psych 4

History of the term "borderline"

"Borderline" was coined in the 1930s to describe patients who appeared anxious, but were prone to brief psychotic experiences (patients were thought to be on the borderline between anxiety and psychosis)

Bruno Bettelheim

- (influenced by Freud) - believed that a mother's ambivalent attitudes and her frozen and rigid emotions toward her child were the main causal factors in childhood autism → mothers do not want their child to exist

Diagnosis for antisocial personality disorder

- 1) Disinhibition - propensity toward impulse control problems, lack of planning and forethought insistence on immediate gratification, and inability to restrain behavior - 2) Boldness - a tendency toward thrill seeking - 3) Meanness - "aggressive resource seeking without regard for others" and is signaled by a lack of empathy, disdain for lack of close relationships with others, and a tendency to accomplish goals through cruelty

Which of the following is true about neurodevelopmental disorders?

- All neurodevelopmental disorders are diagnosed in early childhood.

Examples of safety behaviors

- Avoiding eye contact - Rehearing sentences before speaking - Talking only briefly - Not talking about oneself - Assuming roles in social situations that minimize interaction with others

2 mood disordesr

- Depressive disorders - Bipolar and related disorders

2 cognitive processes that are crucial in the development of PTSD

- Disturbances in memory of the event - Negative appraisals of the trauma and its aftermath

Causes of autism spectrum disorder

- Early theories placed the blame on the mother (Bruno Bettelheim) - Exact causes still remain unknown → strongly influenced by genes → genes involved in the formation of synaptic circuits that facilitate communication between different areas of the brain - Pollutants (plant emissions/mercury), urban vs. rural residence, vitamin D deficiency

Acquisition of Phobias - Vicarious Learning (Rachman)

- Ex: a child observes his cousin react fearfully to spiders make later express the same fears, even though spiders have never presented any danger to him

What are the symptoms of Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

- Fidgety - Restless - Socially disruptive - Have trouble with impulse control - Display short attention spans - Problems with concentration - Distractibility

What factors contribute to Borderline personality disorder?

- Genetic factors are the most important - Core personality traits that characterize this disorder (impulsivity and emotional instability) show a high degree of heritability - Environmental factors are also crucial → sexual/emotional/physical abuse during childhood

Causes of ADHD

- Genetics play a significant role - show less dopamine activity in regions of the brains that are associated with motivation and reward - children have abnormalities in their frontal lobes (an area which dopamine is in abundance) - Sugar consumption has no effect at all on the behavioral + cognitive performance of children - Maternal smoking during pregnancy is associated with the development of more severe symptoms of the disorder - Not caused by poor parenting → family environment does not have that big of a role

Genetic cause of schizophrenia

- Has a genetic basis but also involves environmental factors - Supports a diathesis stress interpretation of schizophrenia → both genetic vulnerability and environmental stress are required for the disorder to develop

Causes of OCD

- Has a moderate genetic component - Regulation of the neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate play a role - orbitofrontal cortex - caused by learned response from classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Precursors to suicidal behavior

- Have a lethal means in which to act (firearm at home) - Withdrawal from social relationships - Feeling as though one is a burden to others - Engaging in risky behavior

Neuotransmitter cause of schizophrenia

- High levels of dopamine produce schizophrenia like symptoms - dopamine hypothesis

Risk factors for bipolar disorder

- Higher in men than in women - Usually have a comorbid disorder: anxiety disorder or a substance abuse problem - Suicide rates are high

What is a biological cause of mood disorders?

- Imbalances in certain neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin - Regulators of the bodily functions that are disrupted in mood disorders, including appetite, sex drive, sleep, arousal, and mood

Risk factors for major depressive disorder

- Known as the "common cold" for psychiatric disorders - More common among women - Greatest risk among women is not accounted for by a tendency to report symptoms or to seek help more readily - Other risk factors include unemployment, earning less than 20K a year, living in urban areas, or being separated/divorced/widowed

Diagnosis criteria for PTSD

- Must be exposed to, witness, or experiences the details of atraumatic experiences - One that involves actual threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence

Marijuana cause of schizophrenia

- Not enough evidence to prove that marijuana use leads to schizophrenia - Longitudinal studies say that marijuana use is a risk factor - Plays a role in the development of schizophrenia - Early marijuana use may disrupt normal brain development during important early maturation periods in adolescence

Why are people more likely to develop phobias of things that do not represent much actual danger to themselves and are less likely to develop phobias toward things that present legitimate danger?

- One theory states that the human brain is evolutionarily predisposed to more readily associate certain objects or situations with fear - Our ancestors associate certain stimuli (snakes, spiders, heights, and thunder) with potential danger → as time progressed, the mind has become adapted to more readily develop fears of these things than others

Brain antomy cause of schizophrenia

- People with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles: the cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid - Larger ventricles → smaller brain regions → schizophrenia = loss of brain tissue - People display a reduction in gray matter (cell bodies of neurons) in the frontal lobes

Other symptoms of major depressive disorder

- Significant weight loss or weight gain + significant increase/decrease in appetite - Difficulty sleeping - Psychomotor agitation - Psychomotor retardation - Loss of energy/fatigue - Feelings of worthlessness + guilt - Difficulty concentrating + indecisiveness - Suicidal ideation

American Psychiatric Association (APA) states that a psychological disorder consists of...

