Psych 3460
when it comes to basic, core values____________________
Diversity within the adolescent population is much more striking than are differences between the generations.
(Few/Many)______ adolescents move in and out of different foster home placements.
Many
In 16-year-old Kale's family, everyone is allowed to assert his or her own opinion. Kale is also encouraged to reflect on how his actions and words may affect others. Kale is likely to develop ______.
mature coping skills
By (early/late/middle)______________________ adolescence, teenagers act and are treated much more like adults.
middle
Alan, age 14, has grown up in persistent poverty. Compared to his peers, Alan is ______.
more likely to be exposed to violence
The _________ of the relationship between the adolescent's divorced parents, and not which one he or she lives with, is the key factor to adjustment following divorce.
nature
There is (substantial/no) ______ evidence that children or adolescents who grow up with lesbian or gay parents are psychologically different from those with straight parents.
no
One factor that makes a big difference in the adjustment of children in stepfamilies is the nature of the relationship they have with their (custodial/noncustodial) _______________ parent.
noncustodial
Which of the following families is LEAST likely to be cohesive?
Immigrant families with highly Americanized adolescents
Exposure to ______ may be worse for adolescents than the effects of ______.
marital conflict; divorce
Exposure to ______ may be worse for adolescents than the effects of ________.
marital conflict; divorce
True or false: Definitions of parental control are similar across different cultures.
false
Ethnic minority families are (more/less)______________ demanding than White parents.
more
Ethnic minority parents tend to be more demanding than White parents, even after taking ethnic differences and socioeconomic status into account. An example of this type of parent is a ______.
"Tiger Mother"
There are nearly ______ homeless children and adolescents in the United States.
1.3 million
About ______% of children who live with one parent live with their father.
15%
Among youths who have experienced parental divorce, the majority have adjusted to the change within ______ years.
2 Years
Nearly ______% of young people in foster care enter into their foster home as adolescents.
33%
In remarriages that last more than ______ years, the adjustment of male and female children is similar.
5 Years
According to the diathesis-stress model, which of the following qualifies as a diathesis?
A predisposition
Which of the following is the best model for the relationship between harsh discipline and adolescent behavior problems?
A vicious cycle
Which of the following best describes research findings on how genetics influence adolescents form divorced homes?
Adolescents may inherit problems that contributed to the divorce, such as depression or substance abuse.
Identify the two most common reasons that adolescents enter the foster care system.
Delinquency; Parental maltreatment
Adolescents who are exposed to marital conflict and domestic violence are more likely to be which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Aggressive, Delinquent, Depressed
Which of the following groups is most likely to experience a delay in family conflict until late in adolescence? Latino families African families European families Asian families
Asian Families
Because ethnic minority families are more likely to live in dangerous communities, ___________ parenting may not be harmful and may even offer some benefits.
Authoritarian
Mr. Vasquez is a demanding father who values obedience and conformity in his children. Mr. Vasquez rarely allows his children to engage in verbal give-and-take about rules and discipline, as he believes that children should accept their parents' rules and standards without question. According to Baumrind, Mr. Vasquez is an ______ parent.
Authoritarian
______________________ parent value obedience and conformity.
Authoritarian
Manuel is responsible, self-assured, creative, intellectually curious, and socially skilled. He is a straight-A student. Which type of parenting has Manuel most likely received?
Authoritative
Mr. and Mrs. Nelson are warm but firm with their 16-year-old daughter Cassie. They grant Cassie responsibilities that are consistent with her maturity level, but Cassie has certain rules that she must follow, such as observing a weekend curfew of 11 p.m. According to Baumrind, the Nelsons would be classified as ______ parents.
Authoritative
Parents who are both responsive and demanding demonstrate a(n)__________ parenting style.
Authoritative
Parental ______________ refers to the extent to which the parent expects and demands mature, responsible behavior.
Demandingness
Which of the following best describes the relationship between caring, involved parenting and adolescent happiness?
