Psych 357 Exam 3

How the Soviet Union treated Pavlov

- confiscated his nobel prize money and refused permission to emigrate -after pavlolv accepted soviet union, soviet backed his work, when war broke out government saw to give as much support to continue research as they could, -special comittee to safeguard work nad research

Women in experimental psychology

After E.B. Titchener (excluded women out of his Experimentalist "club"), death in 1927, the group reorganized as the Society Experimental Psychologists (SEP) and voted to include women, but the de facto obstacles remained. Although relatively small in number, the SEP constituted a closed network that influenced academic hiring and advancement The SEP exist today, primarily as an honor society for esteemed experimental psychologist. The number of women in the group is increasing, but they remain underrepresented. Of about 200 members, about 30 of them are women, and most of them were elected in the 1990's.

Academic psychology APA involvement since WWII

After WWII the total membership stood at approximately 5,000, and it has climbed steadily since that time, reaching 70,000 mark by 1990 (Bulatao, Fulcher & Evans, 1992). With the 21st century underway, full APA membership has surpassed 100,000.

Benjamin Rush's approach to treatment

first to bring american surgical strategy to treatment of mentally ill called father of modern psychiatry believed disease resulted from abnormalities in the blood and circulatory system became promoter of bloodletting as a cure for a wide range of illnesses opening veins and letting out blood to remove tension until person was tranquil

Contributions of William Tuke

found the York Retreat in north of England dedicated to the benevolent treatment of the insane good nutirtion and hygene were priorities and patients were given opportunities for recreation work all contingent on good behavior became model for private mental hospitals

Important components of psychoanalysis to therapy

free association- being relaxed and saying whatever comes to mind resistance was good, means getting closer to real problem seduction hypnosis- destructive tendencies just as powerful as sexual ones

Pavlov's influence on American psychologists

had little immediate impact -major impact began in the 1920s when much of his work was translated to english gave speeches at yale american psychologists \, especially b ehaviorists eventually understood the importance of pavlovs reasearch for their own theories of learning Ernest Hilgard- pavlovs importance was taken for granted for ttheories of learning had direct impact on the career choice of skinner, influenced by conditioned replexes "control your conditions....you will see order"

Charcot's beliefs about hysteria

hysteria is a disorder characterized by a wide range of symptoms that appeared to indicate neurological malfunction but without apparent damage to the nervous system -epilepsy like seizures, paralysis, headaches, nervous ticks -wanted to take hysteria seriously as a disorder and search for a cause many thought people were making up their symptoms symptoms similar to hypnosis, thought shared same underlying pathology declared hypnosis dangerous -susceptibility to hypnosis was an indication of underlying hysteric tendencies

The significance of the Clark Conference in 1909 to Freud

recieved an honerary degree and to lecture on psychoanalysis, first and only visit to US and was the first official recognition of endevours In 1909 Clark lectures put Freud on the intellectual map in America. American psychologists learned more about Freud's work and articles on psychoanalysis. They were, however, many academic psychologists who found psychoanalysis either tangential to their research interests, or annoyingly "unscientific".

How operant behavior and respondent behavior difffer

respondent waits for an action to commence

The elaboration on Freud's concept of ego defense

structural analysis of personality and descriptions of the relationship between anxiety and ego defense mechanism Id: repository of the instinctive drives of sex and aggression, constantly demands that its needs be satisfied Ego:partly conscious partly unconscious, lies at the center of personality, must take into account the environmental factors operating in the real world, properly functioning ego serves as a mediator, channeling id-based needs in directions that are both realistic and consistent with moral values - feeling of anxiety means the ego is under attack -repression: unwanted impulses are forced from awareness and into unconscious -projection: personal faults cannot be accepted so they are attributed to another person -sublimation: successful defense, channels instinctive urges into activities that have social value Superego:the person's learned moral values, works to inhibit the free expression of the instincts

Hawthorne studies

studies over 3 years to examine the effects of lighting on productivity failed to to show any consistent relationship between lighting and productivity physical environment not as importatn as human factor Relay assembly test room -six women assemble electrical relays for telephones -changed hours, break times, and bonuses paid for production levels remained productive since felt special and under the microspcope hawthorne effect, changing perfoemance when know you are being watched

The contributions of Pinel during the Enlightenment era

instituted humane reforms in Paris, removed the chains from the mentally ill patients who have been restrained Moral Treatment featured improvements in nutrition, hygiene, and general living conditions and an early form of behavior modification using rewards and punishment the bring order to the patient's lives

Naom Chomsky's support for his beliefs about language being unique to humans

language a result of the application of a hierarchical set of rules called a grammar, these rules allow the individual to generate a virtually infinite number of grammatical sentences, while also enabling the person to immediately identify nongrammatical sentences -sentences cannot be from simple learning, must follow rules of grammar all languages share common principles called linguistic universals critical period to learn language development Chomsky proposed some ideas that were new ways of thinking about language: the theory of universal grammar, the idea that language is innate and the notion that language acquisition occurs during critical development stages.He believed that, while differences exist between languages, the fact that they all share core common grammatical traits was not just a chance occurrence.