- There are significant disturbances in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors - The disturbances reflect some kind of biological, psychological, or developmental dysfunction - The disturbances lead to significant distress or disability in one's life - The disturbances do not reflect expected or culturally approved responses to certain events

Panic attack

- a period of extreme fear of discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes - cannot result from physiological effects of drugs and other substances, a medical condition, or another mental disorder - Episodes are expected or unexpected - Symptoms of a panic attack are very similar to a heart attack → episodes are terrifying

Diathesis definition

- a predisposition for a disorder - ex: childhood maltreatment and trauma

Generalized anxiety disorder

- a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension - People often worry about routine, every day things, even though their concerns are unjustified - Highly comorbid with with mood disorders and other anxiety disorders - Chronic - Increased risk of heart attacks and strokes - Genetic factors play a role in the disorder

Mania

- a state of extreme elation and agitation - People are extremely talkative, behave recklessly, or attempt to take on many tasks simultaneously

Depression is linked to abnormal activity in several regions in the brain including

- amygdala: important in assessing the emotional significance of stimuli and experiencing emotions -prefrontal cortex : regulating and controlling emotions

behavior inhibition

- an inherited trait that is characterized by a consistent tendency to show fear and restraint when presented with unfamiliar people or situations. - Displayed very early in life → toddlers/children respond with great caution and restraint in unfamiliar situations → often timid, fearful, and shy around unfamiliar people

Agoraphobia

- anxiety disorder characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situation in which it might be difficult to escape if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack - "fear of the market place" - Ex: public transportation, open spaces (parking lots), enclosed spaces (stores), crowds, or being home alone

Panic disorder

- anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self defeating behavior related to the attacks (avoidance of exercise or unfamiliar events) - Individuals also often experience a comorbid disorder like agraphobia

orbitofrontal cortex in relation to OCD

- area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision making - the region becomes hyperactive when they are provoked with tasks - Cortex is part of a series of brain regions called the OCD circuit: consists of several interconnected regions that influence the perceived emotional value of stimuli and the selection of both behavioral and cognitive responses

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

- authoritative index of mental and physical diseases, including infectious diseases, and the criteria for their diagnosis - used for clinical purposes and to examine the general health of populations and to monitor the prevalence of diseases and other health problems internationally

DSM-5

- authoritative index of mental disorders and the criteria for their diagnosis - the most popular classification system used - Has a list of disorders and with a detailed description, symptoms, risk factors associated with the disorder

Delusions

- belief that is contrary to reality and is firmly held, despite contradictory evidence - symptom of Schizophrenia

Somatic delusion

- belief that something highly unusual is happening to one's body or internal organs - symptom of Schizophrenia - Ex: Kidneys are being eaten by cockroaches

Thomas Szasz

- believed mental illness was invented by society to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms - Rejected the idea that homosexuality was abnormal

Obsessions

- characterized as persistent, unintentional, and unwanted thoughts and urges that are highly intrusive, unpleasant, and distressing - Ex: concerns about germs, order and symmetry - Obsessions symptoms can overlap

Grandiose delusions

- characterized by beliefs that one holds special power, unique knowledge, or is extremely important - symptom of Schizophrenia - Ex: person who claims to be Jesus Christ

Paranoid delusions

- characterized by beliefs that others are out to harm them - symptom of Schizophrenia - Ex: mom is plotting with the FBI to kill him

Anxiety disorders

- characterized by excessive and persistent fear and anxiety, and by related disturbances in behavior - more common in women - most frequently occurring class of mental disorders - often comorbid with each-other and with other mental disorders - 25-30% of US population meets the criteria for at least one anxiety disorder

Social anxiety disorder

- characterized by extreme and persistent fear or anxiety and avoidance of social situations in which one could potentially be evaluated negatively by others - Fear that you may act in a humiliating or embarrassing way or do/say something that might lead to rejection

Hoarding disorder

- characterized by persistent difficulty in parting with possessions, regardless of their actual value or usefulness - Sentimental attachment to the items - Once was thought to be a symptom of OCD, but now it is considered an entirely different disorder

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

- childhood disorder characterized by inattentiveness and/or hyperactive, impulsive behavior - Neurodevelopmental disorder

Schizotypal personality disorder

- cluster A - Exhibits eccentricities in thought, perception, emotion, speech, and behavior - Shows suspiciousness or paranoia - Has unusual perceptual experiences - Speech is often idiosyncratic - Displays inappropriate emotions - Lacks friends or confidants - Not due to schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, autism spectrum disorder

Paranoid personality disorder

- cluster A - Harbors a pervasive and justifiable suspiciousness and mistrust of others - Reluctant to confide in or become close to others - Reads hidden demeaning or threatening meaning into benign remarks or events - Takes offense easily and bears grudges - Not due to schizophrenia or other psychotic disorders

Schizoid personality disorder

- cluster A - Lacks interest and desire to form relationships with others - Aloof and shows emotional coldness and detachment - Indifferent to approval or criticism of others - Lacks close friends and confidants - Not due to schizophrenia, other psychotic disorders, autism spectrum disorder

Antisocial personality disorder

- cluster B - Continuously violates the rights of others - History of antisocial tendencies prior to age 15 - Often lies, fights, and has problems with the law - Impulsive and fails to think ahead - Can be deceitful and manipulative in order to gain profit or pleasure - Irresponsible and often fails to hold down a job or pay financial debts - Lacks empathy and a moral compas

Histrionic personality disorder

- cluster B - Excessively over dramatic emotional, and theatrical -Feels uncomfortable when not the center of others' attention - Behavior is often inappropriately seductive or provocative - Speech is highly emotional but often vague and diffuse - Emotions are shallow and often shift rapidly - May alienate friends with demands for constant attention

Narcissistic personality disorder

- cluster B - Overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance and preoccupied with fantasies of success - Believes he is entitled to special treatment from others - Shows arrogant attitudes and behaviors - Takes advantage of others - Lacks empathy

Borderline personality disorder

- cluster B - instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood, as well as impulsivity - Unstable in self-image, mood, and behavior - Cannot tolerate being alone and experiences chronic feelings of emptiness - Unstable and intense relationships with others - Behavior is impulsive, unpredictable, and sometimes self damaging - Shows inappropriate and intense anger - Makes suicidal gestures

