Psych Ch 11,12,13

11.19 A driver accidentally dents a neighbor's car. The damage is minor and the neighbor might not even have noticed it, but the driver decides to tell the neighbor and offers to pay repair costs. Which explanation for the decision would, according to Lawrence Kohlberg, represent the final, most mature stage of development?

"It's only right. If someone dented my car, it's what I would want them to do."

11.11 In experiments conducted by Harry Harlow in the late 1950s, infant monkeys showed a clear preference for an artificial "surrogate mother" that gave no milk, but was covered in soft terry cloth, over a bare wire surrogate that gave milk. What, according to Harlow, did the infant monkeys gain from the cloth, milk-less surrogate?

A greater sense of emotional security

12.1 Which of the following assumptions do we have to make in order for the study of "personality" to be rigorous and scientific?

A to-be-studied aspect of personality must consist of characteristics that are both measurable and stable over time.

13.17 Select the neurotransmitter or brain structure abnormality that is associated with symptoms of schizophrenia.

Abnormalities in dopamine stimulation

13.10 When significantly distressing intrusive symptoms, such as recurrent nightmares and flashbacks, follow the experience of a trauma and last less than one month, what is the most likely diagnosis?

Acute stress disorder

11.22 During which years is a person's fluid intelligence (the ability to deal with new and unusual problems) at its highest level?

Ages 21 to 30

11.24 What did Erik Erikson consider the final task in a person's life? He called this the challenge of achieving integrity.

Answering the question "What has my life meant?"

11.8 Three-year-old Michael, who is visiting the park, watches a group of children eating cake next to a pile of presents. He also watches as they prepare to hit a piñata with a stick. Although he has never seen a piñata before, he points to the scene and says "birthday" to his father. What did Piaget call the process that Michael has just illustrated?

Assimilation

11.6 When a newborn infant listens to her mother's voice, the infant tends to suck more vigorously on a pacifier than when she hears another woman's voice or even the voice of her own father. What does this demonstrate?

Babies are capable of learning while still in the womb

12.18 When Leonid was born with male genitalia, doctors marked the infant's gender as male. However, as an adult, she now identifies as female, having changed her name to Leora. Leora has long hair, prefers dresses to pants, and prefers romantic comedies to action movies. Which of the following best describes Leora?

Biologically male, female gender identity, high communication

11.5 What do we mean when we say cigarette smoke is a teratogen?

Cigarette smoke is an environmental toxin that can interfere with development

13.19 Svetlana has schizophrenia and refuses to feed her 2-year-old daughter because she believes that's what God wants. Svetlana's husband has taken the past week off of work to make sure their daughter is fed, but he has to feed her when Svetlana is out or not watching. Svetlana's husband cannot keep taking off work, but Svetlana refuses to see a doctor. Which of the following would be best for Svetlana's husband to seek for her?

Civil commitment

13.2 A psychologist is seeing a new client, and she begins by asking the client why he has come to see her and about his background. The psychologist is starting the appointment with which of the following?

Clinical interview

13.23 Julio is typically greeted with caution by his neighbors, who are never sure what odd or eccentric thing he will say or do. Based on the key characteristics of the clusters of personality disorders, which type is Julio likely to have?

Cluster A

11.2 Two researchers are interested in the development of reading comprehension. Dr. Vargas conducts a study comparing the reading comprehension of a group of 6-year-olds with that of a separate group of 10-year-olds. Dr. Byrne conducts a study tracking the reading comprehension abilities of a group of 6-year-olds over the course of four years. Dr. Vargas' study uses a _____________ design, and Dr. Byrne's study uses a ______________ design.

Cross-sectional; longitudinal

11.3 What determines how the dividing cells in an embryo first begin to differentiate, preparing to become, for example, heart tissue, eye tissue, or spinal cord tissue?

Environmental influences switch different parts of each cell's genetic blueprint on or off.

13.15 After Ayita failed her first biology exam in college she told herself, "I'm stupid," "I'll fail at being a biology major," and "No one will want to date me." Select the risk factor for depression that best fits Ayita's response.

Explanatory style

12.16 Darya finds social settings uncomfortable and tends to stay at home with books and TV rather than going out and socializing. When she is forced to socialize, she finds making conversation difficult and struggles to connect with people. How are her preferences and her behaviors connected, according to reciprocal determinism?

Favoriting time spent alone leads to Darya not developing her social skills, and the resulting awkwardness reinforces her preference

13.6 Which of the following fears is most likely a symptom of social anxiety disorder?

Fear of dating

13.12 Which of the following is true about major depressive disorder?

Feeling sad, slowed down, worthless, indecisive, and fatigued for a month may warrant a diagnosis of a major depressive disorder

13.8 Which of the following is the main difference between generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and other types of anxiety disorders?

