Psych 232 Chapter 6 and 7 Study Guide

shame

A feeling of being personally humiliated.

parenting style

In Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centeredness) and discipline (or structure and rules).

authoritarian parents

In the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness, stressing unquestioning obedience.

rejecting neglecting parents

In the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love.

hostile attribution bias

The tendency of highly aggressive children to see motives and actions as threatening when they are actually benign.

corporal punishment

The use of physical force to discipline a child.

reactive aggression

-A hostile or destructive act carried out in response to being frustrated or hurt.

proactive aggression

-A hostile or destructive act initiated to achieve a goal.

externalizing tendencies

-A personality style that involves acting on one's immediate impulses and behaving disruptively and aggressively. -May ignore real problems and have unrealistically high self-esteem. -Continue to fail because they don't see the need to improve.

sympathy

-A state necessary for acting prosocially, involving feeling upset for a person who needs help. -more muted feeling that we experience for another human being. You feel terrible for your co-worker, but don't feel her intense distress. Your heart went out to the people who were trapped in the Twin Towers that day. Rather than empathy, developmentalists argue, sympathy is related to behaving in a prosocial way

aggression

-Any hostile or destructive act. -physical aggression reaches life peak at about 2 and a half -During this critical age for socialization, children are vigorously being disciplined but don't have the capacity to inhibit their responses. Imagine being a toddler continually ordered by giants to do impossible things, such as sharing and sitting still. Being frustrated provokes aggression

collaborative pretend play

-Fantasy play in which children work together to develop and act out the scenes. - about age 3, children transfer the skill of pretending with mothers to peers -fantasizing together with another child, really gets going at about age 4 -Because they must work together to develop the scene, collaboratively pretending shows that preschoolers have a theory of mind—the knowledge that the other person has a different perspective. (You need to understand that your fellow playwright has a different script in his head.) -Collaboratively pretending, in turn, helps teach young children the skill of making sense of different minds

empathy

-Feeling the exact emotion that another person is experiencing.

producing prosocial children

-Hold off and give the child opportunities to experience the joy of spontaneously sharing. -Avoid giving treats or special privileges to reward prosocial acts. Instead, praise the child effusively when she is being prosocial, and label her as a caring child. -When the child has hurt another person, use induction: Clearly point out the moral issue, and alert him to how the other person must feel. -Avoid teasing and shaming. When the child has done something wrong, tell her you are disappointed and give her a chance to make amends. -Don't think that you have fulfilled your responsibility to teach prosocial behavior by having a child participate in school or church drives to help the unfortunate. Morality isn't magically learned on Sunday. Model caring by having a loving, cooperative marriage, being sensitive to your child's feelings, and performing random acts of kindness in your daily life.

permissive parents

-In the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little discipline.

authoritative parents

-In the parenting-styles framework, the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules. -Although authoritative parents believe in structure, they understand that rules don't take precedence over human needs.

gender segregated play

-Play in which boys and girls associate only with members of their own sex—typical of childhood.

prosocial behavior

-Sharing, helping, and caring actions. -term developmentalists use to describe such amazing acts of self-sacrifice, as well as the minor acts of helping, comforting, and sharing that we perform during daily life. Do we need to be taught to open a door when we see someone struggling with a package, to hug a distressed friend, or to reach out to include a shy kid who wants to play in our elementary school group?

cyberbullying

-Systematic harassment conducted through electronic media. -Aggressive behavior repeatedly carried out via electronic media is potentially more toxic than traditional bullying in several ways: Broadcasting demeaning comments on Facebook ensures a large, amorphous audience that multiplies the victim's distress. Sending a text anonymously can be scarier than confronting the person face to face

induction

-The ideal discipline style for socializing prosocial behavior, involving getting a child who has behaved hurtfully to empathize with the pain he has caused the other person. -Now, imagine that classic situation when your 8-year-old daughter has invited everyone in class but Sara to her birthday party. Instead of punishing your child—or giving that other classic response, "Kids will be kids"—here's what you should say: "It's hurtful to leave Sara out. Think of how terrible she must feel!"

self esteem domains

-harter -scholastic competence (academic talents); behavioral conduct (obedience or being "good"); athletic skills (performance at sports); peer likeability (popularity); and physical appearance (looks)

emotional regulation

-the term developmentalists use for the skills involved in managing our feelings so that they don't get in the way of a productive life. -The capacity to manage one's emotional state.

relational aggression

A hostile or destructive act designed to cause harm to a person's relationships.

internalizing tendencies

A personality style that involves intense fear, social inhibition, and often depression. -hang back in social situations. They are timid and self-conscious, frightened and depressed. -Can read failure into everything and have overly low self-esteem. -Continue to fail because they decide that they cannot succeed and stop working.

bullying

A situation in which one or more children (or adults) harass or target a specific child for systematic abuse.

learned helplessness

A state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events, and so gives up without trying.

acculturation

Among immigrants, the tendency to become similar in attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.

child maltreatment

Any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being.

resilient children

Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives.

initiative vs guilt

Erik Erikson's term for the preschool psychosocial task involving actively taking on life tasks. -Children's mission at this age, he believed, is to courageously test their abilities in the wider world. From risking racing your tricycle in the street to scaling the school monkey bars, our challenge in early childhood is taking the initiative to confront life.

industry vs inferiority

Erik Erikson's term for the psychosocial task of middle childhood involving managing our emotions and realizing that real-world success involves hard work. -middle childhood (6-12) -the need to manage our emotions and work for what we want to achieve (industry). Now we know that we are not just wonderful, and are vulnerable to low self-esteem—or inferiority—having the painful sense that we don't measure up

self esteem

Evaluating oneself as either "good" or "bad" as a result of comparing the self to other people. -first becomes a major issue in elementary school

bully victims

Exceptionally aggressive children (with externalizing disorders) who repeatedly bully and get victimized.

gender schema theory

Explanation for gender-stereotyped behavior that emphasizes the role of cognitions; specifically, the idea that once children know their own gender label (girl or boy), they selectively watch and model their own sex.

guilt

Feeling upset about having caused harm to a person or about having violated one's internal standard of behavior.

fantasy play

Play that involves making up and acting out a scenario; also called pretend play. -emerges in toddlerhood, as children realize that a symbol can stand for something else. -In a classic study, developmentalists watched 1-year-olds with their mothers at home. Although toddlers often initiated a fantasy episode, they needed a parent to expand on the scene

rough and tumble play

Play that involves shoving, wrestling, and hitting, but in which no actual harm is intended; especially characteristic of boys.

altruism

Prosocial behaviors performed for selfless, non-egocentric reasons

self awareness

The ability to observe our abilities and actions from an outside frame of reference and to reflect on our inner state.

parental alienation

The practice among divorced parents of badmouthing a former spouse, with the goal of turning a child against that person.

sexual abuse

covers the spectrum from rape and incest to fondling and exhibitionistic acts.

physical abuse

refers to bodily injury that leaves bruises. It encompasses everything from overzealous spanking to battering that may lead to a child's death.

neglect

refers to caregivers' failure to provide adequate supervision and care. It might mean abandoning the child, not providing sufficient food, or failing to enroll a son or daughter in school

emotional abuse

refers to continual shaming or terrorizing or exploiting a child.