psych 364 exam review (multiple choice)

Which of the following is an example of the gambler's fallacy?

"I've gotten heads the last eight times, so tails is coming soon"

Tonya is trying to decide which candidate to vote for in the upcoming election. The two candidates have similar positions, and Tonya is having a hard time choosing between them. She decides, therefore, to simply vote for the one who looks more like her idea of a "natural leader". It seems that Tonya is using _____ to make her decision?

Attribute substitution

Mike suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of his brain and now has a difficult time speaking or writing. Mike most likely has

Broca's aphasia

Stephen and Stephanie both have problems with speech. Stephen's disorder is characterized with speech such as, "Um . . . the . . . ahhh . . . I want . . . green . . . it's green. . . ." Stephanie's disorder is characterized with speech such as, "It is easy because . . . boys are looking but they look . . . see the cat is with the boys and machines and purple." Stephen is most likely suffering from ________ while Stephanie is suffering from ________.

Broca's aphasia, Wernicke's aphasia

doctors suspect that Paolo has a tumor in his brain, and they hope to learn the exact position of the tumor; they are not interested in activity levels. For this purpose, they are likely to rely on

CT

cells A and B receive the same high levels of stimulation, but cell A shows a lower level of activity relative to cell B. a likely explanation for this fact is that cell A

Is being laterally inhibited by nearby cells

which of the following is not a proposition

Julie's hair

Peter has a higher working memory capacity than josh. given previous correlational evidence who would you expect performs better on standardized test such as an intelligence tests?

Peter

You are flipping through channels on TV when you come upon a French-speaking station. You do not speak French, and you are amazed at how quickly it is spoken. Which of the following factors is most relevant for explaining this reaction?

You are not able to segment the speech sounds into phonemes, making it sound faster

which of the following is the best analogy for long term storage

a large library

in the word "cats" the s is

a morpheme and a phoneme

according to the prototype theory, "bring typical" for a category and "being a member for a category" should go together; if one is true, the other is true. which of the following is not a problem for this broad claim

a poodle is a more typical dog than a golden retriever but both are dogs

which of the following is most likely to be in your schema for kitchen

a refrigerator

Sentences such as "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" indicate that

a sentence can be syntactically accurate even if it is meaningless

participants are shown pictures of two alternating scenes that are separated by a brief blank interval. the scenes are identical except for one small detail. participants find it hard to detect the change, a finding known as change blindness, Which of the following statements are true?

a similar effect can be found with videos and live events

if a researcher applies mild electric current to a specific area of an animals right hemisphere primary motor are, which of the following is likely to happen?

a specific movement of a body part on the left side of the animal

ada is well rested and able to sustain their attention on todays lecture/. the student next to them is looking at cute animal pictures on reddit but this does not distract ada! which of the two attentional systems are working well for ada in this scenario?

alerting and executive

which of the following structures is NOT visible when viewing an image of an intact brain?

amygdala

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

any pair of family members will have traits in common, even though there may be no single trip shared by all of the family members

studies looking at electrical activity in the brain suggest that the processing of attended an unattended stimuli

are distinguishable with 80ms

neuron A communicates with neuron B. The ______ of neuron A releases a signal that activates a(n) ________ of neuron B

axon terminal; dendrite

Basic-level categories have which of the of the following traits

basic level categories are usually represented in the language by a single word

Maritza believes that clowns are evil. She meets two men who are very nice and then learns that they are clowns. Despite this, she does not adjust her belief and continues to think clowns are evil. This is called

belief persistence

we sometimes encounter ambiguous letters when reading handwritten words, but we can still interpret the words. for example, the same the same shape can be interpreted as an A in CAT but an H in THE. at what level of analysis doe the feature next resolve this issue?

bigram

Research shows that if asked to name as many birds as they can, participants are mostly likely to name

birds resembling the prototype (ex- robin, sparrow)

the evidence from unilateral neglect patients and from patients with typical attention abilities suggests that

both space and object based attention are important in attention

If a memory is like a city you want to travel to and the retrieval paths you use to find the memory are like highways that lead to that city, which is the best strategy for memorizing

build numerous highways that reach the city from many directions so you have multiple retrieval paths

imagine an experiment in which participants were told of a previously unknown tribe living on a Pacific island. Only one member of this tribe has been observed so far, and he was found to be obese. When asked how likely it was that all members of the tribe were obese, participants were unwilling to extrapolate from this single observation. this shows that participants...

can take sample size into account

fMRI studies show that the amygdala is especially activated when someone is viewing an emotional stimulus. This result on its own does not allow us to make _____ statements

casual

a mutilaited lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit 20 dollar bill will not be categorized as money. what does these examples say about categorization?