GAD involves pervasive, difficult-to-control worries about multiple things.

11.1 Which item best expresses the meaning of the phrase "nature versus nurture"?

Genetics versus experience

13.18 Which of the following is a nongenetic diathesis for schizophrenia?

Having a mother who suffered malnutrition when pregnant.

12.8 Elias is 20 years old and has low agreeableness for his age. Which of the following is likely to be true when Elias is 70?

He will be more agreeable than when he was 20, but he will still have a lower score than his peers

12.12 You are watching a political debate. Of the two candidates, one seems much warmer and more agreeable than the other, and your sense is that regardless of the candidates' politics, you would prefer to have the more agreeable candidate as a friend. What can you say for certain about her personality?

Her phenotype is the more agreeable of the two

12.10 Some people have personalities that are relatively easy for others to discern, whereas other people seem difficult to know. Which of the following factors predicts that someone's personality will be hard for others to perceive?

High levels of neuroticism

12.21 Eymak spends most of her time singing. Although she impresses her peers with her creative output, she has never had good grades. After a year in college and failing several classes, Eymak drops out to pursue a record contract. When asked why she has chosen this path, she replies, "People who listen to my music tend to call me a genius, so why bother trying to impress teachers? Doing that sort of work wasn't worth my time." What bias is Eymak displaying in the way she thinks about schoolwork?

Idiosyncratic trait definition

11.9 A 6-month-old baby, watching an object disappear beneath a blanket, will typically make no attempt to lift the blanket or otherwise retrieve the object. What did Jean Piaget conclude from this phenomenon?

Infants do not realize that hidden objects continue to exist.

11.12 A mother leaves her child with day-care workers every day. The child consistently becomes distressed when the mother leaves. When the mother returns, the child cries and runs to her to be picked up, but then immediately slaps her and struggles to get back down. To which attachment pattern does this behavior correspond?

Insecure/ambivalent attachment

13.3 Which of the following is true about the DSM?

It contains an appendix of culture-specific disorders

12.6 Why was the lexical hypothesis ultimately replaced by models of personality based on factor analysis?

Languages have too many words for describing personality

12.14 As described in this unit, the size of certain brain regions is correlated with scores for certain personality traits. What technology is used to assess the size of these brain regions?

Magnetic resonance imaging

13.13 Which of the following is characterized not only by high energy and quick, frequent shifts between moods, but also by a feeling of invincibility and a lack of inhibitions characterized by long streams of talk or the tendency to stay up all night?

Mania

11.4 Which statement best describes how neurons in the developing brain end up in their final locations?

Neurons migrate according to a rough wiring diagram specified by genes

13.9 Which of the following is indicative of an obsession?

Not being able to get the thought of harming a loved one out of your mind

11.17 Which evidence most strongly suggests that some parenting styles are generally better for children than others?

Parents can improve child outcomes by changing parenting styles.

12.15 Walter Mischel leveled several criticisms against research into personality traits. Which of the following was one of those criticisms?

People like to make up categories, so we tend to apply blanket labels like "extraversion," even if those categorized as extraverted do not resemble one another very much or behave consistently over time

12.4 Freud is credited with popularizing many ideas that, before the publication of his theories, were not widespread. Which of the following is an important example of something Freud advocated that is still widely accepted by psychologists?

People who are distressed can benefit from talking to a professional about their feelings

11.23 Which form of activity has been shown to counteract age-related decline in cognitive functioning?

Physical exercise

11.13 In a study, 2½-year-old children had trouble inferring the location of a toy hidden in a room after seeing a miniature toy placed in the same location in a scale model of the room. Which maneuver by the researchers would have improved the children's performance?

Placing the model out of reach behind a glass partition

12.3 Anna Freud proposed a variety of "defense mechanisms" that people deploy when confronted with conflict in their lives. Of the mechanisms introduced in this unit, which appears to have the least support in recent research?

Repression

13.20 Joaquin has autism spectrum disorder and spends most of his day watching, playing, and talking about baseball. Joaquin's behavior in this example best demonstrates which symptom of autism?

Restricted interest

13.7 Select the individual who is experiencing panic disorder and agoraphobia.

Samira can never predict when she will feel as if she's dying, going to faint, and choking. As a result, she rarely leaves home.

12.19 Sampaguita has never taken a psychology class. She was recently given a fridge magnet depicting the hierarchy of needs, and she finds most of the components of the pyramid to be very intuitive. She is unsure, however, what the correct interpretation would be for "self-actualization." Which of the following should you emphasize in explaining this concept to her?

Self-actualized people accept both themselves and those around them for who they are

12.17 Dante has strong beliefs about ethical behavior and believes that people who do not live virtuously will experience an unpleasant outcome in the afterlife. However, although he tries his best to behave ethically every day, he actively worries that he will not be able to avoid this fate himself. Which of the following is Dante lacking?