Dependent personality disorder

- cluster C - Allows other to take over and run their life - Is submissive, clingy, and fears separation - Cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others - Lack self confidence - Cannot do things their own - Feels uncomfortable or helpless when alone

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (different from OCD)

- cluster C - Pervasive need for perfectionism that interferes with the ability to complete tasks - Preoccupied with details, rules, order, and schedules - Excessively devoted to work at the expense of leisure and friendships - Rigid, inflexible, and stubborn - Insists things be done their way - Stingy with money

Avoidant personality disorder

- cluster C - Socially inhibited and over sensitive to negative evaluation - Avoids occupations that involve interpersonal contact because of fears of criticism or rejection - Avoids relationships with other unless guaranteed to be accepted unconditionally - Feels inadequate and views self as socially inept and unappealing - Unwilling to take risks or engage in new activities if they may prove embarrassing

Hopelessness Theory

- cognitive theory of depression proposing that a style of thinking that perceives negative life events as having stable and global causes leads to a sense of hopelessness and then to depression - Stable: "It's never going to change" -Global: "It's going to affect my whole life"

Depressive schemas

- concept developed by Aaron Beck - schemas contain themes of loss, failure, rejection, worthlessness, and inadequacy and may develop during early childhood in response to traumatic experiences and then remain dormant until they are activated by stressful or negative life events - Schemas prompt dysfunctional and pessimistic thoughts about the self, world, and future

Fears inherent to social anxiety disorder can develop through _________

- conditioning experiences - Bullying → may develop negative social images of herself that become activated later in anxiety-provoking situations

Persistent depressive disorder (formerly dysthymia)

- depressive disorder characterized by a chronically sad and melancholy mood - Experience depressed moods most of the day nearly day for at least 2 years + 2 other symptoms of major depressive disorder

Atypical

- describes behaviors or feelings that deviate from the norm - Just because something is considered this does not mean it is a psychological disorder (ex: red hair)

Aaron Beck

- developed the most popular cognitive theory of depression in the 1960s - Depression-prone people possess depressive schemas, or mental predispositions to think about most things in a negative way

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

- dissociative disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder) in which a person exhibits 2 or more distinct, well-defined personalities or identities and experiences memory gaps for the time during which another identity emerged - Traumatic experience → states of dissociation → serve as a coping mechanism for threat and danger (think of SPLIT)

Dissociative amnesia

- dissociative disorder characterized by an inability to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience - dissociative fugue

Depersonalization/derealization disorder

- dissociative disorder in which people feel detached from the self (depersonalization), and the world feels artificial and unreal (derealization) - Individuals think that they are going crazy

Posttraumatic stress disorder

- experiencing a profoundly traumatic event leads to a constellation of symptoms that include intrusive and distressing memories of the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to the event, negative emotional states, feelings of detachment from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts, hypervigilance, and a tendency to startle easily - women who had experienced sexual traumas experience the same symptoms as soldiers - Caused by extremely traumatic events (combat, natural disaster, terrorist attacks)

Acquisition of Phobias - Classical Conditioning (Rachman)

- form of learning in which a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) that reflexively elicits an unconditioned response (UCR), eliciting the same response through its association with an unconditioned stimulus - The response is called a conditioned response (CR) - Ex: Dog bite (UCS) → Fear (UCR) → child experiences fear around dogs (CR)

Causes of schizophrenia

- genes - environment - neurotransmitters - brain anatomy - events during pregnancy - marijuana (possibly)

Dissociative disorders

- group of DSM-5 disorders in which the primary feature is that a person becomes dissociated, or split off, from his or her core sense of self, resulting in disturbances in identity and memory - disturbances have a psychological rather than physical cause

What are the long term outcomes that children diagnosed with ADHD face than those children who are not diagnosed?

- higher risk for substance abuse problems - Worse educational attainment - Lower socioeconomic status - More likely to be unemployed

Prodromal symptoms

- in schizophrenia, one of the early minor symptoms of psychosis - include: genetic risk. recent deterioration of functioning, High levels of unusual thought content, High levels of paranoia, Poor social functioning, History of substance abuse

Asperger's

- individuals have an average or high intelligence and a strong vocabulary, but have impairments in social interaction and social communication -Differs qualitatively from autistic disorder → concerns among parents that their children may no longer be eligible for special services

Anxiety

- involves apprehension, avoidance, and cautiousness regarding a potential threat, danger, or other negative event - not just a feeling, physiological response - Motivates us to take actions or avoid certain things

Body Dysmorphic disorder

- involves excessive preoccupation with an imagined defect in physical appearance - causes the person to think she is unattractive → preoccupation with imagined physical flaws drives the person to engage in repetitive and ritualistic behavior and mental acts

Harmful dysfunction

- model of psychological disorders resulting from the inability of an internal mechanism to perform its natural function - Disorders may occur through a breakdown of biological functions that govern various psychological processes

Bipolar disorder (formerly manic depression)

- mood disorder characterized by mood states that vacillate between depression and mania - Mood alternates from one emotional extreme to the other - Different from unipolar: a persistently sad mood

Symptoms of PTSD

- must occur for at least a month) - Flashbacks - Avoidance of stimuli connected to the event - Persistently negative emotional state - Feelings of detachment from others - Irritability, proneness toward outbursts, and jumpiness

Neurodevelopmental disorders

- one of the disorders that are first diagnosed in childhood and involve developmental problems in academic, intellectual, and social functioning - includes attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism

What personality disorders are included in cluster A?