Neobehaviorist research/researchers and who might be interested in Lewin's topology

learning central ti understanding bahavior 4 prominent neovehaviorists: Guthrie, Tolman, Hull and Skinner lewin-tollman

The principle of self-actalization

maslow- heirarchy of needs, top goal being self actualization required satisfying all the needs below it-physiological, safety, love and belonging, and need for self esteem would produse a healthier psychology

The two paradigms following psyhcologies move to a state called mentalism

normal psychology

anxieties of the ego

objective anxiety- is a normal reaction to a perceived threat from the external world, based in the person's memories of past situations of danger neurotic anxiety- the person fears that id-based impulses will get out of control moral anxiety, feelings of guilt and shame arise from a sense that one is about to violate the strict moral code of the superego feeling of anxiety means the ego is under attack

The Boulder model

out of the boulder cpnference came a blueprint for clinical training that was designed to balance what Shakow saw as the three primary types of expertise that any clinical psychologist should have -should be experts in the diagnosis of mental disorders - should be skilled therapists -should be able to complete high-quality research on clinically relevant topics combined training in the science and in the practice of psychology "scientist-practitioner model"

Henry Murray's approach to the study of personality

personology- studying individuals in depth Developed a theory of personality that was organized in terms of motives, presses and needs. Murray described a needs as a "potentiality or readiness to respond in a certain way under certain given circumstances" (1938). - combinations of needs and strengths determined overall personality needsinfluenced by environment

Guthrie's theory of learning

study of escape behavior in cats contiguity- the experiencing of things together, a combination of stimuli which has accompanied its recurrence tend to be followed by that movement -if a stimulus is to be followed by a movement, the movement will be likely to occur again the next time the stimulus occurs -rewards preserved s-r relationships -punishments encouraged other habits -key to breaking bad habit is to identify all stimuli and substitute new responses

Lashley's principle of mass association

the efficiency o fperformance of an entire complex function may be reduced in proportion to the extent of brain injury -although the process of learning did not seem to be localized to any specific cortical location (equipotentiality), learning efficiency was proportional to the amount of desctruction

Watson's "behaviorist manifesto" and reactions to it

the goal of psyhcology was the prediction and control of behavior, introspection had no scientific value -discarted consciousness -proposed psychology become the science of behavior -got watson apa presidency -titchner and calkins were critical

Tolman's system/ theory and what his system had in common with Hull's syste,/theory

the unit of study had to be larger than the molecular muscle movements or glandular responses emphasized by watson molar behavior- broad patterns of behavior directed at some goal learning not just the strengthening and weakening of connections, brain is more like a map control room, and that during learning the animal develops a field map of the environment all directed to some goal purposiveness is a universal feature of the behaior we learn intervening variables, factors that are not seen but are inferred

Eysenck's findings on therapy effectiveness

there appears to be an inverse relationshipn between recovery and psychotherapy; the more psychotherapy the smaller the recovery rate

Kirkbride's asylum design

thought architecture was important element in treatment -rural environment, placed on high ground for peaceful panaramic views -central structure to house administrative offices and parlors for family to visit -wings on sides of main, males one side females other, small number of rooms and commoln and recreation rooms -wings set back in shallow v so each wing had views of country and exposed to sun and air -wide corridors to allow for exercise - 3-4 stories high, higher floors well behaved patients -seperate smaller rooms for the most disruptive

Humanistic psychology and the three forces

three forces- humanistic psychology, behaviorism. psychoanalysis humanistic psychology critized the ideas that human behavior could be reduced to repressed biological instincts or simple conditioned reflexes, rejecting the idea that individual's past histories inevitably would limit their futures free will, sense of purpose, looking for meaning of life, growth and personal development

