PSYCH chapter 12 (question samples)
A student fails to speak or raise his hand in class all semester. The teacher assumes that the student is exceptionally shy. The teacher is illustrating the:
fundamental attribution error.
Through the social psychological phenomenon of _____, preaching to the choir should increase the choir's belief in the sermon.
group polarization
The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challengerresulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisers. This example illustrates the dangers of:
groupthink
Barry is watching golf and sees Tiger Woods scowl after a missed putt. Barry would be making the fundamental attribution error if he assumed that Tiger Woods:
has an angry and volatile personality.
Violent crime and spousal abuse rates have been found to be higher during:
hotter months.
People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of:
implicit prejudice.
Researchers using the Implicit Associations Test have found that people who were more quick to associate good things with White names or faces also were the quickest to perceive anger and apparent threat in Black faces. Their findings demonstrate:
implicit prejudice.
When one follows orders or behaves similarly to one's friends, one is demonstrating the power of social:
influence.
Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for the _____theory.
scapegoat
Some European-Canadians living in a large city on Canada's west coast believe that wealthy immigrants from Hong Kong and, increasingly, China's mainland have inflated the price of housing in the city, making homeownership difficult for many. They therefore view Asian-Canadians negatively. This is BEST explained by _____theory.
scapegoat
Maria recently graduated college and is now a professor at a university. This is her first semester at her new job. Maria makes sure that she dresses the part of a professor, taking ideas of attire from the professors she had while a college student. She also makes sure that she behaves as a professor. Maria likely feels like:
she is acting a role.
Evan's father yells at him for being five minutes late for tee time. Rather than believe his father is a rude jerk, he decides that he may be having difficulties at his job. This means he makes a _____attribution about his father's behavior.
situational
Dr. Pena is conducting research about how people form impressions of others and how they interpret one another's behavior in a variety of situations. Dr. Pena is probably a _____psychologist.
social
Dr. Perez is studying prejudice and discrimination. She is MOST likely a _____psychologist.
social
A close friend visits Katy and asks her to lend her ten dollars for gas. She happily agrees. Two weeks later her friend visits again and this time asks for twenty dollars for gas and she agrees again. This is known as:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
The concept of a superordinate goal is BEST illustrated by:
the intent of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.
If people are asked how they like various letters of the alphabet, they tend to prefer the letters found in their own names. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
the mere exposure effect.
When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of:
the mere exposure effect.
Roger recently lost his job and believes that it is a result of the increase in Mexican immigrants. He is demonstrating:
the scapegoat theory.
Cognitive dissonance theory emphasizes that people seek to reduce the discomfort they feel when they become aware that:
their attitudes and actions conflict.
The excitement that lingers after a frightening event can often facilitate passionate love. This is BEST explained by the _____theory.
two factor
A contestant on a popular dating show takes a blind date to an escape room. According to the _____theory, the somewhat frightening setting for the date may well lead to a love connection.
two-factor
While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is BEST explained in terms of the _____theory.
two-factor
The fundamental attribution error involves:
underestimating situational influences on another's behavior.
Kaden, age 19, is a Black, female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Kaden is most likely to perceive most:
Chinese people as looking pretty much alike.
Clay would get angry very quickly when he was a teenager. Now he is in his fifties and it takes a lot to make him angry. What has changed?
Clay's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.
Which of the following does NOT occur when people act as part of a group?
They underestimate their own contributions.
Professor Gamer emphasized that aggressive behavior often involves the interactive influence of personal frustration, exposure to aggressive models, and heightened levels of arousal. The professor's emphasis BEST illustrates:
a biopsychosocial approach.
A perceived incompatibility between your class learning goals and the goals of your class instructor best illustrates:
a conflict.
When a police officer pulls over a car because the driver is an African-American male in an expensive car, the police officer has committed:
a microaggression.
Marci suggests that the aggressiveness of her sister's new friend is the result of the friend's abuse during childhood. Marci's inference about the cause of the girl's behavior is an example of:
an attribution.
During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that her team was the better one. The girls' beliefs BEST illustrate:
an ingroup bias.
Whether people are progressive or conservative, they tend to favor those with whom they share a common political identity. This exemplifies:
an ingroup bias.
As Carolyn walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman sitting on a bench clutching her arm and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will most likely increase the probability that Carolyn will:
be less likely to help.
Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she:
believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position.
Ingrid is looking for a new car. She wants one that is dependable and affordable. Which form of persuasion would probably be more convincing to her?
central route persuasion
Attitudes are:
emotional, cognitive, and behavioral.
It is often heard that successful long-term relationships are 50/50 or 100/100, highlighting the role of _____in companionate love.
equity
Although Regina receives slightly greater rewards from her marriage than her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This BEST illustrates the significance of:
equity.
Solomon Asch reported that individuals who participated in a study of what they believed was visual perception conformed to a group's judgment of the lengths of lines:
even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
High rates of crime are most common among those who experience minimal levels of:
father care.
A magazine publisher asks readers to commit to a brief trial subscription. Having committed to the trial subscription, readers may be more likely to buy a yearlong subscription. This exemplifies the _____compliance technique.
foot-in-the-door
After giving in to her friends' request that she drink alcohol with them, 16-year-old Jessica found that she could not resist the pressure they exerted on her to try cocaine. Her experience BEST illustrates the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Festinger is to Zimbardo as _____is to _____.
cognitive dissonance; role playing
Initially prejudiced heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward nonheterosexuals following the experience of:
face-to-face contact.
Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim blaming is fueled by:
hindsight bias.
Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in:
discrimination
Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience BEST illustrates the:
foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
Some American citizens living in a depressed Texas town on the Rio Grande blame undocumented individuals for depressing wages and taking jobs. The citizens therefore support harsh roundup and deportation measures. This is BEST explained by _____theory.
scapegoat
Owen and his boyfriend are becoming more serious. "I feel I can tell him absolutely anything," Owen remarks. This example illustrates the contribution of _____to the growing intimacy Owen and his boyfriend are experiencing.
self-disclosure
When temperatures go up in summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of:
the frustration-aggression principle.
A job applicant is 5 minutes late for an interview. The interviewer assumes that the applicant is unconscientious and fails to consider that she may have had difficulty finding a parking spot. The interviewer is demonstrating:
the fundamental attribution error.
Amber stops for a cup of coffee and the server yells at her when she sits at a table that has not been cleared. Amber is convinced that the server should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. However, Amber disregards the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. She has just fallen prey to:
the fundamental attribution error.
Rhys submits a major report to his boss ahead of the deadline. His boss assumes that Rhys is conscientious, rather than that he simply had more time than usual to devote to the assignment. This example illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
Which of the following is NOT one of the factors that increases the likelihood of bystanders helping?
the presence of other bystanders in the situation
What situation occurs when we each rationally pursue our own self-interests but become caught in mutually destructive behavior?
the social trap
While working on wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family, simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:
normative social influence.
Participants in speed-dating encounters can form a feeling about a conversational partner and register whether the partner likes them in about ________ minute(s). If women at a speed-dating event stay seated while the men circulate, men wish for future contact with more of their speed dates than do women.
4
Bill was a very aggressive and violent youth. He often got into fistfights with the other boys and was even charged with assault when he was in his mid-twenties. Bill is now 65 years old and it takes a lot to make him angry. Why is this the case?
Bill's levels of the hormone testosterone have decreased.
Who is MOST likely to have high levels of testosterone?
Daniel, who is 20 years old and has a wide face
Which of the following researchers proposed cognitive dissonance theory?
Leon Festinger
The classic electric shock study of obedience is associated with:
Milgram
Dr. Chang is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers (given by a confederate of the researcher). How can Dr. Chang increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience?
She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university.
Which of the following researcher's experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous and involved deception?
Stanley Milgram
Bob has very strong opinions about the tuition increase at his university. However, once he is the student representative for the college board, he develops a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory BEST explains why?
cognitive dissonance theory
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory BEST explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
Hugh bought a new calculator for $125. One week later, he saw an ad from another store showing the same calculator on sale for $65. Hugh said, "I'm still glad I got my calculator; the cheaper ones are probably defective. I don't mind having paid more for mine." Hugh's statement reflects:
cognitive dissonance.
Nate obeyed the commands of his military unit officer to engage in destructive behavior that was sharply inconsistent with Nate's ethical values. The discomfort associated with Nate's awareness of the inconsistency between his values and his actions best illustrates:
cognitive dissonance.
A jury deliberated on a rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. These jurors said that by looking like that, she had been asking to be assaulted. Their opinion is BEST explained in terms of the:
just-world phenomenon.
As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is most likely to be facilitated by:
oxytocin
As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is MOST likely to be facilitated by:
oxytocin.
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____love as deep affectionate attachment is to companionate love.
passionate
Jacob and Makayla have been dating for about three months. They are MOST likely experiencing:
passionate love.
Celebrity endorsements represent one way to influence an audience via _____route persuasion.
peripheral
Martina knows little about politics and is not especially interested in the outcome of political races. Martina would MOST likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the _____route to persuasion.
peripheral
Sara and a colleague are having dinner together. While they wait on their order, a Muslim family enters the restaurant and the woman is wearing a Hijab. Sara's colleague leans closer to her and says "I am not sure how she expects to eat with all of that junk covering her face." Her colleague is demonstrating:
prejudice
Thomas enjoys watching violent pornography. When he goes out with a woman, he expects her to be submissive to his sexual demands; when he is turned down he becomes violent. Research done by social psychologists suggests that his beliefs are caused by _____, which are mental files for how to act.
social scripts
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:
stereotypes.
Hostilities between a riverfront community's two racial subgroups were dramatically reduced when the threat that the river would flood its banks required them to work together to save their town. This BEST illustrates the impact of:
superordinate goals.
During the Korean War, many U.S. prisoners of war were held in war camps run by Chinese communists. Without using brutality, the captors secured the prisoners' collaboration in various activities. Some did simple tasks to gain privileges while others completed radio appeals and false confessions or divulged military information. When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay with the communists. More returned home convinced that communism was a good thing for Asia. The Chinese captors were able to accomplish this by using:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
It is an election year, and a volunteer asks if Henry would put a small, 1-foot sign in his yard. Henry agrees. The next week, Henry's wife cannot believe he agreed to let the volunteer put a new, 3-foot sign on the front lawn. This technique is known as:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on _____route persuasion; the second, on _____ route persuasion.
central; peripheral
Clay and Margaret have been married for over 50 years. They are MOST likely experiencing:
companionate love.
Muzafer Sherif's boys' summer camp experiment showed that perceptions of each of two groups at the camp were influenced by:
competitive and cooperative activities.
When people adjust their own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, they are exhibiting:
conformity
Seven-year-old Marcus' parents use a lot of harsh physical punishment and verbal intimidation to control his behavior. Studies have shown that if his parents continue this type of discipline Marcus is more likely to:
demonstrate delinquent behavior in the future.
Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:
has more experience interacting with Asian people.