- paranoid personality disorder - Schizoid personality disorder - Schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster A (cluster of personality disorders)

- people with these disorders display a personality style that is odd or eccentric - include paranoid personality disorder, Schizoid personality disorder, and Schizotypal personality disorder

Cluster B (cluster of personality disorders)

- people with these disorders usually are impulsive, overly dramatic, highly emotional, and erratic - include Antisocial personality disorder, Histrionic personality disorder, Narcissistic personality disorder, and Borderline personality disorder

Hallucination

- perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation, such as the auditory hallucinations (hearing voices) common to schizophrenia - Auditory hallucinations are the most common

Neuroticism

- personality characteristic that increase the risk of PTSD - long-term tendency to be in a negative emotional state

somatization

- personality characteristic that increase the risk of PTSD - the tendency to experience physical symptoms when one encounters stress

Compulsions

- repetitive and ritualistic acts that are typically carried out primarily as a means to minimize the distress that obsessions trigger or to reduce the likelihood of a feared event - Include behaviors like repeated and extensive handwashing, cleaning, and ordering

Diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder

- requires that the diffuse worrying and apprehension characteristic of this disorder is not part of another disorder (Freud called this free floating anxiety), occurs more days than not for at least 6 weeks, and is accompanied by 3 of these symptoms: Restlessness Difficulty concentrating Being easily fatigued Muscle tension Irritability Sleep problems

Schizophrenia

- severe disorder characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, emotion, and behavior with symptoms that include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking and behavior, and negative symptoms - diagnosed in mid 20s - NOT a conditioning involving a split personality

Why is there controversy with Dissociative identity disorder (DID)?

- some believe that people fake symptoms to avoid the consequences of illegal actions - Ex: Kenneth Bianchi - serial killer who claimed that it was a different personality → fessed up to lying - Also controversial because rates of the disorder suddenly skyrocketed in the 1980s

Peripartum onset (postpartum depression)

- subtype of depression that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following childbirth - Feel very anxious and may have panic attacks - Feel guilty, agitated, and weepy - Do not want to cold or care for their newborn In extreme cases, they want to harm her child or herself Ex: Andrea Yates → drowned her 5 children in a bathtub

Diathesis - Stress Model

- suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress - model of psychopathology - integrates biological + psychosocial factors to predict the likelihood of a disorder

Inattention

- symptom of ADHD - Great difficulty with/avoidance of tasks that require sustained attention (ex: reading) - Failure to follow instructions → failure to complete school work - Disorganization - Lack of attention to detail - Becoming easily distracted - Forgetfulness

Hyperactivity

- symptom of ADHD - excessive movement, and includes fidgeting or squirming, leaving one's seat in situations when remaining seated is expected, having trouble sitting still, running about and climbing on things, blurting out responses before another person's question or statement has been completed, difficulty awaiting one's turn for something

Negative symptoms

- symptom of Schizophrenia - characterized by decreases and absences in certain normal behaviors, emotions, drives, such as an expressionless face, lack of motivation to engage in activities, reduced speech, lack of social engagement, and inability to experience pleasure - avolition, alogica, Asociality , anhedonia

Disorganized thinking

- symptom of Schizophrenia - disjointed and incoherent thought processes, usually detected by what a person says - Person might ramble, exhibit loose associations (jump from topic to topic), or talk in a way that is so disorganized and incomprehensible - Exhibited by blatantly illogical remarks and tangentiality (responding to other's statements or questions by remarks that are either barely related or unrelated to what is said or asked)

Disorganized/abnormal motor behavior

- symptom of Schizophrenia - highly unusual behaviors and movements (childlike behaviors), repeated and purposeless movements, and displaying odd facial expressions and gestures - Person will exhibit catatonic behaviors: show decreased reactivity to environment; includes posturing (person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time) and catatonic stupor (complete lack of movement and verbal behavior)

Psychomotor agitation

- symptom of major depressive disorder - the person is noticeably fidgety and jittery (unable to sit, pacing, rubbing of the skin)

Psychomotor retardation

- symptom of major depressive disorder - the person talks and moves slowly (talking very little or in monotone)

Suicidal ideation

- symptom of major depressive disorder - thoughts of death, thinking about or planning suicide, or making an actual suicide attempt

Rumination

- the repetitive and passive focus on the fact that one is depressed and dwelling on depressed symptoms, rather than distracting one's self from the symptoms or attempting to address them in an active, problem-solving manner -More common for women to ruminate when sad/depressed

Psychopathology

- the study of psychological disorders including their symptoms, etiology, and treatment - Can also refer to the manifestation of a psychological disorder

Dopamine hypothesis (schizophrenia)

- theory of schizophrenia that proposes that an overabundance of dopamine or dopamine receptors is responsible for the onset and maintenance of schizophrenia - Too much dopamine in the limbic system = hallucinations and delusions - Low levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex = negative symptoms (avolition, alogia, asociality, and anhedonia)

Panic attack cognitive theory

- those with panic disorder are prone to interpret ordinary bodily sensations catastrophically, and the fearful interpretations set the stage for panic attacks - Ex: person drinks a large cup of coffee → interprets the body changes of increased heart rate and trembling catastrophically → "maybe I'm having a heart attack" → elicits fear and anxiety → creates additional physical symptoms → experiences a panic attack

Biological perspective of psychological disorders

- view that psychological disorders are linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities - Evidence shows that psychological disorders have a genetic component

Cognitive theories about Generalized anxiety disorder

- worry represents a mental strategy to avoid more powerful negative emotions, perhaps stemming from earlier unpleasant or traumatic experiences - Childhood maltreatment strongly correlated to the development of this disorder

What personality disorders are included in cluster B?

-Antisocial personality disorder -Histrionic personality disorder - Narcissistic personality disorder - Borderline personality disorder

Event during pregnancy cause of schizophrenia

-High rates of obstetric complications in births of children later developed schizophrenia - Higher risk if mom was exposed to influenza during the 1st trimester - Mother's emotional stress during pregnancy affects the risk of the disorder - Risk is elevated when mothers experienced death of a relative during the first trimester

What are the 3 major pathways that phobias can be acquired through? (Rachman)

1) Classical conditioning 2) Vicarious learning (modeling) 3) Verbal transmission/information

What are the 3 main areas that children with Autism Spectrum Disorder show signs of?