Freeman & Watt's "improvement" on the lobotomy procedure

transorbital lobotomy- pick throught the eye sockets and into the prefrontal and frontal lobes could be completed more quickly and enabled a greater number of fibers to be cut out

What Hull took from his doctoral dissertation and applied in his later theorizing

used chinese letters as stimuli, had to learn nonsense sounds with radicals perfoemance improved gradually but steadily aptitude testing beleived sugegestion and authority influenced medical outcomes

Watson's work in animal behavior

- study of the relationship between cortical development and learning in young white rats -used to think that that immature rats were incapable of true associative learning -watson demonstrated that that rats showed minimal learning ability for approxemately the first 3 weeks of their lives but ability to forma associations improved dramatically in their fourth week, associated with the ohysical development of the cortex maze studies- what senses were needed for a rat to complete a maze, eliminated senses, shortened maze -tested visual abilities of different species

James Gibson's approach to perception

-ecological perception: perception while navigating through realistic environments and perception that emphasized environmental factors rather than the internal attributes of the perceiver -instead of perception of what person sees, it is what happens around them

Lashley's analysis of the serial order problem

-general failure of association theory to account for it serial order problem concerns the question how to explain in terms of cerebral mechanisms, linear sequences of behavior, ranging from the series of finger movements while playing the violin tot he memorization of a list of words to the production of language -adjacent elements in a sequenced become associated lashley argued that such formulation was inadequate instead of a cortical model based on the concept of linear associative chains, lashley argued that the brain was a more complex system that exercised organizational control over patterns of behavior

Miller's views on memory

-showed how information theory concepts such as nits and channel capacity could be used to describe limits on our ability to process information in several kinds of tasks -we have a limited capacity for immediate memory, depending on info, 5-9 pieces of info at a time chunk- information being held in immediate memory recoding- take into account the fact that humans have ability to recognize data

Watson's work with children

-sudied investigating reflexes, basic emotions and conditioned emotional responses -set out to identify most fundamental human emotional responses and the stimuli that produced those responses fear, rage, love fear- a sudden catching of the breath, clutching randomly with the hands, blinking of the eye lids, puckering of the lips then crying when exposed to loud noises or loss of support rage- hindering of the infants movements love- smiling, gurgling, or cooing

Mesmer's views on mental illness and the investigation by the Franklin Commission

-thought magnetism affected health, bad alaignment of internal magnetic forces meant mental illness, disharmony of forces being pushed together, magnets of same polarity -cure was to fix alignment and medicine with heavy doses of of iron and then passing magnets over the body -animal magnetism, patients would fall in crisis state and awaken with improved health -power of suggestoin, hypnosis Franklin Commision concluded that mesmerism had no scientific foundation

criticism by Neisser of his own prior work (publication)

-top heavy with basic laboratory research -called for more research concerning ecological validity (research relevant to everyday cognitive activities of adaptibility)

The 5 main trends in modern psychology

1. the accelerated study of the relationship between the brain and behavior 2. vigorous return of evolutionary thinking accompanied by a shift toward nature end of nature nurture issue 3. significant changes in research brought about by the capacities of modern computers 4.the increased profesionalization of psychological practitioners 5. the increased fragmentatoin of psychology

Who proposed a model of attention that involved that existence of a selective filter

Broadbent -could have two pieces of info at same time but focus on one

Who influenced Watson's work

Dewey, James Rowland Angell, Henry Herbert Donaldson and Jacques Loeb

Compare and contrast studies done to Ebbinghaus to those of Bartlett

Ebbinghaus was deemed more important at the time Bartlett opened his book by questioning the usefulness of research in the Ebbinhaus tradition which emphasized the effects of rote repitition on memorizing highly artificial stimuli in contrast with ebbginhaus, bartlett described his results in narrative form, not as summary statistics and his descriptions of methodology were often vague Bartletts studies are better conceived of as controlled demonstrations rather than true experiments

Compare and Contrast the different therapies for schizophrenia

Insulin and metrazol shock therapy for coma and for seizures. These were believed to reduce psychotic episodes

Freud's education and early career

In 1873, Freud entered the University of Vienna's famed medical school. He had, however, no intentions of practicing medicine-research was his passion. If took him 8 years instead of 5 to earn his medical degree. During his work in Brucke's laboratory from 1876 to 1882, he published articles on the nervous systems of various species; he also developed an important research technique for staining nerve fibers. physiological mechanisms

What is meant by the "fragmentation of psychology"

Is one of those perennial chestnuts to which there is no agreed-upon answer at present, nor is one likely in the near future. Some look at it as "specialization" rather than "fragmentation". It questions if psychology is a unified science or if it should be separated into different categories.

