunately, adolescents are unwilling (or unable) to resist peer influence. C. Neither A nor B is true. D. Both A and B are true.

D. Both A and B are true.

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except: A. liaisons. B. isolates. C. clique members. D. clique avoiders.

D. clique avoiders.

Which adolescent would be expected to spend the most amount of time with his parents

Sanjay, who lives in India

Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"?

James Coleman

Which adolescent is most likely to be rejected as a result of aggressive behavior

Robert, who is highly relationally aggressive

Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and they all watch a tape of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together, but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled:

a crowd

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar

baby boom

Understanding social relations that lead adolescents to gather in crowds is an example of which form of transition that occurs during adolescence?

cognitive

According to the textbook, most teenagers feel that their friends are likely to pressure them to

drink alcohol

Research studying adolescent friendship networks has found all of the following, except

more than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents

more; than

Which of the following statements regarding internet harassment is false?

most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously

In a particular tribe, relatives of the chief are allowed to choose their own mates, whereas others must abide by arranged marriages. This is an example of a:

particularistic norm

Similarity in ________ is most likely to serve as a basis for cross-ethnic group friendships

patterns of substance use

Hostile attributional bias:

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents

Tony belongs to a peer culture called "the toughs." We would expect that Tony is

possibly a gang member.

All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except:

taking piano lessons

Contemporary societies are more ________, whereas societies from the past were more ________

universalistic; particularistic

In societies in which norms are particularistic versus universalistic, age grouping of adolescents is ________ for the particularistic normed societies and ________ for the universalistic normed societies.

A) not effective; effective

Chuck is a member of a higher status crowd at his school. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true? A. Chuck likely has high self-esteem. B. Chuck likely feels a lot of pressure to be "cool." C. Chuck likely holds quite a few misconceptions about his peers. D. Chuck likely has a diffused identity status.

A. Chuck likely has high self-esteem.

Which of the following statements about cliques is false? A. Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior. B. Cliques are typically composed of adolescents from the same socioeconomic background. C. Cliques are typically composed of friends with similar interests and attitudes. D. Cliques rarely have members who differ in age

A. Cliques are typically more emotionally salient for adolescents involved in antisocial behavior.

Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which of the following statements refutes this belief? A. Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades. B. Contemporary adolescents spend more time in peer groups than adolescents did in past eras. C. Today's adolescents are more susceptible to the influence of their friends than adolescents were in past eras. D. Peers indeed have a universally bad influence on each other.

A. Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers? A. Maya, a White female B. Rosalia, a Hispanic-American female C. Hillary, a Black female D. Mike, an Asian-American male

A. Maya, a White female

The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by: A. a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills. B. a combination of bad karma and well-developed social skills. C. a combination of delinquent behaviors and extreme shyness in social situations. D. a combination of being female and plotting an aggressive response in advance.

A. a combination of aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills.

Pepler, Jiang, Craig, and Connolly (2008) studied a sample of 10- to 17-year-old Toronto youths and found that: A. about 40 percent of adolescents have never bullied anyone. B. nearly all adolescents surveyed had engaged in bullying of some form. C. a correlation exists between bully victimization and drug abuse. D. victims of harassment are less likely to engage in bullying of others.

A. about 40 percent of adolescents have never bullied anyone.

In contrast to crowds, cliques: A. are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions. B. help adolescents locate themselves within the social structure of their school. C. channel adolescents into associations with some peers and away from others. D. provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others.

A. are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions

"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of: A. crowds. B. cliques. C. youth cultures. D. gangs.

A. crowds.

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except: A. differential abilities in athletics. B. socioeconomic influences. C. differential levels of academic achievement. D. attitudes toward other races.

A. differential abilities in athletics.

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd? A. one-sixth B. one-half C. two-thirds D. one-third

A. one-sixth

40. Karen, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cheryl for spilling juice on Karen's shirt. Karen spread a rumor that Cheryl had gossiped about her friends. Karen is using _____ to express her aggression toward Cheryl. A. relational aggression B. hostile attributional bias C. aggressive-withdrawal D. bullying

A. relational aggression

. In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common. A. same sex; opposite sex B. same sex; same sex C. opposite sex; same sex D. opposite sex; opposite sex

A. same sex; opposite sex

Tommy values education and works hard in school but also enjoys hanging out with his friends on the weekend. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to? A. "nerds" B. "populars" C. "partyers" D. "toughs"

B. "populars"

Some researchers have tried to teach adolescents to use nonviolent forms of conflict resolution. Are these programs effective? A. Yes, these programs are typically very successful. B. No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak. C. The textbook indicates that these programs have produced conflicting findings. D. Yes, but only in urban neighborhoods with a high proportion of Black adolescents

B. No, such nonviolent behaviors can make adolescents appear weak.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called: A. a crowd. B. a clique. C. a reference group. D. a youth culture

B. a clique.

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what? A. a generation X B. a cohort C. an age-graded society D. a census group

B. a cohort

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called: A. a clique. B. a reference group. C. a crowd. D. a youth culture.

B. a reference group.

Felicia has a problematic relationship with her parents. All of the following negative effects are likely to occur for Felicia, except: A. development of an antisocial disposition. B. active school involvement. C. school failure. D. rejection by classmates.

B. active school involvement.

Adolescent peer groups fall along two dimensions: A. intelligence level; sociability B. adult orientation; peer orientation C. maturity; identity D. demandingness; responsiveness

B. adult orientation; peer orientation

A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of friends who were engaged in school, achieved decent grates, and neither abstained from nor abused alcohol? A. disengaged B. engaged C. high functioning D. maladjusted

B. engaged

Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations. Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became irate at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of: A. relational aggression. B. hostile attributional bias. C. aggressive-withdrawal. D. bullying.

