Psych 490

90. When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of attention:

d. selective

122. According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT:

d. task cueing

73. The word length effect reveals that:

d. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity

26. Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had:

d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend

82. One function is to pull information out of long term memory.

d. central executive

36. Work with brain injured patients reveals that __________ memory does not depend on conscious memory.

d. implicit and procedural

62. The primary effect of chunking is to

d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory

42. According to your text, when students are asked the top functions for which they use their memories, all but which of the following are commonly identified?

d. labeling familiar objects

87. Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the:

d. prefrontal cortex

121. The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called:

d. same-object advantage

48. Imagine you are driving to a friends new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address you used a ____________ process in STM.

a. Control

20. "I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement if an example of what memory?

a. Episodic

113. With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when:

b. the color and the name differed

25. Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events,

b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

114. The Stroop effect occurs when participants:

b. try to name colors and ignore words

59. The "magic number," according to Miller, is

c. 7 plus or minus 2

98. According to the filler model of attention, which of the following messages would likely be identified by the filter?

c. A message with an unfamiliar foreign accent

23. A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in:

d. remembering graduating from college

27. Imagine that the students described below are all taking a multiple choice test. Which students behavior best describes an example of implicit memory?

a. One student comes to a question for which he is unsure of the answer, but choice b seems familiar so he decides that it must be right

44. Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

16. ________ memories are to experience as _________ memories are to facts:

c. Episodic; Semantic

61. Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

d. 1492 911 1776

41. According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem?

d. 50 First Dates

51. Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about _____ percent of the 12 letters in the display.

d. 82

64. Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as

d. C

30. Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory?

d. Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

111. Which of the following every day scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved?

d. Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

91. Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

d. Dichotic listening

70. The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is:

b. manipulated

46. A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

b. may differ from one task to another

55. If Peyton Manning, a professional football player, wanted to remember his 16 digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend?

a. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of football statistics

14. ___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

a. Implicit

43. Remembering the tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of __________ memory.

a. Semantic

65. Given the difference theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the _____ of the stimulus

a. Sound

75. A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying:

a. articulatory suppression

76. Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noticed that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as:

a. articulatory suppression

127. Which of the following options would not be an important factor in automatic processing?

a. close attention

123. The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as:

a. divided attention

116. A bottom up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that:

a. has high stimulus salience

126. The Stroop effect demonstrates:

a. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

21. K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brothers death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests:

a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

17. According to Tulving, the defining properties of the experience of episodic memory if that:

a. it involves mental time travel.

2. The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ________ memory?

a. long-term

112. The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ____________ of words.

a. meaning

60. STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)

a. meaningful units

124. In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier:

a. once processing had become automatic

81. It is easier to preform two tasks at the same time if:

a. one is handles by the sketch pad and one if handled by the phonological loop

115. The use of the machine that tracks the movements of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting if one's _______ attention.

a. overt

86. Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the __________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

a. prefrontal cortex

1. The primacy effect is attributed to:

a. recall of information stored in LTM

31. In the movie Groundhog Day, Bill Murray's character grows frustrated as he experiences the same day in his life over and over again. With each "passing" day, he is able to respond to people's actions more and more quickly because of

a. repetition priming

77. Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word length effect because:

a. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop

79. Which task should be easier; keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND:

a. saying "yes" for each work that is a noun and "no" for each work that is not a noun?

47. Information remains in sensory memory for:

a. seconds or a fraction of a second

57. A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with _______ memory.

a. short-term

96. The cocktail party effect is:

a. the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

101. Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because:

a. the filter eliminates unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

9. The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ______________ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.

a. the hippocampus

35. Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of

a. the test stimulus being the same or resembling the priming stimulus

56. The effective duration of short term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is:

b. 15-20 seconds or less

63. Which of the following sets the results shows evidence of the proactive interference with a three trial call task?

b. 80%;40%;30% correct

34. People who suffer from alcohol abuse suffer from __________ brought on by Korsakoff's syndrome, and be unable to form new long term memories.

b. Amnesia

24. Which of the following statements if the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories?

b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content

99. Which theorist is responsible for proposing the idea of a filter model of attention?

b. Donald Broadbent

78. Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following?

b. It interferes with semantic coding

19. The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."

b. Semantic

100. In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?

b. Sensory store, filter, detector, short-term memory

84. The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddleys model of memory?

b. The central executive and long-term memory

106. Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?

b. The dictionary unit

39. Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?

b. The propaganda effect

74. The word length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember:

b. a list of long words than a list of short words

50. Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves:

b. a smaller response set

5. Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from thee other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using an:

b. auditory code in long-term memory

119. Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the _________ location.

b. cued

88. Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during:

b. delay

92. Dichotic listening occurs when:

b. different messages are presented to the left and right ears

53. Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that:

b. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds

107. A high threshold is Treisman's model of attention implies that:

b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation

108. The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for:

b. meaning

89. Neural ____ refers to a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to demonstrate what a person is perceiving or thinking.

b. mind reading

58. If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has ________ memory.

b. poor short-term

85. Funahashi et al. work on monkeys on doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the:

b. prefrontal cortex

7. This multiple choice question is an example of a _________ test:

b. recognition

93. In dichotic listening experiment, ________ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear.

b. shadowing

66. Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

b. short-term memory

38. The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true

b. simply because we have been expected to them before

32. One way to ensure that a person does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past (when testing priming) is to:

b. test patients with amnesia

13. A study participant is given a list of words to remember. One week later, he recalls the list. Let's say that one of the list words was PEAR. Which of the following, none of which actually appeared on the list, would be most likely incorrectly recalled if the participant doesn't remember PEAR?

c. APPLE

40. Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

c. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

22. Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up heir bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, we haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with __________ memory.

c. Episodic

18. Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory?

c. I remember the big island if Hawaii has many active volcanoes

72. Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following work lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

120. Posner and coworkers (1978) deduced which of the following from their research?

c. People move their attention from one place to another

8. In which of the following examples of two different brain injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated?

c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory

80. According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

95. Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people:

c. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

54. Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups if three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _______ but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

c. decay; interference

3. When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds

c. decreases the recency effect

52. Brief sensory memory for sound is known as:

c. echoic memory

4. The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to:

c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

117. When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur in __________ areas.

c. high-saliency

110. If you are folding towels that have just come out of the laundry while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the process of folding the towels. This sort of familiar task that does not require much of your attention would be an example of __________ task.

c. low-load

103. Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of:

c. meaning

83. Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object one a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter giver her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying:

c. perseveration

49. When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of:

c. persistence of vision

97. The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on:

c. physical characteristics

29. Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She teaches her how to hold the racquet, where to stand, and how to make effective shots. There learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ________________ memory.

c. procedural

94. When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is:

c. saying the message out loud.

6. The predominant type of coding in LTM is:

c. semantic

45. The three structural components of the modal model of memory are:

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

125. Automatic processing occurs when:

c. tasks are well-practiced

28. One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory if that:

c. we are not conscious we are using it.

118. Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements:

c. were determined primarily by the task

67. Woking memory differs from short term memory in that

c. working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information

104. Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

d. Dictionary unit

33. A patient suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome, such as "Jimmy G" who is described in your text, would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

11. Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?

d. LTM's are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus

37. Which of the following involves procedural memory?

d. Reading a sentence in a book

10. Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that:

d. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired

15. Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?

d. Semantic memory

102. Which experiment result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?

d. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

105. According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

d. The word "platypus"

109. MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing work on the unattended car influenced participant's processing of ________ when they were _______ of that word.

d. ambiguous sentences; unaware

12. Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably:

d. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other

71. Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

d. the visuospatial sketch pad