psych 250 exam 2 knowledge checks

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Which of the following indicates a more advanced level of self-awareness? a decrease in brain activity when looking at photos of self the ability to identify with the concerns of others more complex emotions difficulty with mirror recognition

- the ability to identify with the concerns of others - more complex emotions

What ages are included in the stage known as middle childhood? 3-8 years old 9-11 years old infancy to 2 years old 12-18 years old

9-11 years old

What is the cultural impact on the performance of conservation tasks? Not all cultures demonstrate concrete operational reasoning. Conservation tasks are the same from one culture to the next. Conservation tasks are performed better in Western cultures. A child can better master conservation when looking at culturally familiar objects.

A child can better master conservation when looking at culturally familiar objects.

Which of the following is true about adolescence and nutrition? Adolescents eat more nutritiously if they eat family meals. Adolescents are more active than inactive. Adolescents do not need to worry about fat intake. Adolescents are more likely to eat well during this time.

Adolescents eat more nutritiously if they eat family meals.

When does childhood mortality decline? After 16 years old After 13 years old After 7 years old After 3 years old

After 3 years old

Which of the following is an accurate statement about attachment? Attachment is developed by meeting an infant's food and safety needs. Attachment is not a necessary component of infant survival. Attachment is a learned behavior. Attachment is an innate drive that humans are born with.

Attachment is an innate drive that humans are born with.

Which statement is true regarding sexual abuse in childhood? Predators are hard to track because they are strangers that strike randomly. Child abuse is often not reported. It occurs most often in adolescence. Boys are more likely to report abuse than girls.

Child abuse is often not reported.

How do children tend to react to losing a close friend in middle childhood? If parents spend time with them the negative effects of losing a friend can be mitigated. They lose confidence and cannot trust new friends. If they have a new friend to replace the old one, they will adjust well. They tend to grieve for a period of time and withdraw from friends.

If they have a new friend to replace the old one, they will adjust well.

Which of the following is characteristic of Phase 3--Attachments? Infants engage in social referencing as they interact with caregivers. Infants cry to let people know they need something. Infants begin to identify and attach to specific people who care for them. Infants are able to discriminate between adults when they interact with them.

Infants begin to identify and attach to specific people who care for them.

How does Hall view the alleged storm and stress temperament of adolescents? It is an abnormality that needs to be managed. He proposed that peers are responsible for the volatile behavior. He proposed that parents are responsible for the volatile behavior. It is a normal part of development

It is a normal part of development.

Which is a characteristic of plasticity in childhood? It is more adaptive in childhood. It is the lowest when neurons are formed. It is a buffer to permanent injuries. It is underdeveloped until adulthood.

It is more adaptive in childhood.

Which of the following is a characteristic of school refusal? It is only a problem for young children. It is a form of manipulation to get out of school. It is often characterized by a fear of failure. It is a general fear with no specific problem in school.

It is often characterized by a fear of failure.

How does obesity impact pubertal development? It makes girls early and boys late. It speeds up pubertal development in both sexes. It makes boys early and girls late. It slows pubertal development in both sexes

It speeds up pubertal development in both sexes.

Which of the following is true about the impact parents have on development of self-esteem? Parents who are more encouraging foster higher self-esteem. The way parents exhibit industry is associated with higher self-esteem. Parental achievement directly impacts child self-esteem. When parents present the children with high expectations, they maintain high self-esteem.

Parents who are more encouraging foster higher self-esteem.

During which phase would infants begin to look at the reactions of others for cues about how they should react? Phase 4--Reciprocal Relationships Phase 2--Early Attachments Phase 1--Preattachment Phase 3--Attachments

Phase 4--Reciprocal Relationships

______ is behavior that is a response to external pressure. Preconventional reasoning Egocentrism Metacognition Heteronomous morality

Preconventional reasoning

Which of the following is true about moodiness and adolescents? Hormonal influences on erratic behavior occur in late adolescence. Puberty is not clearly the source of adolescent moodiness. Adolescents experience fewer mood shifts than adults. Adolescence is a time of unexpected intense shifts in emotion.

Puberty is not clearly the source of adolescent moodiness.

A child is in the initiative versus guilt stage of development. According to Erikson, what should a parent expect during this stage? Their child will experience either doubt or autonomy. Their child will increase interactions and play with other children. Their child will show either a positive or an avoidant attachment. Their child will try to determine his or her identity and role in life.

Their child will increase interactions and play with other children.