B. hostile attributional bias.

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure: A. peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood. B. peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. C. shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood. D. shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood.

B. peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood.

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to: A. intimacy. B. responsibility. C. social interactions. D. leisure.

B. responsibility.

Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by? A. age-grading B. sex segregation C. cliques D. the baby boom

B. sex segregation

During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as: A. brother-sister avoidance. B. sex segregation. C. youth culture. D. sex grading.

B. sex segregation / sex cleavage?

According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capitol who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity. A. sociometric; perceived B. perceived; sociometric C. status popularity; opposite-sex D. adult oriented; peer-oriented

B. sociometric; perceived

What is the most effective way to respond to a bully? A. to fight back B. to do nothing/to walk away C. to get help from an adult D. to use a variety of strategies

B. to do nothing/to walk away

Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of:

Both a and b Selection Socialization

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave? A. "nerds" B. "populars" C. "druggies" D. "normals"

C. "druggies"

What generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence? A. Girls are more susceptible to the influences of their peers than boys. B. Peers are more likely to encourage adolescents to behave in ways that adults disapprove than to encourage each other to engage in activities that adults approve, such as school. C. It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences. D. The majority of peers encourage each other to value academic achievement.

C. It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called A. mainstreaming. B. tracking. C. age grading. D. reference grouping

C. age grading

Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection? A. an aggressive child B. a withdrawn child C. an aggressive-withdrawn child D. a reclusive child

C. an aggressive-withdrawn child

By the end of high school, crowds: A. have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life. B. increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity. C. become less important to adolescents. D. peak in their importance to adolescents

C. become less important to adolescents.

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________. A. crowd; crowd B. crowd; clique C. clique; crowd D. clique; clique

C. clique; crowd

Online harassment is ________ in-person harassment. A. as common as B. more common than C. less common than D. not as likely to have negative effects on victims' emotional well-being as

C. less common than

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. middle adolescence. D. late adolescence.

C. middle adolescence

According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems, except: A. low self-esteem. B. academic difficulties. C. parent-child conflict. D. depression.

C. parent-child conflict.

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as: A. friends. B. buddies. C. peers. D. chums.

C. peers.

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents: A. showed high rates of drug and alcohol abuse. B. reported frequent periods of loneliness. C. placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success. D. spent more time with their parents than with their peers.

C. placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to: A. decrease. B. increase. C. remain constant. D. unable to predict.

C. remain constant

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times. A. are more susceptible to the influences of their peers B. are at higher risk for problem behaviors because of peer influence C. spend more time in peer groups D. report more positive experiences from their involvement in peer groups

C. spend more time in peer groups

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques? A. explaining to adolescents that they need to develop a thicker psychological skin in order to make friends B. having adolescents wait patiently until another person engages them in conversation C. teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques D. teaching joke-telling skills to improve their likeability among other adolescents

C. teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except: A. gang members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members B. gangs are usually identified by name and common symbols C. gang members tend to be more isolated from their families D. gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

D. gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members.

All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except: A. aggressive. B. withdrawn. C. aggressive-withdrawn. D. offensive-reclusive.

D. offensive-reclusive.

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except: A. cliques are formed on the basis of shared activities and interests. B. adolescents' increasing concerns about sex roles. C. adolescents' concerns about being ostracized by their friends for engaging in cross-sex activities. D. parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

D. parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

Dr. Whitney wanted to study the structure of adolescents' peer groups. She pretended to be a newcomer to the community and attended the local high school. She met a group of students and eventually joined their group. This type of observation is called: A. naturalistic observation. B. an ethnographic approach. C. a demographic approach. D. participant observation

D. participant observation.

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called: A. the Woodstock generation. B. the dead poet's society. C. the lost boys. D. the youth culture

D. the youth culture

Eric, a 4th grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities

Little League baseball

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships?

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except:

a decrease in the size of their peer groups

A separate youth culture is said to promote all of the following, except

academics.

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except

adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies?

adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying.

The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies

all of the above.

Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is studying:

crowds

Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn and reclusive. Esther is most likely to be at risk for:

diminished social competence

All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except:

decrease in family values

In terms of time spent with peers, recent research has categorized adolescents into four different groups based on their social self-perceptions. Of these four groups, which two spend the most time with peers?

desperate and confident adolescents

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school

had opportunities to shift status in high school.

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood.

A reason stated in the text to explain why today's youth do not place the same value on education as their parents is that American adolescents

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults

As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except

he wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school.

higher

Shaquille is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in:

his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults.

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way?

identity development

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as __________.

instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

A(an) _____is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique

isolate; liaison

Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools

jocks

Professor McGonagall has been watching the students at Hogwarts for several years as they move through adolescence. Which groups are most likely to exhibit favorable patterns of achievement over time?

jocks and brains

All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except

larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called

participant observation

Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad. She is very socially adept, and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as an example of what?

relational aggression

Marilyn, a typical high school freshman, has been asked to list the people in her life who are most important to her. Nearly half the list consists of:

same-age peers

Jordan is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. What has Jordan's social life been influenced by

sex cleavage

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups?

sex cleavage

According to Hollingshead, adolescents associate with peers based chiefly on:

social class

The chief determinant of popularity in high school is:

social competence.

The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning:

the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased

Age segregation in schools is the most efficient way to educate children in societies that are

universalistic

In the United States, all citizens over the age of 18 are allowed to vote. This is an example of

universalistic norm