PSYCH Ch. 7

______is the initial learning stage in classical conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place.

Acquisition

associative events; CS accounces US.

Acquisition

Gentile et al., (2004) shows that children in elementary school who are exposed to violent television, videos, and video games express ____ _____.

increased aggression

2000 years ago _____ suggested this law of association. Then 200 years ago ____ and ____ reiterated this law.

Aristotle Locke and Hume

_______: Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. A heat lamp positively reinforces a meerkat's behavior in the cold.

Reinforcement

____ _____A learned reinforcer that gets its reinforcing power through association with the primary reinforcer.

Conditioned Reinforcer

However, later behaviorists suggested that animals learn the predictability of a stimulus, meaning they learn ______ ____ _____of a stimulus (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972).

expectancy or awareness

Acquisition: The time in between the two stimuli should be about____ __ ____.

half a second

Research shows that viewing ___ ____ leads to an increased expression of aggression.

media violence

Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms. ____ ____.

mindless mechanisms

Learning by ___ begins early in life. This 14-month-old child ____ the adult on TV in pulling a toy apart

observation imitates

Higher animals, especially humans, learn through ____ and ____others.

observing and imitating

During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (____) and the US (____) are paired, resulting in salivation (____). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (___________) elicits salivation (_______)

tone food Unconditioned response now Conditioned Stimulus now Conditioned Response

unlearned

unconditioned

relatively means

could change

input

stimulus

____ ____ is learing to assoiciate a response with a consequance.

Associate learning

_____ Bobo doll study (1961) indicated that individuals (children) learn through imitating others who receive ____ and _____.

Bandura's rewards and punishments

____ ___ predispose organisms to learn associations that are naturally adaptive.

Biological constraints

Breland and Breland (1961) showed that animals drift towards their ____ ____ instinctive behaviors.

Biologically predisposed

The ____ needs to come half a second before the ___ for acquisition to occur.

CS US

Organisms develop expectation that CS signals the arrival of US

Classical Conditioning: Cognitive processes

CR decreases when CS is repeatdly presented alone.

Classical Conditioning: Extinction

Natural predispositions constrain what stimuli and repsonses can easily be associated

Classical Conditioning: biological presipositions

involuntary, automatic

Classical Conditioning: response

Reinforces the desired response each time it occurs.

Continuous Reinforcement

A reinforcer that is delayed in time for a certain behavior. A paycheck that comes at the end of a week

Delayed reinforcer

Operant conditioning term: Negative reinforcement

Desciption: Remove an aversive stimulus

Operant conditioning term: Positive reinforcement

Description: Add a desirable stimulus

Reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. (e.g., preparing for an exam only when the exam draws close.)

Fixed interval schedule

Reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. e.g., piecework pay.

Fixed ratio schedule

____ showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in _____. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning but other stimuli (sight or sound) did not.

Garcia conditioning

A reinforcer that occurs instantly after a behavior. A rat gets a food pellet for a bar press.

Immediate Reinforcer

______ is relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.

Learning

_____ if more flexible in comparison to the ____-____ behaviors of Chinooks for example.

Learning genetically programmed

associating response with a consequence (reinforcer or punisher)

Operant conditioning: acquisition

organisms best learn behaviors similar to the natural behaviors; unnatural behaviors institively drift back toward natural ones.

Operant conditioning: biological predispositions

organisms develop expectation that a repsonse will be reinforced or punished; they also exhibit laten learning without reinforcement.

Operant conditioning: cognitive process

responding decreases when reinforcement stops

Operant conditioning: extinction

voluntary, operates on enviroment

Operant conditioning: response

Reinforces a response only part of the time. Though this results in slower acquisition in the beginning, it shows greater resistance to extinction later on.

Partial Reinforcement

____ greatest contribution to psychology is isolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through ____ ____ ____.

Pavlov's objective scientific procedures

administeran aversive stimulus EX: spanking, a parking ticket

Positive punishment

____ ____An innately reinforcing stimulus like food or drink.

Primary Reinforcer

An aversive event that decreases the behavior it follows.

Punishment

____ believed in inner thought processes and _____ _____, but many psychologists criticize him for discounting them.

Skinner Biological underpinnings

___ argued that behaviors were shaped by ____ ____ instead of inner thoughts and feelings. Critics argued that Skinner ____people by neglecting their free will.

Skinner external influences dehumanized

Using _____ law of effect as a starting point, Skinner developed the _____ ____, or the Skinner box, to study operant _____.

Thorndike's Operant chamber conditioning

Pavlov's Experiments Before conditioning, food (____) produces salivation (____). However, the tone (____) does not.

Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response neutral stimulus

Reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals, which produces slow, steady responses. (e.g., pop quiz.)

Variable interval schedule

Reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. This is hard to extinguish because of the unpredictability. (e.g., behaviors like gambling, fishing.)

Variable ratio schedule

Unfortunately, Bandura's studies show that ____ ____ (family, neighborhood or TV) may have antisocial effects.

antisocial models

We learn by ____. Our minds naturally connect events that occur in ____.

association sequence

Ideas of ____ ____ originate from old philosophical theories. However, it was the Russian physiologist ____ ____ who elucidated classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like ____ ____.

classical conditioning Ivan Pavlov John Watson

____ ____ forms associations between stimuli (CS and US). ____ _____, on the other hand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events.

classical conditioning operant conditioning

Acquisition: Acquisition is the initial learning stage in ____ ____in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an ____ ____ takes place.

classical conditioning unconditioned stimulus

Even humans can develop _____to conditioned nausea.

classically

Evidence of cognitive processes during operant learning comes from rats during a maze exploration in which they navigate the maze without an obvious reward. Rats seem to develop ____ ___, or mental representations, of the layout of the maze (environment).

cognitive maps

Pavlov and Watson considered consciousness, or mind, unfit for the scientific study of psychology. However, they underestimated the importance of ______and _____ ____

cognitive processes biological constraints.

Such cognitive maps are based on ____ ____, which becomes apparent only when an incentive is given (Tolman & Honzik, 1930).

latent learning

Skinner's experiments extend Thorndike's thinking, especially his ___ ___ ___. This law states that ____ behavior is likely to occur again.

law of effect rewarded

Pavlov and Watson believed that ___ __ ___were similar for all animals. Therefore, a pigeon and a person do not differ in their learning. However, behaviorists later suggested that learning is constrained by an animal's _____.

laws of learning Biology

Although there may be some justification for occasional punishment (Larzelaere & Baumrind, 2002), it usually leads to ____ ____. -Results in unwanted fears. -Conveys no information to the organism. -Justifies pain to others. -Causes unwanted behaviors to reappear in its absence. -Causes aggression towards the agent. -Causes one unwanted behavior to appear in place of another.

negative effects

withdraw a desirable stimulus EX: time out from privileges, revoked driver license

negative punishment

serves no function

neutral stimulus

The ___ ___, or Skinner box, comes with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a _____ like food or water. The bar or key is connected to devices that record the animal's response

operant chamber reinforcer

Fortunately, _____ (positive, helpful) models may have prosocial effects.

prosocial

Classical conditioning involves ____ ____that occurs as an automatic response to a certain stimulus. Operant conditioning involves ______ ____, a behavior that operates on the environment, producing rewarding or punishing stimuli.

respondent behavior operant behavior

output

response

_____ is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards the desired target behavior through ____ _____.

shaping successive approximations