Criticism of Freud's methods and why Jung and Adler broke ties with him

Jung and Alder broke ties with Freud over the issue of sexual motivation

Findings by the Breland at the IQ Zoo

Marian advocated for the humane treatment and training of animals. She never used punishment in training and showed just how effective positive reinforcement could be. The legacy of Marian and her two husbands lives on in the animal training programs that continue today. Whether it's Eddie, the Jack Russell terrier on "Frasier," or a whale and dolphin show at Sea World, our understanding of animal behavior owes a debt of thanks to their pioneering psychological work. When asked to behave in a certain way that interferes with their natural instinctive behavior the instinctive behavior takes over Brelands found that there were biological limitations on what could be conditioned

Kraeplin's ideas about dementia praecox

Schizophrenia -called it premature dimentia -appeared relatively early in life, often during late adolescence -disturbances in apprehension, orientation, attention, memory, train of thought, and of emotional field -main attributes was inability to focus attention - thought process lacked the normal apperceptive ability and their attentional capacity was severely limited -mental activity resembled random motions -thought no recovery until blueler

Pavlov's recognition for his work with the Nobel Prize

Pavlov earned the Nobel Prize for his painstaking ad ingenious investigation of the physiology of digestion in particular he was known for inventing or perfecting a number of surgical techniques to facilitate this research

The importance of psychology's history according to Koch

Perhaps it is most reasonable to assume that psychology is not a single discipline but a collection of them. One of psychology's foremost theoreticians, Sigmund Koch (1917-1996), argued this point for years, recommending that term psychology be replaced with the more pluralistic lable of psychological studies (Koch 1993). He viewed this as a historical process similar to that found in other sciences—biology, for instance, encompasses a wide range of "biological studies" (e.g., botany, zoology). As Kock (1992a) put it, "there is a sense in which we are nothing if not our history. Our history is our binding force". Regardless of one's modern specialty, there are common origins (to follow the three metaphors, one trunk and one root system) and familiar themes. Psychology in the early 21st century is not a unified discipline, and with its recurring debates over fundamental issues, it may never have been one. Modern psychology is marked by increased specialization, and it might be more appropriate to replace the idea of a single field of psychology with Koch's concept of there being a set of psychological studies. One unifying force in psychology lies in the discipline's history, however.

Piaget's concept of schema

Piaget focus was on determining precisely how knowledge, as represented by hypothetical mental structures that (represent knowledge) he called schemata (plural for "schema"), developed within the individual. - a concept -believed that children were active formulators of their knowledge rather than passive recipients of their experiences, knowledge structures formed wholes that could not be reduced to their elements

Carls Roger's views on therapy effectiveness

Scientific method can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy iimportant to delve into the client's past for therapy to be effective success was by right environment be genuine, client is a person, empathy, good environment good therapy

Milgram's research on obedience

Stanley Milgram (1933-1984) obedience studies, showing that situational pressures can overcome individual personality, are among psychology's most famous studies. He developed an apparatus (now displayed at the Center for the History of Psychology at the University of Akron) that had 30 switches, each corresponding to voltage levels ranging from 15 to 450 volts, with 15 volt increments. He had male subjects put in a role of teachers to shock the learners (another subject but in fact Milgram's employ) every time they made an error. Milgram expected that subjects (in teachers roles) would disobey fairly in the game, especially when the learner began to show signs of discomfort.. Instead, the teacher--subjects obeyed to a remarkable extent. In the first study, 26 of 40 subjects (65%) continued to deliver shocks (or so they thought) until the voltage level reached the max of 450 volts and they only stopped after that when the experimenter halted the study.

A TOTE unit

Test-Operate-Test-Exit begins with test phase that loks for incongruities in the system -if no congruity then nothing happens -if there is a congruity then an operation occurs to reduce congruity -then another test occurs and so on

The "Nancy School" physicians' beliefs about hypnotism

That hypnotism was a normal phenomenon that had its effects through the power of suggestion; people differed in their level of suggestibility. Charcot in Paris, however, believed hypnotic effects mirrored the symptoms of hypnosis and suggestibility was a sign of hysterical neurosis.

Why APA meetings were moved from Miami to New York

The APA council passed a resolution that it would only hold its annual meetings cities FREE FROM OVERT DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES.( this happened after they learned some Miami hotels would not register blacks.)