Consistent across all groups
Anita and her brother Derrik recently experienced their parents' divorce. According to research on individual differences in the effects of divorce, _______ is more likely to have immediate problems.
Derrik
Anita and her brother Derrik recently experienced their parents' divorce. According to research on individual differences in the effects of divorce, ________ is more likely to have immediate problems.
Derrik
A perspective on psychological disorders that posits that problems are the result of an interaction between a preexisting condition and exposure to an environmental trigger is known as the______ _____model.
Diatheses stress model
Because (early/middle/late) adolescence is a time in which individuals seem to be especially sensitive to stress, parental divorce at this time may have a relatively stronger impact.
Early
True or false: Adolescents and adults hold very different values and attitudes.
False
True or false: It is relatively easy to generalize about the effects of divorce, single parenthood, and remarriage are evident across time and various ethnic groups
False
True or false: Parents and teenagers often argue over major issues.
False
True or false: Rates of outright family conflict between parents and children are much higher during adolescence.
False
The term " " refers to an orientation toward life in which the needs of one's family take precedence over the needs of the individual.
Familism
Which of the following increases most substantially during puberty?
Family bickering
According to the concept of familism, the needs of one's ___________ take precedence over the needs of the________________
Family;Individuals
Youngsters from single-parent families that have not experienced divorce have (fewer/greater) _________ difficulties than their counterparts from divorced or remarried homes.
Fewer
At the same time that adolescents are developing the capacity to think systematically about the (future/past)________________, their parents are beginning to feel that possibilities for their own lives are limited.
Future
The term "________ " refers to the divergence of views between adolescents and their parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.
Generational Dissonance
In general, (girls/boys) _______ have more difficulty adjusting to remarriage.
Girls
Identify all of the following outcomes associated with financial strain on adolescents after parental divorce.
Increased emotional distress; Diminished sense of mastery; Academic problems; Increased delinquency
______ parents are characterized by low levels of both responsiveness and demandingness.
Indifferent
(Indulgent/Indifferent/Authoritative)_______________________ parents are more likely to view themselves as resources for their child.
Indulgent
Mrs. Shelvin is the mother of 15-year-old Alton. Mrs. Shelvin is very responsive toward Alton, allows him to make many of his own decisions, and believes that the key to Alton's happiness is to let him follow his own agenda without rules or discipline. According to Baumrind, Mrs. Shelvin would be classified as an ______ parent.
Indulgent
____________________ parent believe that control is an infringement on children's freedom that may interfere with healthy development.
Indulgent
Select all of the following behaviors and traits that are strongly influenced by genetic factors.
Intelligence, Aggressive behavior, Suicide risk, Depression
Which of the following best describes the effect of chronic poverty on parental effectiveness?
It undermines effective parenting.
According to research on racial and ethnic differences in family households, which adolescent is MOST likely to live with two parents?
Jon, who is Asian
Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent relationships is true?
Just as parents affect their adolescents' behavior, adolescents affect how their parents behave.
Which of the following illustrates how environmental factors help shape genetic traits?
Mark engages in high levels of antisocial behavior and primarily hangs out with delinquent peers.
According to research on conflict and communication in families, which adolescent is probably the most well-adjusted?
Mikail, whose perceptions of his family differ a bit from those of his parents
Which of the following best describes the population of runaway youth in the United States?
Mostly female
The ______ of the relationship between the adolescent's divorced parents, and not which one he or she lives with, is the key factor to adjustment following divorce.
Nature
In extreme cases, indifferent parenting is a form of ______.
Neglect
________________ environmental influences are factors in the environments of individuals that are not similar and that, as a consequence, make the individuals different from one another.
Non-shared
Which of the following adolescents is likely to be most affected by his or her parents' divorce?
Nova, who feels like her eating disorder contributed to her parents' divorce.
Hailey is a young adolescent. According to research on brain maturation, Hailey may be especially sensitive to ______.
Other's emotional signals
Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between parental monitoring and adolescent behavior?
Parents who have a warm relationship with their children have an easier time monitoring their children's behavior.
Contact between adolescents and their fathers following a divorce usually diminishes very (quickly/slowly) _______ after the father moves out of the home.
Quickly
Nearly two-thirds of mothers and fathers describe adolescence as ______.
The most difficult stage of parenting
Which of the following are examples of nonshared environmental influences on siblings? (Select all that apply.)
School experiences Differential parental treatment Peer relations
Which of the following has been found to be more heavily influenced by the environment than by genetics?
School performance
__________________environmental influences are factors in the environment that individuals, such as siblings, have in common and that make the individuals similar in personality and behavior.
Shared
The term "______ effects" refers to the effects of divorce that may not be apparent until much later in a child's development.
Sleeper
Although it is impossible to make a blanket statement about the overall impact of divorce, research finds that for most people this impact is (small/significant) ___________ .
Small
The magnitude of the differences between adopted and non-adopted adolescents is (small/large) __________ .
Small
The effects of divorce are (greater/smaller) _________ among youngsters from the United States than from other countries.
Smaller
Adolescents in (single-parent homes/stepfamilies) _______ are at greater risk for behavioral problems, such as delinquency.
Stepfamilies
Which of the following contributes to difficulties in adolescent adjustment to parental remarriage?
When the new stepparent has different ideas about rules and discipline than the biological parent
Which of the following factors have strong genetic origins and may explain why parents get divorced, as well as their children's reactions to the divorce? (Select all that apply.)
Substance abuse; Depression
(Children/Teenagers) ______ tend to remain in foster care longer than others placed in foster care.
Teenagers
Identify characteristics of children that shape parenting practices. (Select all that apply.)
Temperament; Personality; Behavior
According to research on generational dissonance, which of the following families is likely to have higher levels of stress and family conflict?
The Garcias, a Latino family with more-acculturated adolescents
When children and adolescents live with only one of their biological parents, it is usually with ______.
The mother
Which of the following becomes increasingly important during the transition from childhood to adolescence? Athletic Skills Former friends The family The peer group
The peer group
Which of the following does differential susceptibility theory hold about adolescents with problem behaviors?
They are more likely to respond to positive interventions.
What explains why adolescents from divorced families sometimes experience longer-term effects from divorce?
They were exposed to years of marital conflict prior to the divorce, which caused behavioral problems.
True or false: Studies indicate that adolescents who feel close to both their father and stepfather have better outcomes than those who feel close to one but not the other.
True
Tyler is age 17, his younger sister Tara is 10, and his younger brother Danny is 5. Which individual will have the most difficulty adjusting to his or her parents' divorce?
Tyler
The impact of divorce on adolescent adjustment is (stronger/weaker) _________ among Black adolescents than among adolescents from other backgrounds.
Weaker
Which of the following best describes the relationship between genetic and environmental influences on adolescent behavior?
Whereas genes create tendencies, environment actualizes those tendencies.
Children are most adversely affected by marital conflict when they ______.
are aware of it
Numerous studies have shown that the offspring of lesbian and gay parents are ______.
at least as well-adjusted as those of other parents
Xavier, age 15, is very dependent on adults. He tends to be passive, has poor social skills, has low self-assurance, and lacks curiosity. These characteristics are common among adolescents who are raised by ______ parents.
authoritarian
Fifteen-year-old Maecy just experienced her parents' divorce. It is not uncommon for teenagers to experience ______ immediately after their parents split up. (Select all that apply.)
behavior problems; problems in school; increased anxiety
At the same time that adolescents are entering into a period of rapid physical growth, sexual maturation, and the period of the life span that society has labeled one of the most physically attractive, their parents are beginning to feel increased concern about their own bodies. This is an example of a complementary pattern of ______.
biological change
Regarding adjustment to divorce and adolescents' living situation, in the long run ______.
both males and female adolescents fare equally well in dual custody or in sole custody
Laura, age 17, has very strict parents. She is rarely granted any autonomy, and verbal give-and-take with her parents is rare. Laura is at risk for developing ______.
