Psych chap 8

imagination inflation.

As a practical joke, Nadine tells her younger brother a story about an event that did NOT happen when he was 4 years old. She said he called "911" to report a fight they were having. Nadine repeated the story several times, until her brother could really see himself dialing the phone. This is an example of:

working memory

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged so he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial it on his landline. For this task, which memory is most important?

left hippocampus

James suffered hippocampal damage from a head injury in a near-fatal motorcycle crash. He is not able to remember verbal information, but he does retain the ability to recall visual designs and locations. His damage is to the:

All of these things are effective retrieval cues for the memory.

We use retrieval cues to access target information. The best retrieval cues are the:

There is a condition called the "survivor syndrome."

Which of the following about sexual abuse is FALSE?

minimize retrieval cues

Which of the following is NOT a way to improve memory?

long-term potentiation

Which of the following is believed to be the neural basis for learning and memory?

short-term

To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ___________ memory.

permanent

Unlike short-term memory, long-term memory is _____________.

the misinformation effect.

After being verbally threatened by a person in a passing car, Teresa was asked if she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa, in recalling the incident, mistakenly said that the driver was male rather than female. Teresa's experience best illustrates:

motivated forgetting.

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking only a little more than one pack per day. His poor memory best illustrates:

rehearsal

For his chemistry test in two days, Tarik has to memorize the elements on the periodic table. He writes them on index cards and then keeps the cards with him at all times, periodically reading through them. Tarik is using _______________ to encode information for storage.

he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that:

weak; exercised

New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them.

memories recovered under medications are reliable.

One of your new patients claims to have been molested by a family member. She said that she discovered this after going to a hypnotherapist. You know that all of the following are true EXCEPT:

encoding

One reason our memories fail is because of problems with information

the serial position effect.

Our tendency to recall the last and first items in a list is known as:

90

Participants in a study conducted by Haber were shown more than 2,500 slides of faces and places for only 10 seconds each. Later, they were shown 280 of these slides, paired with other unseen slides, and they were able to recognize _______ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing

reflect a person's biases and assumptions

Research on memory construction reveals that memories:

imagined memories are more restricted to the "gist" of the supposed event.

Researchers have found that a major difference between memories derived from real experience versus imagined memories is that:

spacing effect

Ricardo distributes his study time rather than cramming because he wants to retain the information for the long term. He is using the:

source amnesia.

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abductions, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall best illustrates:

automatically process

We _______________ information about space. For example, while reading a textbook, we encode the place on a page where certain material appears.

90

When Kaleb decided to go to his 25-year high school reunion, he looked in his yearbook to see whose pictures he might recognize. According to memory research, he could expect to recognize _____ percent of his classmates' pictures.

it is easier to relearn; that is, to learn the material for a second time.

When Katrina studied the Russian language in high school, although not fluent, she did accumulate a large vocabulary. Years later, when she decided to go to Russia, she wanted to brush up on her vocabulary. She picked up the vocabulary much more quickly this time because:

the misinformation effect.

When Yancy was sitting in the park one day he witnessed a robbery. When asked by the police to describe the young criminal, Yancy recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than a young adult. Yancy's experience best illustrates:

serotonin

When learning occurs in the Aplysia snail, the snail releases more of this neurotransmitter at certain synapses.

the misinformation effect.

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as:

state-dependent memory

When people learn something while in one state (e.g., when they are feeling joyful or sad), they are better able to recall that thing while in the same state. This is known as:

imagination inflation.

When people repeatedly imagine nonexistent actions and events, they can inadvertently create false memories. For example, in an experiment, students are asked to repeatedly imagine breaking a toothpick. Following this, they are more likely to think they have actually broken a toothpick. This is known as:

retrieval cues.

When you encode a piece of target information, other bits of information become associated with it. Those bits of information are known as:

a. source misattribution.

When you recall an imagined event as something that you directly experienced, or something that really happened to you, you are illustrating:

automatic processing.

You hear a familiar word in your native language and it is virtually impossible not to recognize the word's meaning. This best illustrates the importance of:

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over three hours. Although generally not claustrophobic, she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her after two hours. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other

A police officer comes to talk to you about an automobile accident you may have witnessed the previous day. Since you were in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Loftus and Palmer, how might the officer's wording affect your recollection of the incident? You would be more likely to remember:

repressing

According to Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are ____________ painful memories.

categorizing information

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of the following measures of retention EXCEPT:

all of these.

Automatic processing is an unconscious, effortless encoding of information about:

55

Ceci and Bruck's study of children's memories showed that ________ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked about their examinations.

b. deep processing.

Hermann Ebbinghaus observed that it is much easier to learn meaningful material than to learn nonsense material. This best illustrates the advantage of:

explicit; implicit

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease and her _____________ memories for people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____________ memories by being repeatedly shown words.

b. retrieval cues.

The happier Judie feels, the more readily she recalls experiences with former teachers who were warm and generous. This best illustrates that emotional states can be

retrieval.

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called:

encoding.

The processing of information into the memory system is called:

memory construction

You can't remember the author's name or the title of the book, so you can't look it up.

gradual fading of the physical memory trace.

Most forgetting curves indicate that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, but then it levels off with time. One explanation for the shape of the curves is a(n):

mood-congruent memory

Mrs. Ramos claims to remember being sexually abused by her father when she was less than a year old. Her memory is not likely to be reliable because of:

rehersal

19. From sensory memory, individuals process information into short-term memory, where they encode it through _____.

90

A group of 50-year-old adults is asked to think about their high school classmates. Although they have difficulty recalling the classmates, when presented with yearbooks they can recognize about _____ percent of their pictures and names

proactive interference.

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning, but she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates:

a mnemonic device.

Employing the single word "HOMES" to remember the names of North America's five Great Lakes best illustrates the use of:

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Encoding is to _____________ as storage is to

overlearning

Even after we learn the material, _______________ increases retention.

The book was never purchased for and placed in the library.

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the encoding problem?

You can't remember the author's name or the title of the book, so you can't look it up.

Events that are forgotten are like books that cannot be found in a library. Which of the following scenarios can BEST be used to explain the retrieval problem?

encoding failure.

If you ask your classmates to draw either side of a U.S. penny from memory, the vast majority will not be very successful. This is likely due to:

state-dependent memory

If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are in a great mood, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are in the same kind of mood when you take the exam. This is known as:

90

Imagine a study in which participants are shown 2,000 slides of houses and storefronts, each for only 10 seconds. Later, these same participants are shown 300 of the original slides paired with slides they have not seen before. According to research, these participants would be able to recognize ______ percent of the slides they had seen in the first round of viewing.

recognition.

Imagine you have to pick a correct answer from a displayed list of options. This type of memory measure is known as:

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage memory processing model we record information in which order?

recognition of the information.

Joe is happy to hear that the final will be all multiple-choice questions since he feels he has a better chance to pass the class by using:

flashbulb

John remembers very clearly the day his best friend died in a bicycle accident at the hands of a drunk driver. This best illustrates ___________ memory.

right hippocampus

Johnny suffered hippocampal damage in a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but he has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. The damage is to his:

hippocampus

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that her ______________, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was not fully developed at that age.

short term memroy

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. And she is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her:

real perceptions; real memories

Perceptual illusions are to _____________ as false memories are to _____________.

state-dependent memory.

Ralph came home quite drunk from a party on Saturday night. (Luckily he was given a ride home.) Once in the apartment, he threw his keys down somewhere and immediately fell asleep. He may not be able to find his keys again until he is once again drunk because of:

memory construction.

Raoul decides to ask a hypnotherapist to help him deal with difficult childhood issues. What Raoul doesn't realize is that, if the hypnotherapist asks leading questions, "hypnotically refreshed" memories can be inaccurate because of:

go directly to sleep

Rashad is studying for tomorrow's biology exam. He has been reading and taking notes for hours, and he feels like he cannot study any longer. To avoid retroactive interference, the best thing for Rashad to do at this point is to:

Because she is repeating the "gist" and not the details of the event, it is likely a FALSE memory.

Ray is trying to determine if his 8-year-old daughter is telling the truth about an incident that happened when she was 4 years old. She claims that someone stole her doll and then ran over it with a car. Her descriptions of the event are rather vague, however. What is the likelihood that she is remembering a real event?

storage.

The retention of encoded information over time is called:

encoding, storage, retrieval

The three steps in memory information processing are:

that some information is processed into long-term memory without our conscious awareness.

The three-stage model of memory developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin has been criticized because it does not take into account:

TheAtkinson and Shiffrin

The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by:

Long term memory

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

echoic memory.

Your brother often pretends to listen to what you are saying, but his attention really is focused elsewhere. When you ask him, "What did I just say?" however, he can sometimes repeat your last few words. This is likely due to:

Loftus

__________ revealed that the reports of memory flashbacks were extremely rare in those patients whose brains were electrically stimulated in different cortical regions. Moreover, the memory flashbacks appear to have been invented, not relived

working memory

___________ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Mood-congruent memory

______________ refers to our tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with our current emotional state. In other words, if you are in a bad mood, you will be more likely to have negative associations.

Proactive interference

_______________ occurs when something you learned before interferes with your recall of something you learn later.