The Vail Model

The practitioner-scholar model is an advanced educational and operational model that is focused on practical application of scholarly knowledge . It was initially developed to train clinical psychologists

Pavlov's studies with dogs,

The salivation of dogs when conditioned with the food and bell. surgically segregated small portion of stomach to collect fluids, dogs salivated more to dry than moist foods extinction ucs- food ucr- saliva cs- metronome cr-saliva generalization- similar stimuli create similar results discrimination- only with cs experimental neurosis- stimuli seem very similar so similar results

Commonalities between Hull & Skinner

They both had a talent for creating apparatus for doing research

What Comte (19th Century) and Bacon (17th Century) had in common

They were both rationalists, opposed to empiricists They believed they could control nature

Operant Conditioning

a behavior is emitted, it is followed by some consequence and the future chances of that behavior occuring depend on the consequence positive-behavior strengthened negative-behavior weakened operant to describe because behavior operates on environement

The PsyD model

aspirirng clinicians ought to be given much more instruction in the actual practice of psychology, more services than research by crane

How Pavlov's work differed from that of Bekhterev's

bekheterev investigated motor rather than salivating conditioning, in which muscle movement were conditioned to various stimuli

Anna O (Freud's beliefs and Ellenberger's research)

bertha pappenheim, intelligent woman in early 20s with bewildering array of hysteric symptoms right and left sides would be paralyzed, absences, eating habits, visual/auditory deficits, lost ability to speak german for some time -ellenberg showed a=case was not so straightfoward, although catharsis method had some success, it was only temporary, and initial diagnosis of hysteria was only a small part of her problem she recovered after spending lenghty confinement in the sanitorium after breur ende her treatment freud believed he detected a strong undercurrent of sexuality. anna had father issues and had a strong atachment to breur frued referred the attachemtn as transference

Commonalities between Bartlett and Piaget

both use schemata in simialr ways

The Mowrer's device for helping children with bedwetting

created a crib pad that rang a bell when wet relied on deep-seated unconscious conflicts

James Braid and hypnosis

first set out to demolish mesmerism, then recognized validity of some of the effects -trance similar to state of sleep: neurypnology nervous sleep -then became hypnosis -patients stared fixed at an object just above line of vision, fixation of attention was reason of phenomenon -suggestion

Operational definitions

definitions involving precise descriptions of procedures of measurements and for specifying the variables in an experiment

Floyd Allport's vie of social psychology

dissertation research was on social facilitation, the influence of others on the behavior of an individual and this research set the tone for his approach to social psychology -deliberately contrasted his social psych with its emphasis on behavior of individual influenced by social environment

Watson's thoughts on child-bearing

doesnt matter who the child was born to, it matter \s how he was raised, give me a dozen infants dont be too affectionate, invalidism failure for child to be responsible, independent, and successful babies can overcome short term effects of physiological deprivation, but character cant be changed

Freud's beliefs about dreams

dreams are the royal road to the unconcious dream s disguised wishes difference between manifest and latent content

Festinger's beliefs on research methods

elaborately staged research settings - designed to involve research participants in the experiment so that their honest reaction could be measured and the theory given a strong test -more systematic in the manipulation of independent variables

How different therapies for schizophrenia were developed

electroshock therapy- sending shocks of electricity to temples that create convulsive seizures comas fevers

Lightener Witmer's psychology career, clinic and the term "orhtogenics"

was trained in basic laboratory research, made reputation with real world applications lab assistant for cattell, became lab director lab turned into makeshift clinic after teacher brought in little boy coined term clinical psychology didnt belive that all behavior was hereditary, environment shaped behavior orthogenetics - investitating retardation and deviation and the methods of restoring to normal conditions those who are found for one reason or another to be retarded or deviate

Dorothe Dix and her strategies to bring about reform

went to tour state jails, hospitals, and almshouses -found abuse and neglect, malnutrition, chained -wrote indictment of findings which was presented to Massachussets legislature and led to reforms -created 47 mental hospitals and schools for feebleminded

The Psychological Corporation

where one would call if psychological assessment was needed for an office and would be reffered to a local expert psychologist, perform servicfe, collect fee began 1921 cattel first pres.

Systematic desensitization

wolpe-is a behavioral technique whereby a person is gradually exposed to an anxiety-producing object, event, or place while being engaged in some type of relaxation at the same time in order to reduce the symptoms of anxiety.

Watson's work with Rayner

worked on little albert together systematic desensitization- desensitizing by having little white rabbit in same area