Stranger wariness is influenced by the mother's anxiety level T/F

True

Which statement describes the start of a successful bullying intervention? Victims of bullying are not responsible for the bullying. Victimized children are asked to change behaviors. It is a problem that children need to work out among themselves. Perpetrators of bullying do not need help.

Victims of bullying are not responsible for the bullying.

When are children more likely to report sexual abuse? When they take part in school education programs. When they have been threatened with physical harm. When they have mental health problems. When they have experienced bribery with gifts.

When they take part in school education programs.

Which of the following best describes the categorical self? a child differentiates pictures of himself from pictures of others a child's recognition that she is a separate individual from others a child's ability to focus on the actions of others a child describes herself through broad descriptors, such as "girl"

a child describes herself through broad descriptors, such as "girl"

What does the concept known as school refusal describe? a child who is bored with school a child who is distressed about things happening at school a child who does not care about school a child who skips school to do drugs

a child who is distressed about things happening at school

Who of the following would be considered a mandated reporter required to report suspected child maltreatment? a father who finds a bruise on his child a nurse who sees unexplained injuries on a child a stepparent who listens to children say their parent is too strict a neighbor who sees the father yelling at the kids often

a nurse who sees unexplained injuries on a child

Who is most often the perpetrator of child maltreatment? a parent an older sibling an unmarried partner of a parent a teacher

a parent

Which memory system is in effect when a child remembers a specific personal event, such as the birth of a sibling? semantic metacognition recognition autobiographical

autobiographical

Why is it challenging to assess the growth patterns of children in developing nations? because malnutrition is common in developing nations because developing nations are difficult to access due to natural disasters or war because growth is not usually charted for children in developing nations because developing nations lack adequate medical records

because malnutrition is common in developing nations

At about what age do children's drawings begin to depict actual objects? between ages 7 and 8 between ages 4 and 5 around age 3 around age 6

between ages 4 and 5

How would a child raised within a collectivist culture likely display prosocial behavior when giving out candy to a group of other children? by emphasizing how well they distributed the candy by distributing more candy to those they like and less to those they don't by distributing the candy equally so no one feels left out by emphasizing how well they cared for others by giving them candy

by distributing the candy equally so no one feels left out

An infant is not concerned when his mother leaves him and does not acknowledge her when she returns. Which type of attachment style is this infant exhibiting? secure attachment insecure avoidant attachment insecure resistant attachment insecure disorganized attachment

insecure avoidant attachment

When children use pretend play, it influences emotional development as they ______. learn to express their feelings respond to situations impulsively engage in aggressive behaviors hide their negative feelings

learn to express their feelings

What increases the likelihood of abuse discovery? lower SES on social services long-term blended family wealthy two-parent household single mother in long-term relationship

lower SES on social services

Industry versus inferiority is navigated successfully if a child ______. is able to determine their role in life feels superior to peers can work independently on tasks masters skills that society values

masters skills that society values

Which of the following occurs when a child uses hard work to overcome a failure? mastery orientation externalizing self-esteem fixed mindset learned helplessness

mastery orientation

Which term describes thought about thought? metacognition false belief attention guided participation

metacognition

Which identity status signifies an openness to possibilities but with uncertainty? moratorium status identity diffusion status psychosocial moratorium status identity achievement status

moratorium status

Which of the following facilitates faster thinking in children? lateralization plasticity synaptic pruning myelination

myelination

Which describes a child using chunking or grouping as a memory strategy? metamemory organization rehearsal elaboration

organization

Which of the following is a risk factor for bullying? overconfidence aggression passivity extroversion

passivity

Male early onset of puberty often results in ______. reduced rates of risky activity lower self-esteem physical advantages increased body dissatisfaction

physical advantages

A strong positive sense of ethnic identity can reduce the effects of ______ on self-concept. ethnic socialization ideal self identity diffusion racial discrimination

racial discrimination

Social learning theory suggests that all behavior is developed through ______. reward and punishment listening and speaking reinforcement and modeling collaboration and thinking

reinforcement and modeling

Which type of bullying becomes more prevalent in middle childhood and increases throughout adolescence? peer acceptance relational aggression reactive aggression physical aggression

relational aggression

The sociocultural perspective proposes that learning ______. occurs as a result of motivation depends solely on intelligence develops through innate processes responds to cultural contexts

responds to cultural contexts

Which concept is central to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory? plasticity irreversibility scaffolding conservation