Self-efficacy

12.11 Sandi and Irma are identical twins who have grown up together. Both are preparing to leave home for college next year. What shared explanatory factor probably makes the largest contribution to the similarity of their personalities?

Sharing the same genes

12.7 Hanitra likes to live in a clean and well-organized space. She also likes to set rules for herself, in order to keep herself on task. What is likely true about Hanitra's personality, according to the Big Five?

She has a high conscientiousness score

12.5 According to Allport's theory of personality, Maja can be described as having competitiveness as a cardinal trait. What does this mean about her competitiveness?

She is competitive virtually all the time, regardless of circumstance

11.7 Given the general rules of motor development, which of the following would you expect a child to master first?

Sitting without support

11.14 When children of age 4 or 5 are asked to sort a set of cards based on either the color or the shape of the object shown on the card, which aspect would you expect the children struggle with?

Sorting by one criterion and then sorting by the other one

12.13 Hussain is informed by a clinician that he has high BIS activation, but the clinician, quite rudely, never explains what that means. Hussain wants to know more, but the prospect of asking the clinician for more information makes him feel socially awkward. Assuming that the clinician's assessment is correct, how is Hussain likely to react to this situation?

Stay silent about his BIS and look it up later on his phone

13.4 Which of the following is a benefit of diagnostic labels?

Susie's diagnosis of depression led her doctor to refer her for cognitive psychotherapy

13.1 Jibril is an honors high-school student whose mom has been diagnosed with cancer and is in the hospital following surgery. Since his mom's diagnosis, Jibril finds that his mind often wanders during class, but his grades are still high and he is doing well overall. Which of the following terms best describes Jibril's decreased concentration?

Symptom

12.2 According to Freud, which component of the mind operates entirely in the unconscious?

The id

11.10 A one-year-old infant is at the park with her mother when an older child approaches whom the infant doesn't know. The infant quickly turns to look at her mother's face. What is probably going on?

The infant wants to see how her mother is reacting to the new child

12.9 Sam, an American, is traveling in France for the first time, and he is disappointed that many of the people he interacts with during his first few days in Paris come across as rude. However, he then spends the next two weeks in the city of Angoulême and is surprised by how agreeable people there seem to be. What helps account for the difference in his experience of these two cities?

The norms of regions within a country can vary dramatically from one to another

13.21 Which of the following is a key reason why ADHD is a controversial diagnosis?

The number of ADHD diagnoses has increased dramatically in recent years.

11.20 What does a person's "social identity" consist of?

The social groups to which the person belongs to

12.22 Brady was born in Australia, where he has spent his whole life. As a member of a culture that predominantly displays independent self-construal, what is Brady's first instinct likely to be if he is insulted on the street by a complete stranger?

To assume that the stranger is a bad person

11.21 Which two tasks, according to Erik Erikson, are the two major challenges of adulthood?

To build a romantic partnership and to make a difference in the world

13.16 Select the individual who is exhibiting a negative symptom of schizophrenia.

Vishna says very few words all day, despite his family attempting to engage him in conversation

13.11 Juan is afraid of clowns. Which of the following represents a psychological risk factor for his fear?

When Juan was three, a clown at a friend's birthday party scared him with a loud horn.

11.16 Under what circumstance would a parent's attempt to use Vygotsky's concept of scaffolding be the most effective?

When it allows a child tp feel challenged without feeling overwhelmed

13.22 Which of the following is a key controversy surrounding DID?

Whether it is caused by a therapist's suggestion

13.14 Which of the following is true about suicide?

Women are less likely to die by suicide than men are.

11.15 What did Jean Piaget mean when he said that the thinking of young children is egocentric?

Young children cannot see the world through others' eyes.

12.20 Zhiyuan has a reputation as a funny guy and is always cracking jokes, much to the amusement of his friends. While on a camping trip with a friend's family, he notices that his friend's sister never laughs at any of his jokes, so he asks his friend if she is depressed. His friend replies, "Don't worry about her, she just doesn't think you're funny." Zhiyuan does not believe him and insists that the sister must be depressed. Why?

Zhiyuan's self concept of "being funny" has become schematic

11.18 Which scientific finding was the basis of a U.S. Supreme Court decision banning the death penalty for 16-year-olds?

he decision-making portions of a teenager's brain do not work like adult's.

13.5 Soroya's mother had several episodes of major depression in her late teens and early twenties before Soroya was born. When Soroya was 20, a severe hurricane destroyed her apartment and belongings. According to the diathesis-stress model, Soroya

may experience a psychological disorder because she has a diathesis and recently experienced a stressor