category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone

mike is shown some shapes that have parts of their sides missing, yet he still identifies them as the correct shape. He is using the Gesalt principle of

closure

Although the words "pool" and "palace" both begin with the [p] sound, the actual production of the [p] sound is different due to a process known as

coarticulation

contemporary cognitive psychologist are MOST interested in examining the relationship between ________ and _______

cognitive processes; behavior

attention seems to be necessary for

conscious perception

when we see a car partially blocked by a motorcycle we can still identify that the car is one complete object thanks to the Gesalt principle

continuation

a researcher has identified the receptive field for a neuron and has determined that the receptive field has a center-surround organization. if the researcher were to shine light into the entire receptive field, including both the center and the surrounding areas, we would expect the neuron to

continue firing at its resting rate

cognitive psychologist try to make inferences about causes, based on the observed effects. In this way, cognitive psychologist use methods like those commonly employed by

crime scene investigators

Capgras syndrome provides an illustration of several important themes from this topic. All the following are true of Capgras EXCEPT

damage to the amygdala will result in an inability to use the visual memory

deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates retrieval. how exactly does this happen?

deep processing forms many connections between the correct item and previous knowledge

complete the analogy: incoming is to outgoing as _____ is to _____

dendrite; axon

imagine that researchers have developed a drug that (temporarily) disrupts a persons ability to focus his or her attention. Lets say that we give this drug to someone and then ask that person to search through various displays looking for a certain targets. we would expect the drug to

disrupt the search for a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g. "find the vertical, red-colored line")

Forgetting is generally ________ over the first few minutes and hours and then ________ over subsequent time periods.

fast, slow

movements of attention are

faster than eye movements

if Marcus says "Pass the salt please" you are likely to pass them the salt. you'll probably respond in the same way if Sheila (a chemistry major) asks, "Could you please hand me the sodium chloride crystals?" This is observation seems to indicate that our behavior is

governed by what the stimuli we encounter mean to us

which of the following groups is most likely to remember the material it is studying

group 4 has no intention of memorizing the words and creates a story that connects all the words

in a feature net each detector has a baseline level activation. the baseline is

higher for frequently seen words

julie has sustained damage to the "what" system in her brain. She will likely have difficulty with which of the following tasks?

identifying a chair

the face/vase example illustrates what important principle of perceptual organization?

if the input is ambiguous, the image can be interpreted in different ways at different times

plums and lawn mowers share many traits, but we do not categorize them as similar, this suggests that

in judging resemblance, we must determine which traits matte and which do not

Beth wonders why she can never remember the names of new acquaintances. In search of an answer, she examines and reflects on her feelings about meeting new people. Beth is engaged in which process?

introspection

Liz is trying to remember what she read in a text chapter, but she inadvertently mixes into her recall her own assumptions about the material covered in the chapter. This is an example of

intrusion errors

researchers using fMRI find activity in the fusiform face area (FFA) when participants view faces. This results on its own tells us that the FFA activity

is correlated with viewing faces

one of the disadvantages of synaptic communication is that it takes time for chemicals to pass from one side of the synapse to another. Which of the following is a benefit of synaptic transmission?

it allows more flexibility in the messages that a neuron can communicate

Octavia is trying to understand a story that she hopes to remember later. Which of the following is not true about how the theme may impact her memory of the story

it does little to affect the quality or quantity of memory

mcclelland and rumelharts model of word recognition diverges from the original feature net in which of the following ways

it has excitatory and inhibitory inputs, and it is bidirectional so there is no need for a bigram layer

reading your notes or the textbook repeatedly Is not recommended as a study strategy because

it is a passive form of learning

previous knowledge facilitates categorization in which of the following ways

it makes categorization of new examples fast and efficient

which of the following examples of forgetting demonstrates the problem with maintenance rehearsal

ivr is unable to describe his watch even though he looks at it many times each day

Megha cannot sleep at night because she is terribly worried about being robbed, even though robberies are extremely rare in her neighborhood. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be contributing to her fear?

knowing the true probability of a robbery is low

Will has been to the zoo many times, usually with his family but also once on a school field trip. When Will tries to remember the field trip, his recollection is

likely to include elements imported from memories of other zoo trips

of the following, introspection is LEAST useful for studying

mental events that are unconscious

Lisa has recently suffered a brain injury. Her symptoms include deficits in coordination and interpretation of pain stimuli. Which structure is most likely damaged?

midbrain

In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually

not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver

Marcus is talking on the phone to his mother about what he should buy at the grocery store when a garbage truck drives past him. As a result, he is unable to hear what his mom is saying for 3 or 4 seconds. Thanks to top-down processing he will likely be able to fill in the gaps, a phenomenon known as

phonemic restoration

The plural for the word "pill" is pronounced with a z sound, but the plural for "pit" is pronounced with a s sound, this contrast is governed by the rule of

phonology

the philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A common place example of such an inference is a

physicist inferring what the attributes of the electron must be on the basis of visible effects that the electron causes

an experienced driver can drive while holding a relatively complex conversation. this combination of activities is difficult however for new drivers. which of the following explains this difference in experienced and novice drivers?

practicing a task leads to a decline in the resource demands for that task

consider the sequence "Betsy wanted to bring Jacob a present. She shook her piggy bank." Most people, after hearing this sequence, believe Betsy was checking her piggy bank to see if she had money to spend on the gift. This inference about Betsy's goals depends on the fact that

previous knowledge fills in background information whenever we're understanding a conversation

