Psych 305 Exam 2 Part 1: Chapter 5

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the ____.

relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths

Color and brightness constancy are best explained by the ____ theory of color vision

retinex

. Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?

retinex theory

. Peripheral vision mainly depends upon

rods

. Horizontal cells receive their input from ____, and they send output to ____.

rods and cones; bipolar cells

In comparison to the rods, cones are more ____.

sensitive to detail

. The primary visual cortex is also known as the ____

striate cortex

The lateral geniculate nucleus is part of the ____.

thalamus

In the visual system, the ____ and ____ constantly feed information back and forth

thalamus; cortex

Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____.

the periphery; the fovea

. According to the Young-Helmholtz theory, what is the basis for color vision?

three kinds of cones

The primary visual cortex sends its information ____.

to area V2

. In vertebrate retinas, receptors send their messages ____.

to bipolar cells within the retina

Where does the optic nerve send most of its information?

to the lateral geniculate

The fact that all colors on older televisions were created by combining only three different colors of light supports the ____ theory of color vision.

trichromatic

At the level of rods and cones, the ____ theory seems to fit best, while at the level of the bipolar cells, the ____ theory seems to fit best.

trichromatic; opponent process

The ability of some women to detect slightly finer discriminations of color than other women is most likely due to having ____.

two types of long-wavelength cones

According to the law of specific nerve energies, the brain tells the difference between one sensory modality and another by ____.

which neurons are active

The most common form of color vision deficiency is due to ____.

. long- and medium-wavelength cones making the same photopigment

. Blindsight refers to ____.

. the ability to localize visual objects within an apparently blind visual field

. Which statement characterizes the fovea?

It has the greatest perception of detail

Why does the fovea provide the clearest, most detailed visual information?

It has tightly packed receptors.

Which statement is TRUE with regard to peripheral vision?

It is easier to recognize single objects in the periphery that are not surrounded by other objects.

. Why do humans perceive faint light better in the periphery of the eye?

More receptors in the periphery than in the fovea funnel input to each ganglion cell.

. ____ modify the ____ sensitivity to different wavelengths of light.

Opsins; photopigments

. ____ are chemicals that release energy when struck by light.

Photopigments

. Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have ____.

a greater rod to cone ratio

In the vertebrate retina, which cells are responsible for lateral inhibition?

a. horizontal cells

Being able to detect fine details of a color painting would depend most on which type of ganglion cells?

a. parvocellular

. Light from the right half of the world strikes which part of the retina?

a. the left half

. Light energy converts 11-cis-retinal to ____.

all-trans-retinal

Various types of ____ cells refine the input to ganglion cells, enabling them to respond specifically to shapes, movement, or other visual features

amacrine cells

. In comparison to cones, rods ____.

are more sensitive to dim light

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.

b. bipolar cells

. The law of specific nerve energies states that ____.

b. every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light

Parvocellular neurons most likely receive input from ____.

bipolar cells that receive input from cones

The name of the point at which the optic nerve leaves the retina is called the ____.

blind spot

. Light enters the eye through an opening in the center of the iris called the ____.

c. pupil

In what order does visual information pass through the retina?

c. receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Which receptors are responsible for the perception of color?

cones only

. According to the retinex theory, we perceive color by ____.

contrasting the activity in one area of the visual field with that of the others

Bipolar cells send their messages to ____, which are located close to the center of the eye

d. ganglion cells

In foveal vision, ____.

each ganglion cell is excited by a single cone

The optic nerve is composed of axons from which kind of cell?

ganglion cells

. The retinas of predatory birds such as hawks ____.

have a greater density of receptors than do humans on the top half of the retina

. Branches of the optic nerve go directly to what areas of the brain?

lateral geniculate and superior colliculus

The enhancement of contrast at the edge of an object is the result of ____.

lateral inhibition in the retina

Cutting the left optic nerve in front of the optic chiasm would result in blindness in the ____.

left eye

The ability to detect movement better than color in our peripheral vision is largely due to ____.

magnocellular neurons in the periphery

. Axons from the lateral geniculate extend to which area of the cerebral cortex?

occipital lobe

After you stare at a bright green object for a minute and look away, you see red. Which theory attempts to explain this finding?

opponent-process theory

Which theory of color vision is best able to explain negative color afterimages

opponent-process theory

The optic nerves from the right and left eye initially meet at the ____.

optic chiasm

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision ____.

our perception of color depends on the relative activity of three types of cones

The receptive field of a receptor is the ____.

point in space from which light strikes the receptor

Visual information from the lateral geniculate area goes to the ____.

primary visual cortex

Color constancy is the ability to ____.

recognize the color of an object despite changes in lighting

Difficulty distinguishing between ____ and ____ is the most common form of color vision deficiency.

red; green