1) Deficits in social interaction 2) Deficits in communication 3) Repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

3 Dissociative disorders

1) Dissociative amnesia 2) Depersonalization/derealization disorder 3) Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

List the 3 Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders

1) Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) 2) Body Dysmorphic disorder 3) Hoarding disorder

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue.

13.4%

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), in 2008, ____ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue.

13.4%

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, _____ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.

19%

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.

19%

antipsychotic medicines were first introduced in ____.

1954

Statistics show that ____ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.

26%

Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.

26%

Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine?

A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.

What organization published the DSM-5?

APA

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Adderall

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Highest rates of suicide in the US are...

American Indians/Alaskan native and non hispanic whites

What does the APA stand for?

American Psychiatric Association

If parents are too lenient in the ______ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

Anal

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

Archetype

What is the developmental task of Erik Erickson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

What personality disorders are most common?

Avoidant and schizoid personality disorders

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

Avoidant personality disorder

What personality disorders are included in cluster C?

Avoidant personality disorder, Dependent personality disorder, and Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (different from OCD)

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B. F. Skinner

Karen horney suggested way in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could _________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

Become neurotic strategies

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics perviously learned: _________

Beliefs and expectations

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

Etiology

Cause of disease

3) Repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

Child might engage in stereotyped, repetitive movements (rocking, head banging, or repeatedly dropping an object and then picking it up)

Deficits in social interaction

Children do not make eye contact with others and seem to prefer playing alone rather than with others

2) Deficits in communication

Complete lack of speech, one word processes, echoed speech, difficulty maintaining a convo b/c of an inability to reciprocate other's comments

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Denial

Defining symptoms of major depressive disorder

Depressed mood most of the day and nearly every day Loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities

What does DSM-5 stand for?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?

Dorothea Dix

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?

Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?

Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?

Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle- class Americans.

When was the term "Schizophrenia" first coined and by who?

Eugen Bleuler in 1911

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?

Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

Acquisition of Phobias - Verbal Transmission/Information (Rachman)

Ex: a child whose parents, siblings, and friends constantly tell her how disgusting and dangerous snakes are may come to acquire a fear of snakes

A(an) ___ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we could control our own outcomes.

External; Internal

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: _______.

Extroversion/introversion; Neuroticism/ stability

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.

Extrovert

A "compulsion" is an unwanted thought, word, phrase or image that persistently and repeatedly comes to mind and causes distress. (T or F)

False

According to the DSM-5, to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, a person must show at least 5 symptoms for 5 weeks. (T or F)

False

Carl Jung is primarily known for his theory around the inferiority complex.

False

Deviant behavior is the same as disturbed behavior (T or F)

False

Human behavior is neither complex nor variable. (T or F)

False

Personality disorders do not develop until adulthood. (T or F)

False

Unlike other animals, humans have evolved fear mechanisms as a way to identify situations as being either safe or dangerous. (T or F)

False

Factors that increase the risk of PTSD

Female gender, low socioeconomic status, low intelligence, personal history of mental disorders, history of childhood adversity (abuse or other trauma during childhood), and family history of mental disorders

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ________.

Five Factor Model

The traits openness, conscious envious ness, extroversion,agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the ______.

Five Factor Model

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother". What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What dose this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

What is the developmental task of Erik Erickson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of the family?

Generatively vs. stagnation

In the _____ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

Genital

Who described the symptoms of Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Hans Hoffman

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

How you think determines how you feel.

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their____ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

Id

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and meaning of her contributions?

Integrity vs. despair

What does ICD stand for?

International Classification of Diseases (ICD)

Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?

It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem.

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?

It involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is false?

It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century.

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?

Jerome C. Wakefield

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

Lana is late for dinner with her parents. They don't care, but she thinks this is a catastrophe-an inaccurate view of the situation that leads her to feel bad about herself. In this example, what represents the cognitive distortion?

Lana thinking that being late for dinner is a catastrophe

Lana is late for dinner with her parents. They don't care, but she thinks this is a catastrophe—an inaccurate view of the situation that leads her to feel bad about herself. In this example, what represents the cognitive distortion?

Lana thinking that being late for dinner is a catastrophe

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

Latency

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he grows on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

The ____ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

Mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis.

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ____________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes,drinks,over eats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ______ stage of her psychosexual development.

Oral

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?

Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence.

According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?

Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

Which of the following is false of dissociative disorders?

People with these disorders exhibit a personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of their culture.

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of histrionic personality disorder?

Phoebe feels uncomfortable when she is not the center of attention, and she has alienated friends by demanding excessive amounts of their attention.

Dr. Grimes conducts a _____________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

Projective test

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Regression

Which of the following is an example of hopelessness theory?

Rochelle has an expectation that terrible things will happen and there is nothing she can do about it—this leads her to become depressed.

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?

Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of schizotypal personality disorder?

Stella laughed when her dog died and cried while watching a funny movie.

Is suicide more common for men or women?

Suicide among males is 4X higher than among females

Which of the following is not a reason that ADHD may be overdiagnosed?

The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified.

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ____ in the second half of life.

The self-realization process

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it.

The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences.

The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences.

The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?

This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.

What psychologist helped pave the way for the social and civil rights that gay and lesbian people now have?

Thomas Szasz

Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?

