psych 301 final exam

Watching the Olympics, you get concerned about inconsistency in the scores provided by the judges in the gymnastics competition. Which type of reliability are you concerned about

Inter-rater reliability

A strong relationship was found. Children with more positive relationships with their parents had higher academic performance than children with less positive relationships with their parents" from this information you know that the r in the study was closest to...

+.60

When you choose not to use random assignments, you threaten which of the following in your study?

Internal validity explanation notes; (because internal validity = causality) Random sampling helps generalize your sample for external validity; applying to a population

he changes the numbers and one of the names Dr king is conducting a 2 x 3 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 15 people in each cell, how many participants does dr gavin need to recruit 30 45 90 120

90

Reversal design

Adding the treatment, subtracting it, adding it again, taking it away again; to test that the treatment is working Ethics; is it okay to run these designs in situations where treatment is helping someone with a serious matter, or will have some sort of negative effect

In a study of the impact of cell phone usage on mental health in teenagers, what is the dependent variable DV

Cell phone usage

Which of the following matches the terms correctly? Independent variable - criterion variable Third variable - predictor variable Dependent variable - predictor variable Dependent variable - criterion variable

Dependent variable - criterion variable remember* IV goes with predictor variable DV goes with criterion variable

Which of the following topics would be especially well suited to a quasi experimental design Does therapy improve coping skills following exposure to a natural disaster Does watching violent movies cause increases in acceptability of aggression Does parent-training therapy lead to better parenting skills Do people diagnosed with mental illness have poorer social skills

Do people diagnosed with mental illness have poorer social skills

Two way interactions in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design

Evaluation the reactions (what happened when these three variables were examined). Was there texting yes or no effect on breaking onset time - ex. He will not ask us to interpret anything like this on a test, by maybe knowing a definition for worst case?

When done well, sampling enhances the ___ of your study by making your sample representative of the population from which it was drawn...

External validity

Manipulation check

If there is not a big between-group difference, one way to detect weak manipulations is to do a manipulation check -Class example of study experimenters showing participants something to gross them out as much as they can gross them out and asking them to rate how grossed out they are on a scale from 1-10. You would hope that there isnt a large variation of answers between all numbers, and that most are on the higher up scale so you have a strong finding

Henry Molaison (HM)

Henry Molaison (HM) - example of small N design Had really bad epilepsy and couldn't get treated, which happened when he ran in front of a kid on a bike and had his head hit

Using any 2 IV and 1 DV of your choosing, describe what a 2 X 3 factorial design might look like.

IV - food intake Measure - Eating vs not eating IV - water intake Absorbing x amount of water, x or x (whatever numbers) DV - exercise length Factorial design for this ^ =

Detecting interactions from a bar graph

If lines are crossing there is an interaction. If they are going the same exact direction and not crossing over they are not interacting. ( x shape on a line graph when detecting an interactions means there is an interaction)

Problem with small n studies

It is hard to demonstrate internal validity theses designs cannot; Cannot prove causal things Cannot prove external validity

Provide an example of a quasi-experimental design in psychology. How does this design differ from a true experiment?

It's different because a true experiment would use random assignment (quasi experiment does not use random assignment; you choose your groups) You have a measured variable, a manipulated variable, and a dependent variable Idk honestly... need to learn about what a quasi experiment design is

Factorial designs

Know that one slide with the 2X 3X information - its on the test and its easy points (chapter 12) Main effect = the overall effect *This will be a simple question on the test - simple not mind bending question

there are six potential validity threats name and describe two of them

Maturation History Regression Attrition Testing instrumentation chapter 11 (figure 11.1)

If a researcher is trying to uncover the mechanism through which two variables are related, she is curious about which of the following

Mediators -mediatiors = how does this X thing effect Y; and it is through a mechanism

We talked about three small n designs, chose two of them and explained.

Multiple-baseline designs Using multiple people for the study. (more than one person) In class uses the distance from dog example We see data for three different people over the same period of time. All three are getting a treatment individually, and are being measured a before and after on the design This type is able to make generalization

The final college football playoff (CFP) rankings represent which of the following scales of measurement?

Ordinal

The degree to which a good scientific theory provides the simplest explanation of some phenomenon is known as...

Parsimony Parsimony - in a way, it is like being stingy with something. Simplest explanation.

We talked about three small n designs, chose two of them and explained.

Reversal design A and B - A is when you put treatment, then b is when you take it out. Then A you put it back in and so on Reversal design = if the treatment is working, behavior should improve only when the treatment is applied = putting in and taking out the treatment again and again, to ensure the treatments effect Withdrawal of effective treatment raises ethical issues

Understand this; (type of short answer question) You just read a research article that found an interaction between caffeine intake and time of day. The dependent variable ein the study was the speed with which someone completes a math puzzle Describe the interaction between

Script for interaction. The effect on X (independent variable) depends on Y (the dependent variable, so in this case ....

We talked about three small n designs, chose two of them and explained.

Stable-baseline design Stable baseline data addresses threats to internal validity including maturation, regression to the mean and history effects Baseline = what was going on (for example, measuring the percentage of words recalled; baseline = that percentage from when study started) Expanded rehearsal = what happens after you've tried the new technique (for example, saying to snap before you try to remember words; expanded rehearsal shows the effect/what it looks like after you've applied the technique

Three way design= 2 X 2 X 2 factorial design

Taking a two by two design and copying that set up for a second and third variable Three main things to look at - in the example on slide the three main effects are cell phone vs not cell phone, driver age, and then it was turned into a three way design by adding in whether there was light or heavy traffic. The labels light traffic vs heavy traffic are added to the experiment in the slide picture (imagine they were not there before) thus turning it into a three way design/ a 2 by 2 by 2

Which of the following is an advantage of using quasi-experimental design The allow researchers to capitalize on random assignment They allow researchers to enhance external validity They allow researcher to disregard internal validity They are better suited to detect significant effect

They allow researchers to enhance external validity

One reason researchers use within-group designs is...

They require fewer participants

What is the primary purpose of an institutional review board (IRB)? *know this

To review a study's procedure to ensure that participants were treated equally

Small-N designs

a design in which researchers collect a large amount of data from a few participants (sometimes only one participant), instead of collecting a little data from each participant in a larger sample -studying only a few individuals

Quasi experiments

cool ways to get people into groups OTHER THAN random assignment Allows clinical, educational, etc psychologists to think like a researcher

Regression

means you got people into your study, and they scored really high or really low. When the mean is extreme at Time 1, it is less likely to be so extreme at Time 2. -In class test scoring example. Everyone scores either really high or low, not so much in the middle. He gives the exam again, and overall scores are closer to the mean now. -The scores come to the middle of the mean (hence "regression to the mean") the second time you run the study

You are studying the impact of sleep, life stress, and income on level of depression via a multiple-regression analysis Sleep life, stress and income are your —- variables

predictor variables

A waitlist design is helpful in dealing with which of the following threats to internal validity Maturation selection History Attrition

selection

true or false? It is the best way to obtain a representative sample

true