Olivia has sustained damage to the prefrontal area. as a result she is most likely to have

problems planning

Conceptual knowledge is impressive and likely contains

prototypes, beliefs, and exemplars

within WM "helper" like the visuospatial buffer and the articulatory rehearsal look

provide short term storage of visual and auditory items being used by the central executive

patients who have suffered damage to the occipital-parietal pathway (the "where" system) will have difficulties with which of the following tasks?

reaching in the correct direction to retrieve the toothbrush

the importance of vision for humans is reflected in the

relative size of the visual cortex

a participant reads a list of words that includes the word "elephant" later, the participant views another list of words, each of which is presented very briefly followed by a mask. when the word "elephant" appears in the second list, the participant is more likely to perceive the word "elephant" in comparison to work that have not been recently viewed. this effect is called

repetition priming.

Someone versed in memory research could plant false memories in his or her friends or family. Imagine you want to perform such an (unethical) act. Which technique is LEAST likely to be effective in planting the false memories?

replacing a true method with a false one

which of the following is the correct pathway for visual information?

retina > LGN > V1

A great deal of forgetting may be caused by an inability (perhaps temporary) to locate target information that is stored in memory. This sort of forgetting is called

retrieval failure

kareena has undergone a split-brain procedure. Her doctor briefly presents the word "hammer" to only her left visual field and then asks her what she saw. How is Kareena most likely to respond?

she will say she doesn't know what word appeared, but she will be able to draw a picture of the object with her left hand

Jenna is given a box of Lego bricks and asked to sort them. she decides to sort them by color, which is an example of using the Gestalt principle of

similarity

patients with unilateral neglect ignore one sided of their visual field. this problem illustrates the importance of

space based attention

the development of computers facilitated research in cognition by

suggesting hypotheses that framed the steps of cognition as stages of information processing

in the past, working memory (WM) has likened to a storage container that would hold current information for a short period od tie. this analogy is problematic in what way?

the container analogy is too static: WM is more active than a simple storage container

one difference between working memory and long term memory is that

the contents of working memory depend on the content of ones current thinking but the contents of long term memory do not

which of the following would be considered a garden path sentence

the government plans to raise taxes were defeated

shruti and ryan both witness a car accident, they later discuss what they saw. unfortunately, Ryan is mistaken about some aspects of the accident, and so part of what he says to shruti is false. If shruti adopts the elements of Ryan's false memories into their own and now reports the memory with the inaccurate information, they have demonstrated

the misinformation effect

which of the following participants demonstrates encoding specificity?

the one who saw "the man tuned the piano" and later does not recall "piano" when cued with "something heavy"

for 10 days, a group of rats is simply allowed to explore a maze. On day 11, food is introduced at a specific location within the maze, and the rats find it. On day 12, the rats move to the food's location just as quickly as rats who had been trained for many days with food in that location. The most plausible explanation for this result is that

the rats permitted only to explore learned the layout of the maze

An important difference between categorization via exemplars and categorization via prototypes is that according to exemplary theory

the standard used in a particular category can very from one occasion to the next

in which of the following situations would we expect the fastest response time?

the stimulus being presented to the participant is the stimulus the participant was expecting

Recognition errors (like mistaking CQRN for CORN) lead us to what conclusion about feature nets?

their bias to recognize frequent words can result in errors

which of the following would be considered a benefit of a feature net?

they are efficient even if not perfect accurate

a participant is shown nonword letter strings, presented very briefly. When asked to identify these strings, they tend to make specific kinds of errors . which of the following describes an error they might make?

they tend to perceive stimuli as being more regular than they are

imagine you are putting together a puzzle. you have a broad idea of what the finished puzzle will look like, and you're guided by that idea as you work. your broad idea is acting as a

top-down influence

We can often recognize an object even if some of the objects parts are hidden from view. evidence indicates that this recognition from partial viewing will be easier if

we can see enough of the object to identify some of its geons

some people have sustained brain damage and lost the ability to identify color. Other people have sustained damages to a different area of the brain and lost the ability to detect motion. What does this indicate about our visual system?

we have specialized areas for processing different kinds of visual information

which of the following statements provide the most serious obstacle to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence?

when facts are provided by introspection, we have no way to assess the fact themselves, independent of the reporters perspective

jillian is asked too shadow a message presented to the left ear (attended) while simultaneously ignoring a message presented to the right ear (unattended). she is LEAST likely to detect

when the right ears message changes from coherent passage to the same voice reading random words

you are watching tv when a commercial advertising a new pizza place comes on. you decide you want pizza so you listen to the restaurants phone number then recite the number to yourself. just as you are about to dial your call phone rings and you talk on the phone for a few minutes. what is most likely to happen when you finish your call?

you have forgotten the phone number

A reacher shows you a blue "H" and a red "T" on a screen, but you were distracted by another image when the letters appeared. When the researcher asks you to report what you saw, you say a red "H" and a blue "T". what just happened?

you made a conjunction error

later this evening, your roommate asks you how your class went today. assuming it was a typical day in class, which of the following is most likely to occur when you try to remember

you will accurately recall the gist of the class but have poor recall of some details