Thomas Szasz

Classical conditioning in developing PTSD

Traumatic event (unconditioned stimulus) → elicits fear/anxiety (unconditioned response) → cognitive, emotional, physiological, and environmental cues related to the event are conditioned stimuli → traumatic reminds evoke conditioned responses similar to those caused by the event itself

A "positive symptom" is a symptom that is "present" with a person's schizophrenia. (T or F)

True

A phobia is a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, situation or activity. (T or F)

True

Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD. (T or F)

True

Brain imaging studies show that hallucinations activate the brain in ways similar, but not identical to, real external stimulation from the environment. (T or F)

True

Head size can be an indicator of possible autistic spectrum disorder. (T or F)

True

If a woman contracts an infection during pregnancy, the risk of the child developing schizophrenia later in life increases greatly. (T or F)

True

PTSD may include both recurring thoughts and recurring intrusive feelings. (T or F)

True

Schizophrenia is a psychotic disorder (T or F)

True

Schizophrenia occurs as a result of an interaction between biological factors and an abusive environment. (T or F)

True

Stressful events, like social rejection, can start biological reactions which may result in developing depression. (T or F)

True

The 5th edition of the DSM is DSM-5. (T or F)

True

The presence of hallucinations is an example of positive symptoms. (T or F)

True

To be considered disturbed, a behavior must result in a person being unable to function in the world. (T or F)

True

War veterans are at risk for depression, drug abuse and suicide, as well as PTSD. (T or F)

True

What organization published the ICD?

World Health Organization (WHO)

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?

Yellow bile from the liver

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?

You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.

Who developed the Diathesis - Stress Model?

Zuckerman

Diathesis-stress models propose that depression is triggered by

a "cognitive vulnerability" (negative thinking) and by precipitating stressful life events

Psychological disorder

a condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Depressive disorders

a group of disorders in which depression is the main feature

Bipolar and related disorders

a group of mood disorders in which mania is the main feature

Obsessive - compulsive and related disorders

a group of overlapping disorders that generally involve intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors

why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine?

a prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted but indentified a link

Bender-Gestalt test

a psychological test used by mental health practitioners that assesses visual-motor functioning, developmental disorders, and neurological impairments in children ages 3 and older and adults.

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish goals. The therapist acknowledges Marlena's feelings, restates what Marlena just said, and clarifies the feelings behind Marlena's statement. Which of the following does this situation illustrate?

active listening

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

adderall

Lovell is noticeably fidgety and jittery. He can't sit still; he paces, wrings his hands, and pulls at his clothing constantly. Lovell suffers from psychomotor________.

agitation

People of social anxiety disorder have a high comorbidity of ______

alcohol use disorder

Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

all-or-nothing thinking

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

an external locus of control

Anhedonia - negative symptoms (Schizophrenia)

an inability to experience pleasure

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

an internal locus of control

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.

antidepressants

From an early age, Kwaku got into trouble constantly. He continually violates the rights of others and he often lies, fights, and has problems with the law. Generally, he is impulsive and fails to think ahead. He is frequently deceitful and manipulative in order to get the things he wants, and he never regrets his misdeeds or considers the feelings of those he has harmed. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Kwaku's personality?

antisocial personality disorder

A panic disorder is a type of ____ disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

anxiety

_____ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

anxiety

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

anxiety

Which mental disorder is least likely to be treated in children 8-15 years old?

anxiety disorder

Specific phobia

anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, distressing, and persistent fear of anxiety about a specific object or situation

Comorbid disorders for major depressive disorder include

anxiety disorders + substance abuse disorders

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to ________

anything an individual does that can be punished or rewarded

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

Locus Coeruleus

area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter, that triggers the body's flight or flight response

Panic disorder is very common among people with ____?

asthma

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.

asylums

Egon can't pay attention in class. He is easily distracted, won't sit still, and displays poor impulse control. The school counselor suggested that his parents take him to a doctor to have him assessed for ________.

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Supernatural perspective

attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding

Which of the following can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes, raise cholesterol levels, and cause drowsiness and dizziness?

atypical antipsychotics

________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.

atypical antipsychotics

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

autism spectrum disorder

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?

aversive conditioning

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?

aversive conditioning

Nicole is socially inhibited and oversensitive to negative evaluation. She was thinking about a career in nursing, but she changed her mind because she believes the doctors would criticize her and patients would reject her. She has never been on a date because she feels socially inept and unappealing; she avoids meeting new people because anything less than immediate, unconditional acceptance causes her anxiety. Just yesterday she was invited to go on a kayak trip, but she didn't go because she was worried she would embarrass herself. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nicole's personality?

avoidant personality disorder

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

become neurotic strategies

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

which of the following is a common characteristic of all dissociative disorders?

becoming split off, or dissociated, from one's core sense of self

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

behavior

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

behavior

What is a major risk factor of developing social anxiety disorder?

behavior inhibition

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

behavior therapy

How does behavior therapy differ from psychoanalysis?

behavior therapy uses principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behavior, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into a client's unconscious

which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder?

behavioral inhibition

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

being outside the home alone

Thought withdrawal (w/ Schizophrenia)

belief that one's thought are being removed

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.

beliefs and expectations

The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.

biological and psychological

The ____ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ____ perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.

biological; psychological

Diathesis can be _______ or _______ vulnerability

biological; psychological (i.e. pessimism)

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

biomedical

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.

body dysmorphic

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose was deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ___ disorder.

body dysmorphic

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

borderline personality disorder

What often happened to patients in the early years of using electroshock therapy?

broke their backs

what often happened to patients in the early years of using electroshock therapy?

broke their backs

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.

can perform miracles

Etiology is another word for ________.

causes

etiology is another word for ________.

causes

Diathesis-stress interpretation of major depressive disorder

certain predispositions or vulnerability factors influence one's reaction to stress

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack."

change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"

what should be changed to make re following sentence true? "acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack."

change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? "a person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive,distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation ."

change the word "anxiety" to "phobia"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."

change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."

change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic favors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities"

change the word "psychological" to "biological"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities."

change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"

Avolition - negative symptoms (Schizophrenia)

characterized by a lack of motivation to engage in self-initiated and meaningful activity, including the most basic tasks

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

characterized by the tendency to experience intrusive and unwanted thoughts and urges (obsessions) and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) in response to the unwanted thoughts or urges

Autism Spectrum Disorder

childhood disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication, and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests

Which group is play therapy often used to treat?

children

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

Addiction is often viewed as a(an) ________ disease.

chronic

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

client says whatever comes to mind

in the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the _____.

client says whatever comes to mind the at the moment

What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy?

client's present and future

what is the emphasis in humanistic therapy?

client's present and future

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy.

client-centered

humanistic therapy is also called ____ therapy.

client-centered

Which of the following clearly influenced Sigmund Freud's theory of development?

climate of sexual repression

What is comorbidity?

co-occurrence of two disorders

The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________.

cognitive behavioral therapy

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive therapy

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

in order to overcome an eating disorder, Servilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. what kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

cognitive-behavioral therapy

the primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling ____.

cognitive-behavioral therapy

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next

collective unconscious

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconscious

Catatonic stupor

complete lack of movement and verbal behavior

Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."

concern over germs

A psychological disorder is ____

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

a psychological disorder is a _________.

condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.

counterconditioning

Aversive conditioning is a ________.

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

Aversive conditioning is a ________.

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

aversive conditioning is a _________.

counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

Which term describes a therapist who can develop treatment strategies to address the needs of various populations?

culturally competent

Suicide

defined by the CDC as "death caused by self-directed injurious behavior with any intent to die as the result of the behavior"

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?

dependent personality disorder

Anti-anxiety agents work by ___.

depressing central nervous system activity

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

depressing central nervous system activity

Diagnosis

determination of which disorder a set of symptoms represents

The ____ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

diathesis-stress

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

diathesis-stress

Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.

differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture

What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.

disorganized thinking

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.

dissociative fugue

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

dissociative identity

which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?

due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitialized

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

ectomorph

ECT stands for ____.

electroconvulsive therapy

ECT stands for ________.

electroconvulsive therapy

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

episodic

Major depressive disorder is considered...

episodic

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?

ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than white, middle-class americans

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

excessive,persistent fear and anxiety

Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder?

experiencing trauma in isolation

which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of post traumatic stress disorder?

experiencing trauma in isolation

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external; internal

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a(an) ________.

extrovert

phobia is Greek for

fear

Taphophobia

fear of being buried alive

Hematophobia

fear of blood

Cynophobia

fear of dogs

Claustrophobia

fear of enclosed spaces

Aerophobia

fear of flying

Acrophobia

fear of heights

Trypanophobia

fear of injections

Ophidiophobia

fear of snakes

Arachnophobia

fear of spiders

Xenophobia

fear of strangers

Which of the following is not an example of suicidal ideation?

fearing you will die

Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client.

free association

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

generalized anxiety disorder

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psycho-social development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?

generativity vs. stagnation

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family?

generativity vs. stagnation

Factors that attribute to antisocial personality disorder

genetic factors and socialization

Personality disorders

group of DSM-5 disorders characterized by an inflexible and pervasive personality style that differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture and causes distress and impairment

Main symptoms of Schizophrenia

hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, disorganized/abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms

Wakefield defined psychological disorder as

harmful dysfunction

What do medications for ADHD do?

have stimulant qualities and elevate dopamine activity

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?

having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of three factors?

having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

heritability

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

how you think determines how you feel

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

humanism

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate the thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?

humanistic therapy

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?

humanistic therapy

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their ________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

id

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

in behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

in which people are presented with ambiguous images

Depressed individuals show _____ amygdala activity especially when presented with negative emotional stimuli

increased

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

A(an) _________ complex refers to the feelings that one lacks worth and does not measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."

insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"

Exit events

instances in which an important person departs are especially likely to trigger depression if these happenings occur in a way that humiliates or devalues the individual.

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs.

intake

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ________.

introvert

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

involuntary

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

involuntary

Fear

involves an instantaneous reaction to an imminent threat

Which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?

it can decrease a client's shame and isolation ab a problem

which of the following is a benefit of group therapy?

it can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem.

Which of the following statements is true about obsessive-compulsive disorder?

it involves intrusive, unpleasant thoughts and repetitive behaviors

which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is false?

it was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century

episodic

its symptoms are usually present at their full magnitude for a certain period of time and then gradually become less intense

Colby is talking with his wife, Shayla, when Shayla starts crying. Colby immediately assumes that Shayla wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion does this situation illustrate?

jumping to conclusions

Specifier

labels used to indicate specific patterns of symptoms or to specify certain periods of time in which the symptoms may be present

Which of the following is an example of avolition?

lack of motivation to bathe yourself

Which of the following defines antisocial personality disorder?

lack of regard for others' rights, impulsivity, deceitfulness, irresponsibility, and lack of remorse over misdeeds

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

Ocean Therapy involves group discussion and ________.

learning how to surf

Medication for bipolar disorder

lithium - blocks norepinephrine activity at synapses

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

mania

To be diagnosed, one must have experienced a _______ at least once in his life

manic episode

Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except _____.

manic episodes

MMR

measles, mumps, and rubella

What does medicine do for major depressive disorder?

medication usually increases serotonin and norepinephrine activity

Drug use is highly comorbid with...

mental illnesses

safety behaviors

mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations by reducing the chance of negative social outcomes

Apollonia was diagnosed with major depressive disorder five years ago. She knows her mother took medicine to combat depression and she worries her daughter will experience depression too. Why?

mood disorders have been shown to have a strong genetic and biological basis

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. Which of Karen Horney's coping strategies is Imogene using?

moving toward people

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?

narcissistic personality disorder

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?

negative

Cognitive theories of depression take the view that depression is triggered by

negative thoughts, interpretations, self-evaluations, and expectations

Do vaccines cause autism?

no

what does research suggest about the comparative effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques?

no studies have found one psychotherapeutic approach more effective than another

People with ____ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

obsessive-compulsive

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Mood disorders

one of a group of disorders characterized by severe disturbances in mood and emotions

Personality

one's stable, consistent, and distinctive way of thinking about, feeling, acting, and relating to the world

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

orbitofrontal cortex

Identify the compulsion in the following example. Demarco can't stop thinking about his book collection, which includes hundreds of first editions. He wants it to be in a particular order. He spends hours every day organizing his books alphabetically by author, then by color, then by size.

organizing the books

Self-efficacy is ________.

our level of confidence in our own abilities

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

overgeneralization

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

overgeneralization

Panic attack conditioning theory

panic attacks are classical conditioning responses to subtle bodily sensations resembling those normally occurring when one is anxious or frightened

____ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

paranoid

________ delusions involve the (false) belief that other people or agencies are plotting to harm the person.

paranoid

An archetype is a ________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

An archetype is a ___________.

pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

What did a 2006 special report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) suggest about the amount of mental illness in the criminal justice system?

people with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.

