Psych ch 6
higher order conditioning
(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus
law and effect
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
classical
Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.
conditioned response
intermittent reinforcement/punishment
rewarding/punishing behavior only some of the time
fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded
Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.
spontaneous recovery
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that elicits a reflexive response
conditioned stimulus (CS)
stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
negative punishment
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior
negative reinforcement
taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior
A person can be more readily conditioned to dislike a particular food than to dislike the place where the food was eaten.
true
Research indicates that televised violence leads to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch the programs.
true
With training, pigeons can be taught to discriminate between Bach's music and Stravinsky's.
true
instinct
unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans
reflex
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
variable ratio reinforcement schedule
number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded
observational learning
occurs by watching others
In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?
punishment
conditioned response (CR)
response caused by the conditioned stimulus
spontaneous recovery
return of a previously extinguished conditioned response
continuous reinforcement
rewarding a behavior every time it occurs
neutral stimulus (NS)
does not initially elicit a response
fixed interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time
variable interval reinforcement schedule
behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed
To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
positive reinforcement
adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior
positive punishment
adding an undesirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior
extinction
decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
Animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it.
false
Animals learn only when rewards are given.
false
Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them.
false
Lowly animals, like sea slugs, behave by instinct and are incapable of learning.
false
Negative reinforcement is another term for punishment.
false
Psychologists agree that punishment, regardless of its form, has little effect on behavior.
false
The study of inner thoughts, feelings, and motives has always occupied a central place in psychology.
false
operant conditioning
form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrated
associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)
primary reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, shelter, sex)
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (e.g., money, gold stars, poker chips)
In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.
higher order
punishment
implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior
reinforcement
implementation of a consequence in order to increase a behavior
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
learning
classical conditioning
learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior
latent learning
learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it
cognitive map
mental picture of the layout of the environment
partial reinforcement/punishment
modifying behavior using a portion of a reinforcer/punisher
unconditioned response (UCR)
natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.
neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
acquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response
model
person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)
vicarious punishment
process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior
vicarious reinforcement
process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior