PSYCH 456

Which emotion is key in testing the competing predictions of the valence hypothesis and the approach-- withdrawal hypothesis of hemispheric lateralization?

Anger

According to psychological constructionists theories, emotions:

Are the product of learned concepts and social norms

Why is the existence of the mirror neuron system doubted by some?

Because proving the existence of mirror neurons in humans require invasive surgical techniques

What is one way which positive emotions are thought to have broadening effects?

Compared to negative emotions, they tend to encourage attention to a whole scene rather than a narrowing of focus

According to both human and nonhuman animal research, the experience and expression of which emotion is most strongly linked to the insula?

Disgust

Which of the following neurotransmitters is the best described as the "wanting" chemical?

Dopamine

According to appraisal theories:

Emotions are determined by how people perceive situations

Chapter 1 emphasized the key differences between emotion theories, but in reality researchers agree on many things. Evolutionary, appraisal, and psychological constructionist theorists would probably all agree about which of the following conclusions

Emotions are functional and help us survive

When we say emotions are "functional" what do we mean?

Emotions motivate us to respond to stimuli with biologically adaptive behavior

Which of the following theories of emotion is best known for predicting patterns of autonomic arousal for each basic emotion?

Evolutionary theories

From an early age, Kiely's parents would tell her the story of when they first met eachother. For this reason, Kiely often experiences nostalgia when thinking about details that her parents described in this event. Based on what you learned about nostalgia, Kiely is likely:

Experiencing vicarious nostalgia

Which of the following statements about using film clips to induce emotions in true?

Film clips have been shown to induce a variety of discrete emotion states, such as amusement, anger, disgust, and sadness

Which of the following theories helped spark a renewed interest in positive emotions, like joy, amusement, and contentment?

Fredrickson's Broaden and Build Theory

Which of the following smiles is NOT included in the smile typology proposed by Niedenthal?

Genuine

Which of the following statements about group experiences of emotion and group identification is true?

Groups that share either positive or negative emotion states can experience a heightened sense of group identification

Previous research has examined the role of emotion expression in group dynamics by filming fraternity brothers. Based on that work, if both high-status and low-status group members want to maintain the current hierarchy of the group, what emotions should they express?

High-status hostility; low-status: embarrassment or appeasement

What is experimental demand?

How east it is for the experiment participants to guess what a study is designed to test

Why might a researcher choose to use the electromyography (EMG) to quantify facial muscle activity instead of facial action coding scheme (FACS) ratings?

If the researcher is interested in detecting small muscle contractions that are not visible to observers

Which of the following would present a problem for a basic, evolutionary theory view of emotion?

In cultures that do not have words for particular emotion, people do not appear to experience that emotion

What are the benefits of the Self-Assessment Manakin (SAM) compared to other mood measures, like the Positives and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)?

It can be used with children and adults, and across different cultures, without the need for translation

What is one benefit of using the Facial Action Coding Scheme (FACS) to code facial expressions?

It is highly standardized and thoroughly describes all positive movements of facial muscles

According to a social functional perspective, why does the expression of sadness exist?

It pulls group members to the expresser and compels them to provide support and care.

What approach to studying emotions sacrifices experimental control for ecological validity?

Measuring naturally occurring emotions

What does the valance hypothesis of hemispheric specialization propose?

Negative emotions are perceived, experienced, and expressed by the right hemisphere; positive emotions, by the left hemisphere

Which of the following is TRUE with respect to research findings on the individual differences in nostalgic thinking?

Nostalgia is not a nourish experience for individuals who habitually worry given that nostalgic reflection leads them to experience greater anxiety and depression

Which neurotransmitter is most associated with social behaviors like bonding, sex, eye contact, and facial mimicry?

Oxytocin

Which emotion induction technique depends the most on the participant's own experiences and will therefore likely have more variability across participants?

Recalling emotional memories

Antisocial behavior, such as criminal activity, is associated with which of the following emotion-related traits?

Reduced ability to recognize distress in others

According to Oatleyand Johnson-Laird's Cognitive Theory of emotion, what is the primary function of emotion?

Reorganizing and redirecting the person's behavior in the service of managing progress towards goals

Which of the following scenarios most directly supports Schachter and Singer's Two-Factor Theory of Emotion?

Right after you ride a roller coaster, you let your friend borrow your phone and she instantly drops and breaks it. You think to yourself that you are very angry and yell at her, but in hindsight, you realize it's because the roller coaster increased your arousal level.

Which of the following is not an ethical guideline, according to the APA?

Scientists should never deceive or mislead subjects in any way; participants should always know the full purpose of the experiment

A scientist distributed beepers to participants in a longitudinal study about the effect of the social interaction on emotions. The researcher asks the participants to complete a brief questionnaire every time the beeper goes off, which occurs randomly throughout the day. This is an example of what data collection schedule

Signal-contingent responding

What the feature of human eyes that is unique among primates allows them to be particularly informative communication tools?

The color and visibility of the sclera

In the 1920s, researchers Cannon and Bard showed that removing the outer layer of the brain does not eliminate aggressive behavior in cats. They therefore suggested that at least some emotions originate from where?

The hypothalamus, a subcortical area located deep in the brain

Which system in Maclean's triune brain theory is also known as the limbic system?

The paleomammalian complex

What does it mean when we say a stimulus set, such as the International Affective Picture system, is "validated" and "standardized?"

The stimuli were selected and pretested to ensure that they have the intended emotional effect across participant samples

What is an emotional antecedent?

The stimulus that elicits an emotion

What is one way to minimize experimental demand?

Use a cover story in your study

Several studies have shown that individuals are more likely to experience nostalgia:

When they experience negative psychological states

What is a "confederate" in a psychology experiment?

A fake participant who is part of the experimental manipulation

A researcher administers an antidopaminergic drug to mice, which prevents neurons from receiving dopamine. What behavioral symptoms would you predict?

A lack of seeking desire for previously desired things, like food and sex

What is the key difference between locationist and constructionist perspectives of the brain?

A locationist perspective believes that specific emotion states originate from distinct brain areas or systems, while a constructionist perspective believes that emotions are produced by a distributed brain network

Which of the following imaginary pieces of evidence would best support the hypothesis that both positive and negative emotions originate from a single brain hemisphere?

A patient with a stroke in one hemisphere becomes highly emotional, manic, and delusional; a different patient with a stroke in the other hemisphere becomes emotionless and almost robotic

A researcher wants to test her hypothesis that newborns' facial expressions reflect only positive and negative affect, at different levels of arousal. She is most likely which type of theorist?

A psychological constructionist

According to the research in the field of Personality and Social Psychology, nostalgia is now defined as:

A sentimental longing for the past

Which of the following theories is not paired with a correct description of its presumed "biological givens"?

All of the above are correctly paired

Why don't more affective neuroscientists study the neurotransmitters underlying emotions?

All of the above reasons make the neurochemical basis of emotions challenging to study

Which of the following statements about the relationship between emotions and music is true?

All of the above statements are true

Previous research has identified four characteristics that make nostalgia construct from other past recollections. Which of the following choices does NOT include one these characteristics?

All of the answers above are characteristics of nostalgia

Which of the following brain areas is most associated with the experience, expression, and perception of fear, among other emotions?

Amygdala