scaffolding

A 4-year-old boy describes himself as a baseball player with brown hair. He also proudly exclaims that he has a big truck and a pet fish. This child is expressing ______. emotional influences self-esteem self-concept contextual influences

self-concept

What is known as externalizing self-esteem? self-concept based on talents self-concept assigned at birth self-concept generated from within self-concept based on what others think of you

self-concept based on what others think of you

When a child places blocks in order from smallest to largest, he or she has mastered ______. seriation transitive inference class inclusion conservation

seriation

An infant falls and then looks for her father's reaction before deciding how she should react. This is an example of ______. a self-conscious emotion an emotional display rule emotion regulation social referencing

social referencing

Which of the following milestones describes a 6-month-old infant grinning each time he sees his father? emotional display rules social referencing emotional regulation social smile

social smile

How did Stanley Hall characterize the period of adolescence? identity versus role confusion egocentrism and imaginary audience storm and stress formal operational reasoning

storm and stress

Young children usually display high self-esteem because ______. they don't engage in social comparison yet they haven't identified their self-concept yet it is necessary component of play it is crucial to their emotional growth

they don't engage in social comparison yet

Which parenting style can be considered a form of child maltreatment at its extreme? authoritarian permissive authoritative uninvolved

uninvolved

Body mass is a measure of ______. weight and body proportions nutritional intake one's susceptibility to disease one's potential for developing a disability

weight and body proportions

Which concept describes a child who is very quiet and sits alone every day at lunch? aggressive-rejected relational aggression withdrawn-rejected peer acceptance

withdrawn-rejected

What occurs as an adolescent feels she is constantly the focus of attention? personal fable response inhibition imaginary audience attention

imaginary audience

According to Erikson, what indicates positive navigation of the initiative versus guilt stage? identity generativity independence trust

independence

Why are child maltreatment statistics unreliable? Most abuse occurs in a single instance rather than over time. Most children experience some form of abuse. Many child maltreatment cases remain undiscovered and unreported. The number of abuse cases is erroneously overestimated.

Many child maltreatment cases remain undiscovered and unreported.

Which aspect of cognitive-developmental theory describes the acknowledgement of rules as absolute and unchangeable? preconventional reasoning heteronomous morality modeled behavior private speech

heteronomous morality

What is the relationship between self-fulfilling prophecy and adolescent moodiness? Self-fulfilling prophecy influences expectations for adolescent behavior. Self-fulfilling prophecy explains why adolescents become moody. Self-fulfilling prophecy proposes that there are individual differences in how mood is expressed. Self-fulfilling prophecy creates more accurate descriptions of moodiness.

Self-fulfilling prophecy influences expectations for adolescent behavior.

______ is another term for instrumental assistance. Relational aggression Social comparison Tangible help Empathic behavior

Tangible help

How do boys and girls differ in body growth during middle childhood? The growth rate of girls goes through a slow period, while the growth rate of boys goes through a short spurt. The growth rate of girls goes through a short spurt, while the growth rate of boys slows down. The growth rate of girls slows down, while the growth rate of boys speeds up. The growth rate of boys is faster than the growth rate of girls.

The growth rate of girls goes through a short spurt, while the growth rate of boys slows down.

A child recognizes that the amount of cake batter used to make 24 cupcakes is the same as the amount used to make one big cake. This child has mastered ______. conservation seriation class inclusion transitive inference

conservation

Which task is mastered when a child identifies that a cup of juice has the same amount even though it has been poured into another container? appearance-reality distinction animism conservation egocentrism

conservation

When adolescents describe themselves based on what they would like to be, they are describing their ______. actual self ideal self self-esteem self-regulation

ideal self

Young children fail appearance-reality tasks because they are incapable of ______. preoperational reasoning centration dual encoding irreversibility

dual encoding

Episodic memory includes information obtained ______. while learning during events during conflict while socializing

during events

Which of the following is taking place when a child comforts another because they understand what the other child is experiencing? self-concept self-regulation empathy social comparison

empathy

Release of increasing levels of ______ is responsible for triggering puberty in females. menarche estrogen testosterone spermarche

estrogen

Self-control can be measured using the "rouge test." True False

false

During middle childhood, children begin to learn penmanship. This signifies the development of ______. fine motor skills reasoning skills cognitive skills gross motor skills

fine motor skills

Which term describes the ability to think abstractly, logically, and systematically? information processing hypothetical-deductive reasoning formal operational reasoning concrete operational reasoning

formal operational reasoning

Which of the following is a basic emotion? happiness embarrassment empathy guilt

happiness