low self-esteem
Some individuals are especially susceptible to develop problems when exposed to adverse environmental influences. The idea that these same genetic tendencies also make him or her especially likely to thrive when exposed to positive environmental influences is known as ______ ______ theory.
differential susceptibility theory
Some individuals are especially susceptible to develop problems when exposed to adverse environmental influences. The idea that these same genetic tendencies also make him or her especially likely to thrive when exposed to positive environmental influences is known as _________ _______ theory.
differential; susceptibility
Parent-adolescent conflict tends to be ______.
lower in single-parent households
True or false: It is relatively easy to generalize about the effects of divorce, single parenthood, and remarriage are evident across time and various ethnic groups.
false
Generally speaking, adolescents who have regular postdivorce contact with their father have ______.
fewer problems
Manny's parents both have drug and alcohol problems. Social services have visited his home at least five times regarding complaints about abuse and neglect of children in the home. Manny has been removed from his parent' home and placed with a couple who cares for abused and neglected children. Manny will live with this family for at least six months. Manny's living situation is called ______.
foster care
When an adolescent is more Americanized than his or her parents, ______ can occur.
generational dissonance
Mr. and Mrs. Feldman have two children that are approaching adolescence. One way that the Feldmans can support a strong attachment with their children is to ______.
have regular family meals
The link between financial strain and adolescent outcomes has been observed ______.
in countries around the world
A critical factor in preventing emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents is to ______.
increase the quality of parenting
Social support from others may be an especially important resource for ______ growing up in single-parent homes.
inner-city children
The most important pathway through which divorce may adversely affect adolescent adjustment is through ______.
its disruptive impact on parenting
Victor and Shane are brothers with very different temperamental styles. Victor is laid-back, follows the rules, and communicates well with his parents. Shane, on the other hand, is prone to angry outbursts, often defies his parents' rules, and rarely confides in his parents. As a result, the boys are treated very differently by their parents. This example illustrates a ____
nonshared environment
According to Diane Baumrind, two aspects of the parent's behavior toward the adolescent are critical: ______ and ______.
parental responsiveness; parental demandingness
Among adolescents who grow up in a family atmosphere that permits the development of individuality against a backdrop of close family ties, conflict between parents and adolescents can play a very (positive/negative)_________________ role.
positive
Among adolescents who grow up in a family atmosphere that permits the development of individuality against a backdrop of close family ties, conflict between parents and adolescents can play a very (positive/negative)_____________________ role.
positive
On average, adopted individuals show high rates of ______. (Select all that apply.)
precocious sexual activity; delinquency; substance use; psychological difficulties
Verbal give-and-take, which is a characteristic of authoritative parenting, provides the foundation for the development of ______.
psychosocial maturity
Parental ____________________ is the degree to which the parent responds to the child's needs in an accepting, supportive manner.
responsiveness
Marilyn and her husband divorced 5 years ago, when their son, Avery, was 9. Although Avery had some short-term difficulties following the divorce, he continued to do well in school, maintained positive relationships with his peers, and remained close to both of his parents. However, as a single parent, Marilyn has not been able to exercise as much oversight over Avery as she did before the divorce. Within the last 6 months, Avery has begun to engage in a number of problematic behaviors, including smoking, drinking alcohol on at least three occasions, and leaving school early without permission. Avery's behavior may be due to ______.
sleeper effects
Adolescents in ______ often have more problems than peers in other family arrangements. This is partly due to adolescents receiving a "double dose" of marital conflict.
stepfamilies
Remarriage during the adolescent years is extremely stressful when the families are ______.
unable to accommodate the new stepparent relationship
In families with competent teenagers, ______ is the norm.
verbal give-and-take
Research indicates that children in households that later divorced ______.
were exposed to higher levels of marital unhappiness and conflict
Variations (within/among) __________ different family structures are likely to be more important than the similarities among them.
within