Cluster C(cluster of personality disorders)

people with these disorders often appear to be nervous and fearful

Manic episode

period in which an individual experiences mania, characterized by extremely cheerful and euphoric mood, excessive talkativeness, irritability, increased activity levels lasting at least 1 week

Posturing

person maintains a rigid and bizarre posture for long periods of time

Carl Jung referred to the _____ as the mask we adopt.

persona

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

persona

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

phobia

Rachman proposed what?

phobias can be acquired through 3 major pathways

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

play therapy

Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?

play therapy

Which of the following is not a risk factor for suicide?

popular music that promotes suicide

In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________.

possessed by demons

Cordelia, an active duty marine, served in Afghanistan. While she was on patrol with her friend, an IED went off, killing her friend and injuring her. In the two months since her friend died, Cordelia has been jumpy, irritable, avoids talking about her friend, and once every few days experiences a flashback to the explosion. Cordelia is experiencing a ________ disorder.

posttraumatic stress

Dr. Grimes conducts a ________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?

psychiatric hospitals

A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have cancer. During the sessions, the counselor defines cancer, discusses treatments and side effects, and explains how the children can develop coping mechanisms. Which of the following does this situation illustrate?

psycho-educational treatment

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Flashbacks

psychological state lasting from a few seconds to several days, during which one relives a traumatic event and behaves as though the event were occurring at that moment

What is Antisocial personality disorder sometimes referred to as?

psychopathy

Schizophrenia is considered a ____ disorder.

psychotic

Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.

psychotic

People with a social anxiety disorder have problems...

public speaking, have a conversation, meeting strangers, eating in restaurants, and using public restrooms

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

cultural competence is a therapist's understand of, and attention to ______.

race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Alogica - negative symptoms (Schizophrenia)

reduced speech output

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

Repeated drug or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.

relapse

What do obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, and hoarding disorder have in common?

repetitive thoughts and urges, as well as an uncontrollable need to engage in repetitive behavior and mental acts

Joffrey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________.

retardation

____ have over 85% of the 1,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.

rural areas

________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas.

rural areas

When people with social anxiety disorder are unable to avoid situations that provoke anxiety, they typically perform _________

safety behaviors

________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.

safety behaviors

Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?

schizophrenia

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

schizophrenia

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?

seasonal pattern

________ is a subtype of depression in which a person experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of year.

seasonal pattern

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

self-actualization

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

electroconclusive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ___.

severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

What did Posttraumatic stress disorder used to be called?

shell shock and combat neurosis

catatonic behaviors

show decreased reactivity to environment which includes posturing and catatonic stupor

What was social anxiety disorder originally called?

social phobia

What can reduce the likelihood of PTSD?

social support

Asociality - negative symptoms (Schizophrenia)

social withdrawal and lack of interest in engaging in social interactions with others

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?

somatic

Criteria for abnormal behavior

statistical infrequency, dysfunction, personal distress, and violation of norms

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.

stimulus

For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?

stimulus hierarchy

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem?

strategic

Suicidal risk is high among people with

substance abuse problems → individuals with alcohol dependence are at 10 times greater risk for suicide

Seasonal pattern

subtype of depression in which a person experiences symptoms of major depressive disorder only during a particular time of the year

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.

suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

low levels of serotonin are linked to

suicidal behaviors

________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.

suicidal ideation

Psychological disorders were once viewed from a _____ perspective

supernatural

Dissociative fugue

symptom of dissociative amnesia in which a person suddenly wanders away from one's home and experiences confusion about his or her identity

Flight of ideas

symptom of mania that involves abruptly switching the conversation from one topic to another

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

on the advice of her therapist, thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. which form of therapy is she using?

systematic desensitization

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

that applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

Which of the following is not a reason that ADHD may be overdiagnosed?

the amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified

Comorbidity

the co-occurrence of 2 disorders

What is comorbidity?

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Abnormal psychology

the field of psychology concerned with assessment, treatment, and prevention of maladaptive behavior

Leo Kanner

the first to to describe an unusual neurodevelopmental condition he observed called "early infantile autism" → characterized by the inability to form close emotional ties with others, speech language abnormalities, repetitive behaviors, and an intolerance of minor changes in the environment and in normal routines

Panic attack neurobiological theory

the locus coeruleus (area of the brainstem that contains norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter, that triggers the body's flight or flight response) may play a role in the disorder

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings.

the name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud"

Phobic stimulus

the object or situation that triggers fear and anxiety

Amnesia

the partial or total forgetting of some experience or event

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________.

the process of closing large asylums

A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________.

the quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?

this disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extend periods of time

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

thoughts affect behavior

what principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy?

thoughts affect behavior

Thought insertion (w/ Schizophrenia)

thoughts have been placed inside one's head

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________.

token economy

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client- centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be nonjudgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

unconditional positive regard

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?

voluntary

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist, and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?

voluntary

Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.

wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

How long does psychoanalysis typically take?

years

how long does psychoanalysis typically take?

years

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?

you can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time